Download E tu Brute

Iacta Alea Est
Veni Vidi Vici
E tu Brute
Sic Sempra Terranis
Explain the Precedent set by Marius.
Explain the Precedent set by Sulla.
I. Both Marius and Sulla have been trying to change Rome
a. Marius was a Populares
i. Give power to the Assembly
b. Sulla was an Optimate
i. Take power from the Assembly
c. Both are trying to fix Rome
i. Roman Republic is not broken
1. Obsolete
II. 73 BC/BCE
a. Population shift has occurred
i. Most of population have sold their farms and moved to
the cities
1. make up the new army
b. Countryside populated by rich land owners and slaves.
c. Slave Revolt will occur in countryside
i. Slaves more numerous
ii. Slaves know the land
1. Soldiers do not
2. From Cities
III. Spartacus
a. Former soldier forced to become a slave
i. Gladiator
b. Leads a revolt in the countryside
i. As a gladiator, he is going to die anyway
IV. Significance of Spartacus slave revolt
a. Cause
i. Population shift
b. Significance
i. Who stops it
1. becomes a very serious problem
2. Experienced generals sent in to solve the problem
a. Crassus
i. Very good general
ii. Boring personality
iii. Does not care how flashy the result is
b. Pompey
i. Very good general
ii. Flair for the dramatic
c. Pompey is sent by the Roman Senate for 1
of 2 results
i. Pompey ends the conflict because he
wants the glory
ii. Crassus, fearing the intentions of
Pompey, will speed up his plan and
end the conflict before Pompey can
get credit for it
d. Slave army wiped out by Crassus
e. Pompey defeats the last remnants of the
army and takes credit
V. Aftermath
a. Crassus and Pompey are named Consuls of Rome in 70
BC/BCE
i. Pompey Gains 3 year Imperium over the Mediterranean
1. Wants to prosecute a war in Asia Minor
ii. Pompey will become the most popular general in Rome
b. Crassus does not have a great personality
i. Not how he will get popular
c. Crassus hangs out with popular friends
i. Allies himself with an up and coming general
1. Gaining popularity for his victories in Spain and
southern Gaul
2. Noble family
3. Excellent general
4. Gaius Julius Caesar
d. Julius Caesar wants a Triumph in Rome for his exploits in
Spain
i. A triumph is a victory parade
1. Common people will see the Roman Senate
recognizing the great things he has done and he
will gain popularity
ii. Senate does not want Caesar to get too popular
1. they refuse
iii. Caesar makes a deal with Crassus and Pompey to share
power
1. They become known as the First Triumvirate of
Rome
a. Rule of three
b. Begins with the selection of Caesar as
consul in 59 BC/BCE
e. Caesar becomes governor of Southern Gaul
i. Begins extensive military campaigns to subjugate the
Gauls under Roman Rule
ii. Conquers what is today Spain, France, Belgium and
Southern Britain
1. Remnants of Gauls pushed into North Britain
2. Gauls are part of an ethnic group known as Celts
a. They are known ethnically as Celtic People
f. When he had finished his conquests, however, the Triumvirate
had dissolved.
i. Crassus had died in a war against the Parrhians in the
Middle East,
ii. and Pompey had turned against Caesar and had roused
the Senate against him.
1. The Senate declared Caesar an enemy of the state
a. and demanded that he hand over his
generalship and province.
iii. Caesar, however, decided on a different course of action.
1. His troops were fiercely loyal to him; (Marius)
a. so in 49 BC, Caesar ordered his troops to
cross the Rubicon River,
i. which separated his province from
Italy, thus committing treason
2. He tells his soldiers:
a. “Iacta alea est”
b. “The Die is Cast”
c. No turning back Upon crossing the Rubicon
VI. The Civil War
a. The Civil War started the minute the first of his legions had
finished crossing the Rubicon.
i. The war was fought between these two great generals,
Pompey and Caesar,
1. but in 48 BC, Caesar defeated Pompey at
Pharsalus in Greece.
b. Shortly thereafter Pompey was assassinated by the Egyptians
among whom he had sought refuge.
i. Caesar then turned his forces towards Asia Minor in a
conquest that was so swift that Caesar described it in
three words: "Veni, vidi, vici" ("I came, I saw, I
conquered").
VII. Cleopatra
a. Family Feud
i. Julius Caesar found himself in the middle of a family
feud when he arrived in Egypt in 47BC.
1. King Ptolemy XII willed his throne to his tenyear-old son, Ptolemy XIII, and his eighteenyear-old daughter, Cleopatra VII.
a. The brother and sister were to rule
Egypt as husband and wife,
2. but Ptolemy XIII forced his sister from the
throne in an attempt to seize total power.
b. Rug
i. Cleopatra saw an opportunity to return to power
when she learned Caesar was in Egypt.
1. She arranged to have herself smuggled into
Caesar’s suite by wrapping herself in an
ornamental carpet.
2. Caesar unraveled his gift to find the former
queen.
i. The sly Cleopatra impressed Caesar.
1. His army defeated the people who had
removed Cleopatra from power.
2. Ptolemy XIII drowned in the Nile River
while try to escape Caesar’s army.
b. Romance
i. The 54-year-old Caesar began a love affair with the
much younger Cleopatra,
1. who gave birth to Caesar’s only son,
Caesarion.
ii. While Caesar was popular with the Roman people,
1. Cleopatra was looked upon with suspicion
because she was a foreigner.
I.
Ides of March
a. Caesar returned to Rome in 46 BC and had the Senate
appoint him dictator for ten years;
i. he was given imperium over the Roman Empire and
was, for all practical purposes, above the law and the
constitution.
b. Two years later he was appointed dictator for life,
i. and he quickly assumed all the important offices in
the government.
c. He reformed the government in many ways, but these
reforms were functionally meaningless considering his
absolute power.
i. Caesar's absolute power, imperium for life
1. (which made him imperator , or Emperor, of
Rome),
2. looked suspiciously like a monarchy, which,
for all practical purposes, it was.
d. The Romans, proud of their Republican tradition, deeply
resented his power,
i. and in 44 BC, on the Ides of March (March 15),
1. a group of conspirators,
a. led by Gaius Cassius Longinus and
Marcus Junius Brutus,
b. assassinated Caesar as he entered the
Senate in his usual manner: with no
bodyguards or protection.
e. The conspirators were striking a blow for the Republic,
i. fully confident that the Republic would magically
reconstitute itself.
1. Caesar had, after all, ruled Rome for a mere
two years.
ii. Their dreams, however, disappeared in a brutal civil
war that would last for thirteen years.
1. At the end of the war, the Roman Republic
would come to a shattering end and never
again appear on the stage of history