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TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Early Middle Ages
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• 
Describe how Germanic tribes carved Europe
into small kingdoms after the collapse
of the western Roman Empire.
• 
Explain how Charlemagne briefly reunited much
of Western Europe.
• 
Analyze the impact of Muslim, Magyar, and Viking
invasions on medieval Europe.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
• 
medieval – relating to the culture of Europe during
the Middle Ages
• 
Franks – a Germanic tribe that conquered presentday France and neighboring lands in the 400s
• 
Clovis – king of the Franks who established a
kingdom in Western Europe after the fall of the
Roman empire
• 
Charles Martel – a Frankish leader who rallied
warriors to push Muslims out of France
• 
battle of Tours – a battle in which Christians
stopped the Muslim advance into Western Europe
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
• 
Charlemagne – the grandson of Charles Martel;
he briefly united Western Europe when he built
an empire stretching across France and Germany
• 
Magyars – nomadic people who overran
Eastern Europe and parts of Western Europe
after A.D. 900
• 
Vikings – farmers and expert sailors from
Scandinavia who raided European river towns
starting in the late 700s
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did Western Europe change after
the collapse of the Roman empire?
When the Roman empire disappeared from
Western Europe, smaller Germanic kingdoms
arose to replace it.
Greco-Roman, Germanic, and Christian
traditions blended during the Middle Ages or
medieval period (around 500–1500).
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Europe declined
during the early
Middle Ages, for
several reasons.
1. The unifying force
of the Roman
empire was gone.
2. The region was
invaded repeatedly.
3. Trade and classical
learning decreased.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
After the fall of Rome, Germanic tribes carved
Western Europe into small kingdoms.
These tribes included the Vandals, the Saxons, the
Goths, and the Franks.
Unlike the Romans, the Germanic tribes lived in
small communities with no written laws.
In 486, the Frankish king Clovis conquered Gaul,
modern-day France. He converted to Christianity
and won the support of the pope in Rome.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Starting in the
600s, Muslims
built an empire in
the Mediterranean
region.
Muslim armies
conquered Spain and
crossed into France.
Charles Martel led
Frankish warriors in
the battle of Tours
to push them back.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Martel s
grandson
Charlemagne
briefly united
Western Europe.
• 
He fought Muslims,
Saxons, Avars, Slavs,
and Lombards.
• 
He aided the pope in
Rome. In return, the
pope crowned
Charlemagne Emperor
of the Romans.
• 
Charlemagne was a
skilled leader who
brought scholars to
his court and revived
Latin learning.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
When Pope
Leo crowned
Charlemagne
Emperor of
the Romans,
the idea
of a united
Christian
empire was
revived.
Charlemagne
spread
Christianity
to conquered
people
throughout
his kingdom
and set
up a strong,
efficient
government.
However, the
pope s action
angered the
emperor of the
eastern Roman
Empire in
Constantinople
and deepened
the split between
east and west.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
After Charlemagne died, his empire was divided
into three. His heirs faced waves of invasions.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Even after their
defeat at Tours,
Muslim forces
posed a threat.
Around 900, the
Magyars overran
Eastern Europe.
• 
Muslim armies
conquered Sicily in
the late 800s.
• 
Muslim attacks
subsided after 900.
• 
They went on to
plunder parts of
Western Europe.
• 
After 50 years, the
Magyars were
pushed back into
Hungary.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Charlemagne s
empire broke
apart even more
when the Vikings
began raiding
European coastal
and river towns.
• 
These Scandinavian
people were expert
sailors.
• 
They opened trade
routes linking
northern Europe to
the Mediterranean.
• 
Vikings settled in
England, Ireland,
and parts of France
and Russia.