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LANDMARKS IN HUMANITIES Chapter 8 Reform: The Northern Renaissance and the Reformation ca. 1400–1650 Renaissance and Reformation 2 Renaissance and Reformation Religion focus of Northern Renaissance Renewal Reform Anticlericalism Lay piety Devotio moderna Thomas à Kempis Imitatio Christi (Imitation of Christ) ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance and Reformation 3 Christian Humanism Northern humanists more concerned with study and translation of early Christian manuscripts than Classical world Revival of Church life and doctrine from early Christian literature Desiderius Erasmus, “the Prince of Humanists” Neoclassicist; devout Christian New Testament translation ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance and Reformation 4 Luther and the Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Took issue with view that path to salvation was mediated by the Church and priesthood Believed in salvation through unearned gift of God’s grace; Christian conscience, not episcopal authority Thought indulgences, pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and intercession useless Ninety-Five Theses: assailed sale of indulgences; cited propositions for theological dispute Critical of institution of Church and Church doctrine Denied pope’s authority; excommunicated by Leo X ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance and Reformation 5 The Spread of Protestantism Printing press essential to success of Reformation Luther’s “Peasant German Bible Revolts” Luther denounced Civil wars broke out Peace of Augsburg, 1555 Each German prince allowed to choose the religion of their realm Religious wars resumed in late sixteenth century ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance and Reformation 6 Calvin and Calvinism Omnipotent “Work ethic”; wealth was sign of God’s favor Institutes God; predestination of the Christian Religion Anabaptism Rejected all seven sacraments Total emphasis on voluntary acceptance of Jesus Abolition of Mass; separation of Church and state Many Anabaptists killed by local governments ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance and Reformation 7 The Anglican Church Formed Broke in England by Henry VIII with Catholic Church over desire to get divorced Religious Persecution and Witch-Hunts Fueled by belief that devil actively involved in human affairs Malleus Maleficarum (Witches’ Hammer) Women were primary victims of witch hunts ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Renaissance and Reformation 8 ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sixteenth-Century Literature 9 Erasmus The Praise of Folly Satire attacking human weakness More Utopia Political satire on European statecraft and society Cervantes Don Quixote One of earliest Western examples of prose fiction ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sixteenth-Century Literature 10 Montaigne Leading Good Father proponent of Classical learning in France judgment paramount of the personal essay Essays Shakespeare Literary giant of Elizabethan England Wrote 37 plays, 154 sonnets Lord Chamberlain’s Company; Globe Playhouse “English sonnet” ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sixteenth-Century Literature 11 The Shakespearean Stage Secular drama born in Elizabethan England “Strolling players” performed in public or for patrons Playhouses built along the River Thames The Globe Access to all levels of society ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sixteenth-Century Literature 12 Shakespeare’s Plays Drew on Classical history, medieval chronicles, and contemporary romances for plots Plays written in blank verse Expressive; History Henry eloquent plays explored human nature V; Richard III Comedies Much Ado About Nothing; All’s Well That Ends Well; The Taming of the Shrew ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Sixteenth-Century Literature 13 Tragedies probed psychological forces that motivate human action Hamlet; Macbeth; Othello; King Lear Hamlet Revenge tragedy Internal conflict: fate may assign us role inconsistent with our basic character Soliloquy ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Art 14 Northern Art Moved in direction of detailed realism Unlike Italians, unfamiliar with Greco-Roman culture Jan van Eyck Pioneer of early Netherlandish art; perfected the art of oil painting Naturalistic effects of light Realistic details “Arnolfini Marriage” ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Art 15 Bosch Detailed the fallibility of humankind; its moral struggle; apocalyptic destiny The Garden of Earthly Delights Triptych of traditional Christian themes mixed with unconventional images Grünewald Naturalistic detail, distortion Isenheim Altarpiece Dramatic exaggeration; precise detail ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Art 16 The Protestant Reformation and Printmaking Protestant Reformation cast shadow on religious art Rejected relics and sacred images as idolatry Embraced Biblical devotional imagery subjects for private use Printmaking used in production of images Woodcut Engraving ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Art 17 ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Art 18 ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Art 19 Dürer Leader of Renaissance printmaking Student of Italian Renaissance art Un-idealized portraits Engraving of Erasmus Self-Portrait Desired to embody spiritual message of Scripture in art The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Developed panoramic landscape as legitimate genre ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Art 20 Cranach and Holbein Lucas Cranach the Elder Court painter at Wittenberg Portrait of Martin Luther Use of expressive line Hans Holbein German portraitist Dance of Death woodcut series Favored by Henry VIII Lifelike portraits; minimal use of line ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Art 21 Brueghel Interested in activities of rustic life Genre paintings Hunters in the Snow Concern The with human folly Blind Leading the Blind ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Music 22 Music and the Reformation Luther a student of music Emphasized music as source of religious instruction Favored the chorale; major influence on religious music Ideal medium for communal expression of Protestant piety “Ein’ feste Burg ist unser Gott” (“A Mighty Fortress is Our God”) ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Northern Music 23 Elizabethan Music Golden Age of music-making under Elizabeth I Madrigal was the rage Thomas Morley Madrigals, the Triumphes of Oriana Thomas Weelkes ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Beyond the West: Japanese Theater 24 Japanese Theater New merchant class of sixteenth century demanded new forms of entertainment Kabuki Dance, mime, song staged by male actors in elaborate costumes and make-up Elegant backdrops and scenic effects Day-long entertainment ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Beyond the West: Japanese Theater 25 Comparison of kabuki and Shakespearean theater Similarities: Urban audiences Took place in pleasure quarters Subject to governmental restriction All-male casts acted out various play types Differences: Kabuki more stylized; half-spoken, half-sung Movements choreographed like dances Used stock figures; did not explore psychological development of characters ©2013, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
