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ELIMINATION THE GASTROINTESTINAL AND GENITOURINARY SYSTEMS Lisa Flatt, RN, MSN, CHPN THE GI TRACT Lower GI tract The Large intestine consists of: ____________ ____________ ____________ Sigmoid Colon Rectum & Anus QUESTIONS Where does the majority of bowel absorption take place?_____________________ Can you voluntarily contract and relax the anal sphincters?_____________________ Is the GI tract sterile?_____________ Where is the peritoneum?_________ Is the peritoneal area sterile?_______ FUN FACTS! Surgery that involves the bowel is considered “unclean” because the bowel contents and flora contain a large amount of bacteria, that if spread to the peritoneum cause peritonitis. How would a patient develop peritonitis if they have abdominal surgery – that does not involve the bowel? (like a C-section) ALL ABOUT POOP Feces/fecal matter/bowel movement /stool– what are some other terms patients may use? “Normal stool” is soft, firm, brown and formed Abnormal consistency: diarrhea, constipated (hard, rock-like), flakey, fulminant, frothy, liquid “Abnormal” colors: white, yellow, green, red, black, clay-colored, chalk-colored 6 PROBLEMS WITH INTESTINAL ELIMINATION Constipation Diarrhea Fecal impaction Flatulence – aka fart Incontinence Helminths--worms THE GU TRACT Kidneys Ureters Bladder Urethra THE COMPLICATED & CONVOLUTED KIDNEY Nephron – the functional unit of the kidney Glomeruli- filters wastes; absorption, resorption and reabsorption of fluids & electrolytes = initial production of urine Loop of Henle – tubular system in the glomeruli (descending & ascending) that transport the urine, it starts as H2O and becomes more acidic as it moves down the loop QUESTIONS What is the difference between the male and female urethra?________________________ What does UTI stand for?________________ Is a UTI in a male or female considered an emergency and very serious? _________ Why?_____________________________ Is the Urinary Tract sterile?____________ Is urinary function usually decreased as a result of the loss of one kidney?_________ MORE QUESTIONS……. Define Pyelonephritis __________________ Can upper urinary tract infections be considered life-threatening?_____________ Are lower UTI’s more common in men or women?_____________________ How are they treated?______________ What are some drug classifications used to treat UTI’s?___________ ALL ABOUT PEE Urine/Making water/ pee pee/ wee wee – can you think of any other names? “Normal” appearance – clear and light yellow in color “Abnormal” findings - blood, sediment, mucus or calculi (stones), brown color, foul smelling, sluggish (thick) QUESTIONS What can dark colored urine indicate?_____________ What if urine is bloody/red colored?_______ Who is at the highest risk for urinary retention? ____Why?__________________ 7 PROBLEMS WITH URINARY ELIMINATION Retention Urgency Frequency Incontinence Nocturia Polyuria Enuresis FACTORS THAT AFFECT GI AND GU ELIMINATION Sex Age & Developmental Level Individual Preferences and patterns (dietary habits) Physical condition Cultural, spiritual and/or religious factors Socioeconomic factors Environmental factors Psychological factors BABY POOP – AND PEE PEE Meconium – dark green sticky mucousyprotects bowel in utero Breast – yellow and seedy (colostorum) Formula – brown, formed (poop less) CHILDREN ELIMINATION Brown, formed and regular Potty trained Regression – stressors, new babies in the house Loss of some function - activity ADULT ELIMINATION Soft, brown Incontinent Constipated Peristalsis – slow down (gastroparesis, biopsy) Mental – obsessed Regular – for that person Dependent on laxatives BPH- retention, difficulty start and stop Neurogenic bladder – urinary retention Caffeine is a cathartic FACTORS AFFECTION ELIMINATION How do the various stages of life affect elimination?_________________________ What affect can activity have on intestinal elimination?_________________________ What affect does physical condition have on intestinal elimination?__________________ What affect does diet have on intestinal elimination?__________________________ IMPLICATIONS…… PAGE 35-39 Activity, diet, fluids, fibers all affect bowel status Using laxatives, enemas, suppositories can lead to inability to poop on own Diuretics – rid body of excess fluid, increase urination Stool softeners – make soft NOT laxatives Sleep - regularity Stress – diarrhea or constipation Abdominal and pelvic muscle tone - continence Catheterization – sphincter muscle damage – leaking or retention Rectal tube – for fecal elimination (diarrhea) – other systems Depression and other mental illness NURSING ASSESSMENT OF THE GI SYSTEM How often do you have a BM? What does it look like? Do you use laxatives regularly? Stool softeners? When was your LBM? Do you pass gas? Do you stomach pain? Does your abdomen feel hard or distended? Bowel sounds in all quadrants? NURSING ASSESSMENT OF THE GU SYSTEM How often do you urinate? Do you pee at night? Do you have pain with urination? Do you dribble/leak? Incontinent? What color is it? What does it smell like? Is it foul? Do you see mucus, stones or sediment? Milky? Do you see any red? Blood streaks? PROBLEM Constipation Diarrhea Fecal impaction Flatulence Incontinence Helminths WHAT TO DO Fluids, laxatives, stool softeners, activity Clear liquids, fiber, medications, stool sample Disimpact, enema, suppository Beano, fiber Attends, Depends, bowel and bladder program, muscle strengthening, Kegel’s Kill the worms! PROBLEMS, PROBLEMS, PROBLEMS PROBLEM Frequency Nocturia Urgency Dysuria Enuresis – define length of dry time Incontinence Retention Polyuria WHAT TO DO B&B program, UTI/labs/tests B&B program, decrease fluids prior to sleeping B&B program, UTI/labs/tests UTI/labs/tests Labs/tests B&B program, Kegel’s Labs/tests/BPH Asses fluids, diabetes, labs/tests/UTI PROBLEMS, PROBLEMS, PROBLEMS DISEASE/CONDITION UTI – BPH – Incontinence – Functional Overflow Reflex Total CAUSE AND TREATMENT Retention – Urinary suppression - Urinary Tract Infection – bacteria or fungus Prostate, aging process Varies with type BPH, sphincter valve issues, catatonia (mental issues), spinal cord injuries Kidneys no longer make urine DISEASES/CONDITIONS OF THE URINARY TRACT Other Stuffs Disease: Cancer & chemotherapy use– degradation of mucosal lining, diarrhea, blood, poor absorption, constipation Diarrhea **8 or more liquid stools in one day* Parasites, worms, medications, foods, stress, diet, IBS, Chron’s, CDIFF!!!!!!!!! Incontinence – drugs, sphincter control, diseases (tumors), stress, abuse, sneezing (haha) Neurogenic bladder – full bladder does not stimulate the need to pee Urinary Devices and Interventions Urostomy Stents Foley catheters Coude catheters Condom catheters Urine pouches – U bags – Pee Pouches Straight catheterization Suprapubic catheters GI Devices and Interventions Colostomy Ileostomoy Jejunostomy Gastrostomy tube Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Upper GI Lower GI Rectal Tubes Bowel Management Systems Enemas Cleansing enemas “Fleets” Irrigation enemas – colonic irrigation Medicated enemas Carminative enema - flatus expellation enema Oil retention enema Output Less than 30 ml of urine per hour is decreased Monitor urine output every 6-8-12-24 hours Record BM’s Emesis NG Output Liquid stool Bed sheet soaked in perspiration Intake Fluids Foods with high water IV and PO Fluids Tube feedings Free water with tube feedings Tests- GI and GU BUN and Creatinine Urinary pH Ketones Specific Gravity Urinalysis Urine culture and sensitivity Occult Blood Blood Urobilinogen Stool tested for wormies, cdiff, bacteria, ova and parasites Xrays/CT scans/Ultrasounds/Intravenous pyelogram IVP/MRI Cystoscopy Pyelogram The Nursing Process Assessment – Analyze Nursing Diagnosis Planning Implementing Evaluating Scenario 74 y/o man, daily laxative use, constipated history, medications: lasix, metformin, cholesterol, metoprolol, poor diet Analyze: hx constipation, BP, diabetic, cholesterol issues, diet issues, decreased activity, laxative abuse Nursing Dx: Constipation related to daily laxative usage Plan: Client will: increase activity by walking 4 blocks daily, decrease laxative use to 3 times weekly, follow diet as recommended by dietician, increase fluids to 2 liters per day, use stool softeners daily, increase fiber intake to 20 gm/day, Implement: Obtain dietary consult; Obtain PT/OT consult; Instruct on how to measure fluid intake and healthy fluid options; Instruct on s/s of constipation; instruct on s/s normal BM; instruct of side effects of medications including: lasix, laxatives and other medications; instruct on daily walk; instruct on keeping 7 day –diet-fluid-exercise-blood sugar log -- all accomplished in two weeks Evaluation: Patient & family verbalizes side effects of laxative use and other medications; return demonstration of exercises; Shows 7 day log and able to analyze areas that are strengths and weaknesses; compliant with diabetic diet and diet as recommended by dietician; verbalizes healthy fluid options; verbalize free of s/s constipation
