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Movers & Shakers Da Vinci Petrarch Luther Renaissance & Enlightenment The Renaissance and Reformation 1300 - 1600 It All started in Italy… Renaissance means “Rebirth” …so what was reborn? - Art, Music, Literature and Learning There was a push to revisit the Glory days of Ancient Rome and Greece. The Fallout From the Crusades Aided in the Rebirth -Northern Italy developed into a trade center -Increased trade with the orient and middle east -Increased trade lead to increased intellectual interaction Leonardo da Vinci The Changing role of Power In Italy each city-state had it’s own wealthy merchant class Most people were highly involved in the political decisions of their city-state Merchants family: The Merchants were the most influential in the area• Medici of politics because ofpowerful the growing power • Earned their growing that they power had via money well as the growing unlike thefamily nobles, thein merchants viaassuccess in respect, because banking “earned” their power Florence business The concept of Individual achievement took off during this time, giving way to the idea of the – Hold many positions in the • Emphasize individual “Renaissance Man” (someone well rounded and knowledgeable in all areas of study) government achievement and skills, is – Most merchants in Italy the core of humanism owe debt to them via loan • Begin learning to expand opportunities (languages, culture, history) In 1300s bubonic plague killed 60% of population, disrupts economy • Learning Changes in Society - Learning Art Religion Acquiring Status Symbols – Classic literature (Rome and Greece – Math and science become fields heavily explored and experimented in – Art and new techniques are developed – Music becomes means of expressing emotions • Art – – – – Focus split between religion & common life (secular) More personal now More could afford to have it to decorate Respectable way to make living • Religion Changes in Society - Learning Art Religion Acquiring Status Symbols – Church coming under question – Push to have a more personal relationship with faith – Printing press allows people to read Bible • “Stuff” – Owning nice homes, clothes etc… becomes possible, way to show success – Art commissioned for homes • Patron—a financial supporter of artists Artists & Writers Leonardo, Renaissance Man • Leonardo da Vinci—painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist • Paints one of the best-known portraits in the world: the Mona Lisa • Famous religious painting: The Last Supper Francesco Petrarch - Humanist and poet; woman named Laura is his muse Boccaccio - Best known for the Decameron, a series of stories Writing becomes about real life Northern Renaissance •Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and sponsor artists •England and France unify under strong monarchs who are art patrons •Northern Renaissance artists interested in realism •Albrecht Dürer’s woodcuts and engravings emphasize realism •Thomas More of England creates a model society in his book Utopia “No Place” Engraving by: Albrecht Durer Henry VIII and His Heirs Henry VIII (1500’s) His Children • Starts as a Catholic • Wants a divorce, church says no. • Breaks from Catholic Church, creates Church of England (Protestant) with him as the head of it • Ultimately has 6 wives and 3 children • England remains Protestant under Edward • Becomes strict Catholic under Mary I “Bloody Mary” she orders 300 Protestants to be burned at the stake • Elizabeth I returns to Protestant but is tolerant of all faiths – Rules for nearly 50 years very successfully Luther Challenges the Church The 95 Theses • Martin Luther protests Friar Johann Tetzel’s selling of indulgences • Indulgence—a pardon releasing a person from penalty for a sin • In 1517 Luther posts his 95 Theses attacking the church • Luther’s theses circulate throughout Germany • Luther launches the Reformation—a movement for religious reform • Reformation rejects pope’s authority Luther’s Teachings • People can win salvation by good works and faith • Christian teachings must be based on the Bible, not the pope • All people with faith are equal, can interpret Bible without priests The Response to Luther The Pope’s Threat • Pope Leo X issues decree threatening to excommunicate Luther (1520) • Luther’s rights of Church membership are taken away • Luther refuses to take back his statements and is excommunicated • Edict of Worms is issued (1521), declaring Luther a heretic • Luther and followers begin a separate religious group—Lutherans •John Calvin writes Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536): -we are sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation -God chooses who will be saved—predestination •Calvinism—religion based on Calvin’s teachings Wait a minute…you mean that one isn’t Earth??? The Scientific Revolution From Geocentric to Heliocentric - Geocentric theory believed that the earth was the center of the universe and everything revolved around it. - Copernicus proposed the idea that perhaps the sun was the center of the universe; this is called the Heliocentric theory. Copernicus lived during a time when the church still held closely to the ideas that the Earth was the center of the universe, and he knew that speaking out and saying otherwise no matter how much proof he had would spell the end for him so he waited until he was near his death in 1543 to share his findings publically. Talk About Giving Your Life to Science!!! Galileo was a without question a mover and shaker from Italy in the scientific and religious realms of his time. - He is accredited with creating the first true telescope. He borrowed the idea of the magnifying lens from a Dutch lens maker and took it to another level, magnification that allowed him to study the stars and the planets. - His findings supported the works of the scientist before him and flew in the face of the teachings of the church, calling into question the validity of the church. - In the end he was forced to chose between death and saying his findings were false, he chose to lie to save his life, but he spent the remainder of his life as a prisoner. Enlightenment • Leads to the Enlightenment—a movement stressing reason and thought • Philosopher John Locke says government gets power from the people – Stresses that people have a right to overthrow an unjust government • Montesquieu: Favors separation of powers to keep one body from running government • So where did all these new thinkers meet to discuss their ideas? – Salons: gathering places for people to talk about new ideas.