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OCEAN
Modeling the linkages between marine
ecology, fishing economy and coastal
communities
Astrid Scholz
AAAS meeting, Seattle
13 February 2004
Introduction
Ecotrust is a non-profit think tank and
community development organization;
Working to build Salmon Nation—where
economy, ecology, and equity are in
balance;
Sector programs in Fisheries, Food &
Farm, First Nations, Forestry;
In-house GIS department and research;
Collaborate with federal and state
agencies, universities, industry, tribes &
NGOs.
Outline
Using GIS for socioeconomic analysis;
OCEAN model for mining existing data
– Linking areas of the ocean to communities on
land;
Applications to marine management
issues:
– Groundfish crisis;
– Area-based management (marine protected
areas);
– Habitat protection (deep sea corals).
Methods – Mining existing data
Multiple data sources:
– State and federal logbooks and landing records;
– NOAA trawl surveys (species distributions);
– NOAA, USGS, universities: bathymetry, habitat
classification and oceanographic data;
– 1990 and 2000 census (community profiles);
– Regional economic model (income multipliers);
– Literature, interviews, observation (business, port
and community profiles).
Combine in large, relational database.
Methods – “Forensic” GIS
Many data sets are not georeferenced;
Example: no comprehensive VMS or
observer coverage on the West Coast –
where vessels fish matters for habitat
impacts;
ArcINFO model - Successive constraints
imposed on landing records:
– Fish distribution information derived from NMFS
trawl surveys;
– Habitat constraints – e.g., untrawlable areas;
– Gear-depth associations; and
– Expert testimonials on distance that vessels travel
from landing ports.
Distribution of trawl
catch and landings,
1987 - 2000
Application –Groundfish crisis
Group of 80+ flat, round and rockfish;
Fishery prosecuted with trawl and fixed gear;
Several species of rockfish overfished –
triggers rebuilding measures;
Example: shelf closures that effectively
establish no-trawl zones (since 2002);
Estimated effects of this closure:
– Different effects on different parts of coast – some
communities do better than others under this
management regime;
– Use OCEAN to assess if the closures are working.
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Reliance on shelf closure area
70%
% of 2000 landings from 2002 shelf closure area
60%
% of ex vessel revenues from 2002 shelf closure area
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Coastwide impacts of closure scenario
$35,000,000
2000 base
shelf closure scenario
$30,000,000
$25,000,000
$20,000,000
$15,000,000
$10,000,000
$5,000,000
$0
Application – Habitat
protection
Fishing gear impacts sensitive marine
habitats, including deep sea corals;
Majority of coral species live in cold,
dark
depths;
Widely distributed along the West
Coast, especially along the shelf break;
Increasing concerns about interaction
with
fisheries, e.g., central CA marine
sanctuaries.
Acknowledgements
Co-authors Mike Mertens, Charles Steinback
and rest of GFR team;
Funding from NOAA Fisheries NWR, David
and Lucille Packard Foundation,
Homeland Foundation, NOAA NOS.