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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Make me show the video first!!!!! REMIND MEEEEE The Renaissance in Italy TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Objectives • Describe the characteristics of the Renaissance and understand why it began in Italy. • Identify Renaissance artists and explain how new ideas/inventions affected the arts of the period. • Understand how writers of the time addressed Renaissance themes. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. What were the ideals of the Renaissance, and how did Italian artists and writers reflect these ideals? A new age dawned in Western Europe, given expression by remarkable artists and thinkers. This age is called the Renaissance, meaning “rebirth.” It began in the 1300s and reached its peak around 1500. The Renaissance marked the transition from medieval times (Middle Ages) to the early modern world. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Things Renaissance thinkers did • Sought to bring Europe out of disorder and disunity. (Bring unity and order to Europe) • placed greater emphasis on individual achievement. • tried to understand the world with more accuracy. • Focused on the “here and now.” • revived interest in classical Greek and Roman learning. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Things that happened during the Renaissance because people were curious. • Trade assumed greater importance than before. • Navigators sailed across the oceans. (Not Pacific) • Scientists viewed the universe in new ways. (literally and figuratively) • Writers and artists experimented with new techniques. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. WHY ITALY? Europe in 1500 • Italy’s central location helped make it a center for the trade of goods and ideas. • Italy was the center of the old Roman Empire. • Wealthy Italian Merchant families were Patrons of the arts TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Humanism • Most Renaissance humanists were devoutly religious but they focused on worldly (secular) issues rather than religion. Things in the here and now. • Humanists believed education should stimulate creativity. • They emphasized study of the humanities, such as grammar, rhetoric (art of speech), poetry, and history. Humanists studied the works of Greece and Rome to learn about their own culture. The Ideal Renaissance person was one who had diverse skills and learned the humanities. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Medici family • merchants and bankers who controlled Florence after 1434. • Lorenzo de' Medici invited poets, philosophers, and artists to the city. • Florence became a leader, with numerous gifted artists, poets, architects, and scientists. • Machiavelli's book “The Prince” was written for them. • One became pope… As a result of these families ordinary people were exposed to art outside of Church. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Niccolò Machiavelli’s book “The Prince” • was a guide for rulers to gain and maintain power. • he stressed that the ends justify the means. (not honesty) • The term Machiavellian has come to refer to the use of deceit in politics. • Critics saw Machiavelli as cynical, but others said he was providing a realistic look at politics. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Art in the Renaissance • Mostly religious themes but made to look like ancient Greece and Rome • Looked more realistic. • Used Perspective, a new technique that made paintings look more 3d • Painters used oil paint that shined to create shadows. • Artists studied the human anatomy to better portray the human body TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How does perspective work?!? Distant objects appeared smaller. One new technique was perspective, credited to Filippo Brunelleschi. Perspective allowed for more realistic art. TEKS da 8C: Calculate empirical and molecular Leonardo Vincipercent was composition an artistand and inventor. He formulas. studied botany, optics, anatomy, architecture, and engineering. His sketches included submarines and flying machines Michelangelo Buonarroti was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet. Most famous works are the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David. Donatello was the most famous sculptor of the Renaissance. He worked in many different mediums Raphael was mainly a painter and printer. His work “School of Athens is considered the best example of renaissance art. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Writers were also humanists. Some described how to succeed in the Renaissance world. Baldassare Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier described the manners and behavior of the ideal aristocratic man and woman. • Men played music and knew literature and history but were not arrogant. • Women were kind, graceful, and lively, and possessed outward beauty. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Lets read about an Ideal Renaissance women. When you’re done with the reading add your own notes for what you read Topic Isabella D’este Details (use EESPRITE) TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Renaissance Spreads from Italy to Northern Europe • Northern Humanists studied art and sciences. • Hoped to bring religious reform • Wrote in the vernacular • <3 the middle class TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The towering figure of northern Renaissance literature was the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. Between 1590 and 1613, he wrote 37 plays which are still performed today, including: • Romeo and Juliet • Hamlet • A Midsummer Night’s Dream TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1455 Johann Gutenberg printed a complete edition of the Bible using a printing press with movable type. Effects of the printing press The printing revolution transformed Europe. • Printed books were far easier to produce than hand-copied books. • More people had access to a broad range of learning. • By 1500, the number of books in Europe had risen from a few thousand to between 15 and 20 million. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The early 1500s were uncertain times in northern Europe. Disparities in wealth, a new market economy, and religious discontent all bred uncertainty. The printing press spread knowledge and new ideas quickly. Humanist ideas for social reform grew in popularity. More people began to question the central force in their lives—the Church. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Dutch priest Desiderius Erasmus was one of the major religious scholars of the age. Born in 1466, Erasmus helped spread humanist ideas to a wider public. • Erasmus called for translation of the Bible into the vernacular. • He believed a person’s chief duties were to be open-minded and show good will to others. • He also sought reform in the Church. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The printing press quickly spread Luther’s writings throughout Germany and Scandinavia. The German monk Martin Luther sparked a revolt in 1517. • Angered by the sale of indulgences, Luther drew up his 95 Theses and nailed them to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany. • He argued that indulgences had no place in the Bible, and Christians could only be saved by faith. • Rather than recant, Luther rejected the authority of Rome. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Why did leaders support Martin Luther and the Protestant Revolution? 1. Some German princes saw Lutheranism as a chance to throw off the rule of both the Church and the Holy Roman emperor. 2. Some saw an opportunity to seize Church property in their territories. 3. Others embraced the new church out of nationalistic loyalty. 4. Many were tired of paying to support clergy in Italy. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. John Calvin, a French-born priest and lawyer, was strongly influenced by these Reformation ideas. Calvin accepted most Lutheran beliefs but added his own belief in predestination. He preached that God had long ago determined who would or would not gain eternal salvation. There were two kinds of people, saints and sinners. Only the saved could live a truly Christian life. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. By the late 1500s, Calvinism had spread throughout northern Europe. Challenges to the Catholic Church set off a series of religious wars. • In Germany, Lutherans and Catholics fought Calvinists. • In France, Calvinists battled Catholics. • In Scotland, Calvinist preacher John Knox helped overthrow a Catholic queen. To escape persecution in England, groups of Calvinists sailed for America in the early 1600s. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. England goes back and forth Henry VIII wants a divorce but Catholics don’t allow divorce so HE CONVERTS his whole country and names himself the religious leader. Henry Converts the kingdom to Protestantism and makes the Anglican Church Henry dies and his son Edward makes laws to keep England Protestant Edward dies and his sister Mary converts the country back to Catholicism. Mary dies and her sister Elizabeth finds a balance between the two religions TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Heightened passions about religion also resulted in intolerance and persecution. • Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands were killed as witches, especially in the German states, Switzerland, and France. Most were women. • Belief in witchcraft represented twin beliefs in Christianity and magic. Witches were seen as agents of the devil and thus anti-Christian. • Non Christians were often accused of witch craft and devil worship. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Scientific Revolution TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Objectives • Explain how new discoveries in astronomy changed the way people viewed the universe. • Understand the new scientific method and how it developed. • Analyze the contributions that Newton and other scientists made to the Scientific Revolution. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted the idea that the Earth was the center of the universe. • This geocentric view was developed in ancient times by Aristotle and Ptolemy. • By the Renaissance, it had become official Church doctrine. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus challenged this view. • In 1543, he proposed a heliocentric, or sun-centered, model of the solar system. • The Earth and other planets revolved around the sun. This 1660 diagram shows a heliocentric solar system TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Copernicus’s revolutionary theory was rejected. If the classic scholars were questioned, then all knowledge might be called into question. But careful observations by Tycho Brahe supported Copernicus. Johannes Kepler used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets. Kepler found that the planets don’t move in perfect circles as earlier believed. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In Italy, Galileo Galilei built a telescope and observed several moons in orbit around Jupiter. He said these movements were the same as those of the planets around the sun. This contradicted Church doctrine that the Earth was the center of the universe. Galileo was tried for heresy and forced to recant his theories before the Inquisition. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Over time, scientists developed a step-by-step scientific method. It required the collection of accurate data and the proposal of a logical hypothesis to be tested. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Isaac Newton linked science and mathematics. Newton theorized that gravity was the force that controls the movements of the planets. He believed that all motion in the universe can be measured and described mathematically. He contributed to the development of calculus, a branch of mathematics, to help explain his laws.