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1 Unit 5 HS260 Anatomy, Physiology & Chemistry Amy Habeck, RD, MS, LDN 2 Questions? 3 Objectives • Answer your questions • Review chapter 14: Respiratory System • Chapter 15: Digestive System 4 Types of Respiration • Pulmonary ventilation: breathing or external respiration • Internal respiration: exchange of gasses between the blood and cells of the body • Cellular respiration: use of oxygen by cells in the process of metabolism 5 What is the function of respiration? 6 What is the function of respiration? • Air distribution ▫ Supply oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide from cells • Gas exchange • Warms, filters and humidifies the air we breathe 7 Structure of Respiratory System • Tube with many branches ending in millions of extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs ▫ What are these sacs called? 8 Structure of Respiratory System • Tube with many branches ending in millions of extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs ▫ What are these sacs called? Alveoli • The alveoli distribute air close enough to blood for a gas exchange to take place between air and blood. ▫ What is this transport process called? 9 Structure of Respiratory System • Tube with many branches ending in millions of extremely tiny, very thin-walled sacs ▫ What are these sacs called? Alveoli • The alveoli distribute air close enough to blood for a gas exchange to take place between air and blood. ▫ What is this transport process called? Diffusion 10 Upper Respiratory Tract • Nose ▫ External nares ▫ Nasal cavities • Pharynx ▫ Nasopharynx ▫ Oropharynx ▫ Laryngoharynx • Larynx (voice box) ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Vocal cords Glottis Epiglotttis Thyroid cartilage Lower Respiratory Tract • Trachea (windpipe) ▫ 15-20 C-shaped rings of cartilage ▫ Produces and moves mucus up to the pharynx • Bronchial tree ▫ Primary (right and left) bronchi • Lungs ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Secondary bronchi Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli 11 Inspiration Diaphragm 1_____________, volume of thorax 2_______________ and pressure 3 ____________, causing air to fill the lungs. Expiration Diaphragm returns to 4_____________, volume of thorax 5_______________ and pressure 6____________, forcing air from the lungs. Inspiration Diaphragm contracts, volume of thorax increases and pressure decreases, causing air to fill the lungs. Expiration Diaphragm returns to upward position, volume of thorax decreases and pressure increases, forcing air from the lungs. 15 Pulmonary Stretch Receptors • Respond to stretch in lungs • Protects respiratory organs from over inflation • Air inspired – lungs expand, stimulating the stretch receptors to inhibit inspiration – relaxation of inspiratory muscles occurs – expiration follows • Air expired – lungs deflate, inhibiting the stretch receptors – inspiration allowed to start again 16 What is the function of the respiratory mucosa? • It is different from the respiratory membrane and serves a different purpose. ▫ Respiratory membrane: separates the air in the alveoli from the blood in surrounding capillaries 17 What is the function of the respiratory mucosa? • Respiratory Mucosa ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Covered with mucus Lines the tubes of the respiratory tree Cleanses the air by trapping bacteria Mucus forms a “blanket” that moves contaminants upward to the pharynx with the help of the hairline cilia that line the respiratory mucosa 18 Questions? 19 Digestive System (Alimentary Canal) • 29 feet long • Two types of digestion ▫ 1. ▫ 2. 20 Digestive System (Alimentary Canal) • 29 feet long • Two types of digestion ▫ 1. mechanical Chewing or deglutition Churning of stomach Defecation ▫ 2. chemical Digestive enzymes and other chemicals 21 What are the three kinds of processing that food undergo in the body? • 1. • 2. • 3. 22 What are the three kinds of processing that food undergo in the body? • Digestion • Absorption • Metabolism 23 What are the four layers of the digestive tract? • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 24 What are the four layers of the digestive tract? 1. 2. 3. 4. Mucosa or mucous membrane Submucosa Muscularis Serosa 25 Salivary Glands • What is the largest salivary gland? 26 Salivary Glands • Parotid gland: largest salivary gland, lies just below and in front of each ear at the angle of the jaw • Submandibular glands: open on either side of the lingual frenulum • Sublingual glands: open into the floor of the mouth 27 Digestion • Carbohydrate ▫ Salivary amylase in mouth ▫ Pancreatic and intestinal juice enzymes digest starches and sugars • Protein ▫ Pepsin in stomach ▫ Trypsin and peptidases in small intestine • Fat ▫ Emulsification by bile in the duodenum ▫ Pancreatic lipase splits up fat into fatty acids and glycerol 28 Digestion-Let’s Practice • Where does digestion of carbohydrate begin? • Where does digestion of protein begin? • Where does digestion of fat begin? 29 Digestion-Let’s Practice • Where does digestion of carbohydrate begin? ▫ In the mouth with salivary amylase ▫ The majority takes place in the duodenum with intestinal enzymes sucrase, maltase and lactase • Where does digestion of protein begin? ▫ In the stomach with gastric juice containing pepsin and HCl ▫ It continues in the small intestine with trypsin & peptidases • Where does digestion of fat begin? ▫ In the duodenum with pancreatic juice containing lipase 30 What are the three divisions of the stomach? • 1. • 2. • 3. 31 What are the three divisions of the stomach? • 1. fundus: enlarged portion to the left of and above the opening of the esophagus in to the stomach • 2. body: central part of the stomach • 3. pylorus: lower narrow section, which joins the first part of the small intestine 32 What are the three sections of the small intestine? • 1. • 2. • 3. 33 What are the three sections of the small intestine? • 1. duodenum • 2. jejunum • 3. ileum 35 Liver and Gallbladder • Liver is an exocrine gland ▫ Cells secrete bile into ducts 37 Pancreas • Both an exocrine and endocrine gland • Why? 38 Pancreas • Both an exocrine and endocrine gland • Exocrine ▫ Secretes pancreatic juice into ducts • Endocrine ▫ Secretes hormones into the blood 39 Large Intestine • About 5 feet in length • What are the subdivisions of the large intestine? 40 Large Intestine • What are the subdivisions of the large intestine? ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anal canal 41 Questions? Slide 42 A function of respiratory organs is to A. B. C. D. E. Maintain stable CO2 concentration in the body Maintain stable O2 concentration in the body Distribute air to the lungs Warm and humidify breathed air All of the above are correct After leaving the trachea during inspiration, air then moves into the Slide 43 A. B. C. D. E. Primary bronchi Secondary bronchi Larynx Pharynx Alveoli Slide 44 If the volume of the thorax increases, then a person will A. B. Expire Inspire As a person begins exercising, we should expect their tidal volume to ? over time. A. B. Increase Decrease Slide 45 Chemoreceptors detect an increase of CO2 in the blood. What will happen next? Slide 46 A. B. C. Rate of breathing increases Rate of breathing decreases No change in rate of breathing The roof of the mouth is also called the Slide 47 A. B. C. D. E. Pharynx Uvula Frenulum Palate Papilla After material leaves the stomach, it then enters the Slide 48 A. B. C. D. E. Colon Jejunum Duodenum Ileum Esophagus Proteins are digested into ? and then absorbed. Slide 49 A. B. C. D. E. Monosaccharides Disaccharides Peptide groups Amino acids Fatty acids Emulsification is a type of ? digestion. A. B. Chemical Mechanical Slide 50 Most nutrients are absorbed through the wall of the Slide 51 A. B. C. D. E. Stomach Colon Small intestine Liver Pancreas 52 Animations To help you study for unit 6 exam • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. Respiratory mucosa Mouth and Initiation of Mechanical Digestion Pharynx Small Intestine 53 Farewell • Thank you for your kind attention and participation! • Email any time [email protected] • Call if your matter is urgent ▫ 630 323 3307 • Follow me on Twitter ▫ @ProfAmyH