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Proteins and Amino Acids: Function Follows Form BIOL 103, Chapter 7-2 Today’s Topics • Proteins in the Diet • The Pros and Cons of Vegetarian Eating • The Health Effects of Eating Too Little or Too Much Protein Proteins in the Diet • Recommended protein intake – Adult RDA = _________________________ – __________ have highest needs relative to body weight • Why? ___________________________________ • Physical stress ___________ your body’s needs for proteins – Infection, burns, fevers, surgery, intensive weight training • Consumption in the US – Generally within or higher than recommended range Problem Set 7, Question 1: • How is it that our bodies are able to synthesize so many proteins in our body when our dietary protein requirement is relatively low? Protein Quality • Protein Quality – Complete proteins: supply _____ essential amino acids • ________________________ • Examples: animal proteins, soy proteins – Incomplete proteins: _______________ essential amino acids • ________________________ • Examples: most plant proteins Protein Quality • Incomplete and Complementary Proteins – Except soy, proteins in other plant foods is incomplete (lacks 1 or more essential AA). – _________ incomplete complementary proteins = ___________________ • Examples: rice and beans, peanut butter and bread, pea soup with crackers, corn and tortilla. Evaluating Protein Quality • A high-quality protein: 1. Provides ______________________ at amounts the body needs 2. Provides __________________________ ________________________for making nonessential amino acids 3. Easy to ____________ 4. Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCASS): measure of protein quality that takes account the AA composition of the food and the digestibility of the protein. Proteins and Amino Acids as Additives and Supplements • Protein and AA additives – Contribute to • Protein and AA supplements – Used for a variety of reasons: dieters, athletes, certain diseases. – Risks are unknown Vegetarian vs. Vegan Vegetarian • ___________________ • Don’t Eat: • Types: – Ovo-vegetarian: – Lacto-vegetarian: • Products: Don’t mind using animal-derived products. Vegan • ______________________ • Don’t Eat: • Products: Avoids using ______________________ ________ including clothing, cosmetics, household, foods. Pros and Cons of Vegetarian Eating Problem Set 7, Question 4 • • • • • Health Benefits Less ___________________ More magnesium, folate More _________________ More _________________ ______________________ Reduces risk for heart disease, hypertension, and cancer. Health Risks • Vegans may be low in: calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin B12 • Higher intake of _________ • More restrictive food choices = _______________ The Pros and Cons of Vegetarian Eating • Diet recommendations (pg. 258): 1. 2. 3. 4. Choose a variety of foods Choose whole, unrefined foods Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables Choose lower-fat dairy products and eggs in moderation 5. Consume a regular source of vitamins B12 and D • Fortified foods or supplements The Health Effects of Too Little Protein • Dietary protein = essential amino acids • Protein deficiency: ______________________ ________________________ • ________________________________ – Kwashiorkor: _______________________ • Symptoms: _____________, poor growth, bloated belly • Affects those between age of 18-24 months old • Associated with extreme poverty The Health Effects of Too Little Protein • PEM, cont. – Marasmus: _____________________________ • Chronic PEM; “withering” • Affects Infants and 6-18 months old children • Usually the children are _____________ for their age • How to treat? – Nutritional rehabilitation • Gradual and careful refeeding • Must start with fluid and electrolyte balance, then introduce nutrients The Health Effects of Too Much Proteins The Health Effects of Too Much Proteins 1. Strains kidney function – Too much protein overwhelms kidneys, which need to excrete products of protein breakdown 2. Obesity – Too much protein, becomes fat. – May alter ________________ ______________ ______________________ The Health Effects of Too Much Proteins 4. Heart disease – If you eat too much ________________ increased saturated fat and cholesterol intake 5. Cancer – Increased risk for certain types of cancer if you eat red meat • Example: animal protein/pork/beef and colon cancer Problem Set 7, Q5 • Name two health effects related to consuming a very high protein diet.