Download Digestive System

Digestive System
What is the Digestive System?
• Also called the GI Tract or Alimentary
Canal
• The Digestive System is responsible for
breaking down foodstuff and converting
into energy or using the nutrients in the
foodstuff for necessary body functions.
Anatomy of the Digestive System
• Begins at the MOUTH.
• The mouth is responsible for MECHANICAL
DIGESTION. The teeth break down food by
chewing (MASTICATION).
• The mouth is also the place where CHEMICAL
DIGESTION begins. The SALIVARY GLANDS
(sublingual, parotid, and submandibular glands)
are responsible for producing an environment for
food breakdown.
• Next, the food enters the ESOPHAGUS
(food tube) which connects the mouth to
the STOMACH.
• After food enters the stomach, acids are
released to continue with chemical
digestion.
• From the stomach, food enters the SMALL
INTESTINE by traveling through the
DUODENUM.
• The small intestine is responsible for
absorption of nutrients.
• From the small intestine, food enters the
LARGE INTESTINE (colon) where water
absorption takes place.
• After the stool is solidified, it travels to the
RECTUM and ANUS for removal from the
body.
Accessory Digestive Organs
• Liver
- detoxifies the blood.
- stores sugar as GLYCOGEN.
• Pancreas
- secretes INSULIN, a hormone that allows
glucose to enter the bodies cells.
- also manufactures and secretes GLUCAGON,
a hormone that raises blood sugar and
SOMATOSTATIN, a hormone which helps
regulate sleep.
Combining Forms
for the Digestive System
• ORAL CAVITY (Mouth)
or / o AND stomat / o refer to the mouth.
IE: stomat / itis -> inflammation of the
mouth
or / al -> pertaining to the mouth
gloss / o AND lingu / o
both mean TONGUE.
gloss / ectomy
the tongue
lingu / al
-> surgical removal of
-> pertaining to the tongue
dent / o
dent / ist
AND odont / o mean TEETH.
-> specialist of the teeth
Orth / odont / ist -> specialist that
straigtens teeth.
gingiv / o means GUM(s)
gingiv / itis -> inflammation of the gums
• PHARYNX (throat) and ESOPHAGUS
esophag / o
-> esophagus
esophag / o / scope -> an instrument to
view the esophagus
gastr / o means stomach
gastr / o / scopy -> a visual examination of
the stomach
pharyng / o means pharynx (throat)
pharyng / itis -> inflammation of the throat
pylor / o means pylorus (a part of the
stomach)
pylor / o / tomy
pylorus
->
an incision into the
• SMALL INTESTINE and LARGE
INTESTINE (colon)
an / o -> anus
an / al
-> pertaining to the anus
append / o
appendic / o
->
append / ectomy
appendic / itis
appendix
-> excision of the appendix
-> inflammation of the appendix
col / o
colon / o
->
col / o / centesis
colon
-> puncture of the colon
colon / o / scope -> instrument to view or
examine the colon
duoden / o
means duodenum
duoden / o / stomy -> to form an opening
(mouth) in the duodenum
enter / o means intestine
enter / o / pathy
intestine
enter / it is
intestine
-> disease of the
-> inflammation of the
ile / o means ileum (part of the small
intestine)
ile / o / stomy -> to form an opening
(mouth) in the ileum
jejun / o means jejunum (part of the
small intestine)
jejun / o / rrhaphy -> to suture a rupture of
the jejunum
proct / o means anus or rectum
proct / o / logist -> specialist or one who
studies the rectum
rect / o means rectum
NOTE: there are multiple word roots for
many organs.
rect / o / cele
-> hernia of the rectum
sigmoid / o means sigmoid colon (part of
the large intestine that is “S” shaped)
sigmoid / o / scopy -> a visual
examination of the sigmoid colon
Common Suffixes
-dynia
-algia
Refer to pain.
stomat / o / dynia -> pain in the mouth
NOTE: a combining vowel is not needed when using –
algia.
stomat / algia -> pain in the mouth
The combining form
sial / o
Refers to the salivary glands or saliva.
What does sial / o / rrhea mean?
flow of saliva
The prefix Dia- means “through”.
What is the literal translation of
Dia / rrhea?
through flow -> frequent passage of
watery bowel movements?
Pertaining to…..
The following suffixes all mean the same
thing.
-al
-ar
-ary
-ic
vertebr / al
vascul / ar
maxill / ary
thromb / ic
FYI
When defining a medical word, first define the SUFFIX. Next, look at
the beginning of the word (PREFIX or ROOT). Finally, look at the
middle of the word (ROOT).
1.
2.
3.
sub / lingu / al
“-al” means “pertaining to”
“sub-” means “beneath”
“/ lingu /” means “tongue”
Therefore, sublingual means to something pertaining to the beneath the
tongue.
A sublingual dose of nitroglycerin is placed beneath the tongue.
-osis
• This suffix refers to an abnormal condition.
stomat / osis
the mouth.
means an abnormality of
Myc /
• Word root meaning FUNGUS.
myc / osis
fungus.
is an abnormal condition of a
Pharynx, Esophagus, and Stomach
gastr / ic
gastr / itis
gastr / algia
gastr / dynia
gastr / rrhea
All refer to the
stomach.
What Do The Following Mean?
• Gastr / ectomy
• Esophag / o / plasty
• Gastr / tome
Removal of the
stomach
Surgical repair of the
esophagus
Instrument to cut
the stomach
hemat / o -> blood
emesis -> vomit
hemat / emesis -> to vomit blood
NOTE: a combining vowel is NOT needed.
Other Definitions
epi above or upon
epigastric pain is pain above the stomach.
dys -pepsia
bad, painful, or difficult
digestion
dyspepsia literally means painful digestion or
“heartburn”
-phagia means to swallow or eat.
dys / phagia is difficultly swallowing
aer -
means air
aer / o / phagia means swallowing air.
infants frequently have this as they suck milk
from a bottle.
Small Intestine and Colon
The small intestine is broken into three
parts:
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
duoden / o
jejun / o
ile / o
duoden / o / stomy
To form a new
opening
First part of
small intestine
Combining
vowel
col / o / stomy
-> form a new hole in
the colon
col / o / rrhaphy
-> suture the colon
The SIGMOID COLON becomes the
RECTUM.
sigmoid / itis
->
inflammation of the
sigmoid colon
rect / o / stenosis -> a narrowing of the
rectum
Accessory Organs
Combining Form
Cholangi / o
Cholecyst / o
Choledoch / o
Hepat / o
Pancreat / o
Sial / o
Lith / o
Meaning
bile vessel
gall bladder
bile duct
liver
pancreas
saliva
stone, calculus