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The 1st International Conference on Innovative Communication and Sustainable Development in ASEAN
Interpersonal Communication Pattern of Student Working
as Commercial Sex Workers in Padang West Sumatra Province, Indonesia
Elva Ronaning Roem17
Abstract
This study examines the interpersonal communication forms of female university
students who work secretly as commercial sex workers; it was conducted in the city of
Padang, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The subjects of the study are female students of
various universities. They were selected based on the needs and goals of the study. The
research shows that forms of interpersonal communication utilized by the subjects are either
open or close communication carried out by using both verbal and non-verbal
communication. On the other hand, communication pattern between subjects and their
customers uses the “circle” forms that can be divided into primary, circular, and non-formal
one. When it comes to communicating with other member of society that are not part of their
so-called contemptible extracurricular activity, subjects develop linear and formal
communication pattern.
Keywords: interpersonal communication, communication patterns, sex workers
17
Doctoral Student, Communication Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Lecturer,
Communication Sciences Department, Universitas Andalas Indonesia, email:
[email protected]
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The 1st International Conference on Innovative Communication and Sustainable Development in ASEAN
Introduction
All sorts of social phenomenon emerge in the city of Padang, West Sumatra Province,
Indonesia; lately, one that grabs a lot of attention is female university students who choose
prostitution as a sideline job. Their numbers are growing exponentially due to many factors,
such as economic factors, lavish lifestyle and family-related problems. There is a concern that
those who were identified revealed only the tip of the iceberg. The vulnerability inflicted by
the existence of the aforementioned factors on the female university students trigger them to
take an easy way out.
In Padang, the term female university students prostitute is exclusively adhered to the
newly-enrolled and being a prostitute. They go to universities and colleges in Padang and the
majority of them are lured in having hedonistic lifestyle seen on TV and magazines.
However, the allowance sent by their parents is not enough to support such lifestyle. The gap
between reality and reverie led them to take the shortcut by putting themselves into the sex
trade. For most of them, the old moral value of saving virginity until wedding night is prehistoric and outdated. It seemed to have become a doctrine of teenagers today to live a
western lifestyle. Therefore, a lot of young girls loss their virginity to their boyfriend and
soon or later becoming a prostitute due to a realization that they have nothing to lose anyway
for doing so.
A report published by Padang Ekspres Daily proves the involvement of a female
student of a well-known university in the city in the sex trade. The daily paper that belongs to
Jawa Post Group also mentions in its report that the student being arrested has been a
prostitute since she was a sophomore. She claimed to go to meet most her clients by taxi; the
usual meeting point is in a hotel room where the business is performed and ended. The
release of the news is an undeniable proof that sex workers has been extended to intellectuals,
especially young and beautiful female students who wish to live a glamorous life but short of
resources.
In contrast to commercial sex workers who put themselves into display without
reservation in the red light districts, female university students who are selling sex (called as
“ayamkampus” in local terminology, or “campus chicken” literally in English), tend to
choose covert operation and select their customers carefully. Security and anonymity are the
reasons of such choice.
The rise of social media has made its use not limited as a communication tool with
friends as well as a place to express one’s ideas, it has also become a crucial mean of finding
and selecting customers and transaction place for the ayamkampus. Communication between
customers and sex workers is initiated either through FB (Facebook), BBM (BlackBerry
Messenger), or YM (Yahoo Messenger); when everything seems to be fine, the next step is
usually call to meet. The majority of customers are middle-aged and young men who are
wealthy and lived glamorously.
It is not easy to communicate with the ayamkampus; it takes a reference from an
insider to get into their circle to ensure what’s in the circle stay in the circle, it makes them
almost invisible and very difficult to be identified. The researcher discovered a new fact that
when communicating symbolically through social media, subjects can ask a high price to
those who wish to hire them. It could be one of the advantages if the transaction is executed
through social media, because it shortens the procedure that usually takes days just to agree
on the date of business.
The subjects put on considerably expensive price tag for their service based on
Padang standard, especially when compared to non-university student sex workers. The
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The 1st International Conference on Innovative Communication and Sustainable Development in ASEAN
customers can spend around USD 37–74 per booking. It excludes shopping and meal
expenses taken as “foreplay” before “main course” is served. The rate depends heavily on
which university the young woman go to; the more prestigious it is, the higher the rate
charged. This classification differentiates subjects with sex workers in brothels.
Talking about social interaction system, ayamkampus and other female university
students are surely to experience a clash one way or another. The most probable cause of
clash is the effort ayamkampus put in place to make themselves appear no different than other
female university students. The context of this research sees that ayamkampus will build their
own social interaction.
The researcher acknowledges that various studies about commercial sex workers have
been conducted, this particular study will highlight more about how information exchanged
and lifestyle of female university students who plunge themselves in the sex trade. This study
aims to get an in-depth insight on the interpersonal communication patterns of the research
subjects and how it has shaped their life, by being a students and commercial sex workers at
the same time in the city of Padang, West Sumatra Province.
Literature Review
Communication Process (Samovar & Porter, 2000)
Communication processes can be classified into two parts:
1) Verbal communication
Symbols or verbal messages are all kinds of symbols using one or more words.
Almost all speech stimuli that we are aware of belongs to the intentional verbal message
category; it can be defined as conscious efforts made to relate to others verbally. Language
can also be considered as a system of verbal code.
2) Non-verbal communication
In a nutshell, non-verbal messages are all cues but words. According to Samovar &
Porter (2000: 237), non-verbal communication covers all stimuli (except verbal stimuli) in a
communication setting generated by individuals and use of the environment by individuals
that has the potential message value for the message sender or recipient.
The primary communication process is the process of delivering one's thoughts or
feelings to others using emblem or symbol as media. Symbol as the primary media in the
communication process is verbal and non-verbal messages or languages (cue, gesture, color,
drawing, etc.). Secondary communication process is a message delivering process by a
communicator to the communicant using tools or means as secondary media. Personality
according to Napoleon Hill (as cited in Samovar & Porter, 2000) is the overall characteristics
and appearance that distinguishes someone from other people, the clothes worn, facial lines,
tone of voice, and thoughts and those characters that have been developed, all that combined
will form one’s personality.
Having all that said, it is not a surprise that ayamkampus went through
communication process development. Being one is not for the fainted heart since it takes
courage to harden oneself and mean business. In their transactions, there are several steps to
follow before it is considered a deal. This is done both verbally and non-verbally in order to
test the water and ensure the circumstances that entail. Verbal communication is instrumental
to influence or persuade potential clients. However, the non-verbal communication is the
factor that most likely sealing the deal with customers. Stimuli is sent through seductive
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The 1st International Conference on Innovative Communication and Sustainable Development in ASEAN
words, inviting gestures, tempting poses, intimate whispers, enticing glances, coy smiles, and
touches when they meet a client.
Communication patterns (De Vito, 1997)
The term “communication pattern” is commonly referred to as a communication
model, a system that consists of various inter-connected components best used for
community educational purposes. Pattern is a form or a model (more abstract, a set of rules)
that can be used to produce one set of complete rules or part of it, especially if its effect
creates a visible archetype. Communication pattern is a process designed to represent the
links of elements covered along with its follow ups, in order to facilitate the systematic and
logical thinking.
Communication pattern consists of several kinds (De Vito, 1997):
1) Primary Communication Pattern
Primary communication pattern is a message delivery process made by
communicators to communicants using a symbol as a conduit or channel. This pattern can
further be divided into two symbols; verbal and non-verbal. Verbal symbol is the language,
the most used due to its ability in expressing the communicator’s thoughts. The non-verbal
symbols is symbols used in communication other than language; it can be gestures of the
eyes, head, lips, hands, etc.
2) Secondary Communication Pattern
Secondary communication pattern is a message delivery process made by
communicators to communicants using tools or means as the second media, while the
symbols is considered as the first media. Communicators might use secondary media because
the communicant is in a remote area or there are more than one communicants need to be
contacted. As time goes by, tools and means used will be more effective and efficient.
3) Linear Communication Pattern
The term linear implies its literal meaning, moving from one point to another in a
straight line; as far as communication pattern is concerned, it means the message delivery by
the communicator to the communicant as a terminal point. So, in this communication process
usually occurs as face-to-face communication, sometimes it may be a mediated
communication. A well planned communication steps before it is actually carried out
determines the effectiveness of the message received.
4) Circular Communication Pattern
Circular literally means round, circular or roving. This pattern allows feedback given
to the communicator by communicants and it can be used as indicator of the success of
communication. In short, communication works when feedback exchanged between
communicators and communicants.
Interpersonal Communication Concept
Interpersonal communication is the process of sending and receiving messages
between two persons or a small group of people, followed by immediate effects and instant
feedback (DeVito, 1997).
Interpersonal communication is communication made between a person with others in
a community or organization setting (business and non-business), using certain
communication media and easily understood language (informal) to achieve a certain goal.
Based on this understanding, there are four important things to be considered:
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The 1st International Conference on Innovative Communication and Sustainable Development in ASEAN
(1) Communication is done by two or more persons.
(2) Using certain media, such as mobile phone or face to face.
(3) The language used is informal (not formal), may use local language, lingua franca
or mixed language. The communication goal may be personals when communication takes
place in a society and duties-related when communication occurs in an organization (DeVito,
1997).
Symbolic Interaction Theory (Bulmer, as cited in Littlejohn, 1996)
This approach is based on the view and assumption that human experiences gained
through the interpretation of results. Interpretation is not autonomous, but rather the meaning
established is based on the context of the subject or the object interpreted. According to
Littlejohn (1996), symbolic interaction contains the core of common premises about society
and communication. He adds that symbolic interaction perspective views individuals as
active, reflective and creative, strive to interpret whatever happens in life, displaying
complicated and unpredictable behaviors. This paradigm rejects the notion that individuals
are passive organism whose behavior is determined by forces beyond his means.
Therefore, individuals constantly change so does the society through interactions.
Consequently, interaction is considered as an important variable in determining human
behavior instead of the structure of society. The structure itself is created and changed as a
result of human interaction. It happens when individuals think and act predictably about the
same set of objects (Mulyana, 2001: 62). Thus the symbolic interaction assumes that human
understand many things by learning from experiences. Someone’s perception is always
translated into symbols. In this case, the symbolic interaction approach considers that the
whole structure and social institutions are created through people interaction. Meanwhile
Mead explains that human ability to respond to symbols used when interacting, may shed
light on the connection between symbolic interactionism and the concept of self.
Mead expounds that socially, a person can take action on himself as well as to others,
he can praise himself, blaming himself or push himself; share with himself, judge himself,
etc. In other words, one can make himself as an object through the “definitions” made with
others.
The concept of self has three dimensions (Littlejohn, 1996):
1) Knowledge of self, it is associated with how well one is aware of the information
about himself, for example sex and appearance/outer-look, etc.
2) Hope for oneself; it is related to someone's aspiration for what would he want to be
in the future.
3) Appraisal on one-self.
Despite of their reluctance to develop interpersonal communication with the general
public, ayamkampus made an effort to comprehend symbolical interaction with people they
deem worthy of the trouble. They can interpret the meaning of widely understood verbal and
nonverbal actions. Verbal actions cover all words and language usage in everybody’s daily
life; as for nonverbal actions by subjects will be seen mainly as mixed references of their
daily lives as prostitutes and as someone seen to have high intellectuality.
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Theory of Dramaturgy (Goffman, 1959)
Goffman assumes that when people interact, they want to present an acceptable selfimage by others. He called such effort as “impression management”; it is a technique used by
actors to foster a certain impression, in certain situations to achieve certain goals. When
interacting or communicating, both communicator and communicant will organize
themselves to appear as the image they wanted to reflect. Having all that written, it is safe to
conclude that everyone is doing shows for others on a daily basis. “People are actors,
structuring their performances to the make impressions on audiences” (Goffman, 1959).
Following this theatrical analogy, Goffman later talks about the “front stage.” The
word “front” refers to part of a show that generally certain and easily visible to the people
who watch the show. Goffman distinguishes front stage into settings and personal fronts.
Setting refers to the landscape on stage that provide the illusion and background for the
scenes; without it, the drama will lose its magic and intended effect. Personal front consists of
various qualities used to inflict the audience emotion and feeling towards the actors and the
audience expect these qualities owned by the actor.
Goffman further divides personal front into “appearance” and “manner.” Appearance
concerns about possession of various goods associated with social status. Manner refers to the
way an actor conduct themselves. The actor’s manner tells the audience what to expect from
his performance in given situations. Abusive and placid behaviors will end up as completely
different types of show. Generally we expect the appearance and manner to be in synch.
Goffman’s theory also talks about the so-called “back stage” where the hidden facts
unseen in the front stage can be displayed out of audience prying eyes and various types of
informal action may be revealed. Back stage is usually adjacent to the front stage, however
there is always a short cut between the two. The actors do not expect the audience to appear
at the back stage at all times. These actors are entangled in numerous impression
management works to ensure such intrusion never happens. The performance would be
difficult when the actors are in capable of preventing spectators to take a peek at the back
stage.
It would be very interesting to observe the performance played by ayamkampus on the
front stage; verbal communication through speech, dialect, tone of voice, and non-verbal
communication made by facial expressions, body movements, clothes, accessories and makeup worn that follows the trends set by celebrities seen on TV; and not to forget the
unforgivable amount of perfume sprayed from head to toe. Observation on the back stage will
be carried out simultaneously to disclose the transformation from student to sex workers.
Methodology
Sufficient number of subjects in a research is needed so that the data collected is
adequate to derive sensible and useful conclusions. In survey studies, it does not have to
examine all the individuals present in the population to extract the data intended to collect; it
takes only a small part of total population as representatives. The representatives of the total
population is called “sample.” Therefore, the most important issue in doing a survey research
is determining which sampling method to use so that the sample chosen act as proxy of each
character intended to find in the population (Sugiyono, 2005).
The subject of this research is female university students aged 18-23 years who are
actively involved in the sex trade in the city of Padang, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia.
The methodology used in this research is the phenomenological approach. It is a
tradition in qualitative research rooted from philosophy and psychology but focused on the
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human experience (sociology). Phenomenological approach is similar to the hermeneutics
approach which uses life experience as a tool for better understanding of the social, cultural,
political or historical context in which they occur.
This research will discuss about an object of the study by understanding the core
experience of a phenomenon. The researcher will conduct an in depth examination on the
central issue of the main structure of an object of the study and keep questioning, “What
major experiences that will be described by the subjects of this research?” The researcher
initiates this study by having a philosophical idea illustrating the main theme. Translation is
done by getting into the subjects’ perceptions to observe how they get through an experience
in their lives in order to find meaning of the subjects’ experiences.
Subjects were recruited directly by visiting locations where they were known to
operate. They were selected purposively with the aim of obtaining data that has the particular
characteristics or categories needed. Subjects of the study are those who fit perfectly with the
criteria intended that it cannot be decided in advance. According to Miles & Huberman
(1984), there are several indicators used in the selection of the subjects of the study, among
others: the background or setting, actors, events, and process. The researcher makes active
communication with subjects and conducted interviews openly.
Results
1. Communication patterns of female university students who are being sex
workers are primary, circular, and non-formal communication.
Primary communication is a delivery process by the communicator to the
communicant using symbols as its media or channel. This pattern is divided into two
symbols: verbal and non-verbal symbols. Circular and non-formal communication is the
pattern that allows feedback given and its flow from communicant to communicator and back
will determine the success of communication. Using it as model, communication pattern
between ayamkampus and their customers goes on regularly with messages and phone calls
made back and forth between the two parties and it tends to be relatively open.
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Feedback
Commercial Sex
Workers (Female
University Students)
Primary
Communication
Verbal
Communication
Male
Customer
Nonverbal
Communication
Feedback
Figure 1: Model of Primary, Circular, and Formal Communication Patterns of
Female University Students as Sex Workers in Padang city.
This research finds that students who also act as commercial sex workers are very
picky in choosing the people to mingle. They do not want to be treated as ordinary
commercial sex workers who are considered not on par with them. The said difference is the
intellectual level between ayamkampus and ordinary sex workers. Bearing the status as
university student give them the confident to declare that they are classier and better in every
way than ordinary commercial sex workers. They keep themselves under radar for fear of
tainted reputation if their contemptible extracurricular revealed.
The subjects interviewed admit their double roles has lasted for a year due to various
reasons. Not all of the students are native Padang, some came from Java, Pekanbaru, Medan
and Lampung. It is not easy to be prostitutes for most of them. The reasons behind their side
job choice range from looking for additional allowance to survive, abandoned by family,
practicing extra marital sex and got pregnant, go through abortion and left alone by
irresponsible boyfriend to simply wish a glamorous life but do not have enough resource to
back it.
In phenomenology context, high class prostitutes: the students, are the actors who
perform a social action (being prostitutes) along with other actors that have similarities and
bond among them. The student sex workers are actors who have motives, be it future or pastoriented.
Five (5) subjects claimed to frequently ask themselves questions that are difficult to
answer without lying to themselves. They are haunted by the question whether they would be
condemned by God to suffer in hell for having sex with men that are not their husbands.
Some, after business is done, cannot wipe off the risk of getting sexually transmitted disease
that can only be cured by death from their mind.
There is a conflict between privacy and openness in this walk of life. Openness is
important in making transactions, on the other hand deciding what will be disclosed and what
should be kept secret for security and anonymity reasons is not easy. Identity or commonly
referred to as self-concept of student sex workers depends on the image viewed by others:
family, sex workers friends, non-sex workers friends, or the communities where they live.
The self-concept seen by a different person who knows them will be different too. For
example, a family member may see them as who they are, a girl who could save her virginity
and has good relationships with the surrounding environment.
It is also applied to how their classmates see them, female or male friends most likely
consider that they are a good friend who has everything. Interpersonal communication made
in the social environment is a very important form communication to connect with others.
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Communication between student sex workers and their classmates is certainly different from
the communication occurs with their customers.
Verbal communication is communication that uses symbols or words that expressed
orally or verbally (Effendi, 1997). Verbal communication is human special characteristic, no
other creature that can convey a variety of meanings through words. Language plays a central
role in human interactions. At the most basic level, language is our way to represent and put
label for elements found in the environment and to relate to one another (Ruben & Stewart,
2013).
There are two forms of communication between student sex workers and their
surrounding environment: open and closed communication. Open communication is
conducted within the students sex workers daily life, such as boarding friends, classmates,
and family. The language used is a mixture of local language (Minang language) and
Indonesian as well as Jakarta slang words. Closed communication form is reserved to be used
in night clubs and within the sex trade circle. The closed communication is carried out using
local language and Indonesian.
The language they use is arbitrary and understood only by those who are part of the
sex industry. In addition, the codes they use known solely by their group. One of the subjects
shared some of the codes; “maya” means having sex and “sustaloe big” is the code for you
have big breasts.
Student Sex Workers
Closed Communication
Environment
Figure 2: Closed Communication, the communication adhered to
student sex workers when they are in their neighborhood.
Non-verbal communication is frequently used in the “front stage,” and they make the
most use of visual messages, which includes:
(1) Kinesics
The term refers to the study of body movements that complement, repeat,
regulate, or replace verbal messages. It includes facial expressions, eye contact (glances),
hand movements and overall stature image. More than in any forms of communication,
kinesics is key to delivering the intent any sex worker may convey to their potential
customers as it triggers the rise of libido and leave the target horny and beg for release.
Flaming red nail polish is the spice added to accentuate hand movements.
(2) Proxemics
Hall (1963) distinguishes four types of informal distances: public, socialconsultative, personal/private, and intimate distance. Personal distance is common in
communication between friends. Social-consultative distance is used in professional and
unofficial social occasions. People from different cultural backgrounds can for example value
45
personal space differently. Student sex workers have rules set when it comes to the space they
allow to distant them from their customers in order to create suspense and mystery they deem
necessary to build interest and last, get to business.
The public distance, 1, 2 to 3 meters is the space student sex workers apply to
let themselves at display while at the same time screen potential buyer from the crowd. As
business agreement is reached, the private distance, 40 cm - 1.2 meters was taken during
early stage of the process in getting to know and being familiar with the customer. After the
warming up session ended, they will typically break into the intimate distance and most likely
find themselves only 10-30 cm apart from each other; the highlight of the distance is during
sexual intercourse, when distance is less than 10 cm.
(3) Artefacts
Artefacts can be defined as the “material culture,” that is, how we live, what
we carry with us, and how we dress. Talking about sex workers, the cloth worn is used to
claim the high class prostitute identity, and in turn it directs how others behave and treat
them.
According to the subjects, they always carefully select every customer they
have. They must be able to decide within minutes whether they want to take the deal or leave
it; should they have any slightest hunch about a customer they would instinctively reject with
a variety of reasons. Within the sex industry, interpersonal skill is an asset to excel in the
business but also as detector in spotting troubles.
Student sex workers interpersonal communication model is as the image below:
Public Distance
Social Distance
Shy, silent, ignorant,
doesn’t care about anything
happened around her in the
university
Interakasisimbolik
Dressed casually
Tend to be quiet
COMMUNICATION
Interakasisimbolik
ZonaPribadi
Choose their friends based on the potential
benefit from the association
Intimate Distance
Student Sex Workers double life as college
Figure 3: Student sex workers’ Interpersonal Communication Model
in verbal and non-verbal communication.
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2. Female university student sex workers uses linear communication pattern with
their social environment (Community and Academics)
The communication between ayamkampus with their community outside prostitution
circle is more formal and considered linear (especially with hardline opposition to the work
choice). The word “linear” implies the meaning straight representing the awkward and tense
feeling when communication occurs. They prefer to avoid any contact with people for fear of
being disclosed. Therefore, ayamkampus do the dramaturgy alternatingly from the front stage
and backstage on daily basis. They act as ordinary university student in front of everybody to
see and when nobody notice, they put off their mask and change cover to be sultry sex
goddess.
Student Sex Workers double life
as college students
College students in
campus
Interacting
Interacting
Shy, silent, ignorant, doesn’t care
about anything happened around her
in the university
Dressed casually
Tend to be quiet
Choose their friends based on the
potential benefit from the association
Shown Symbols
Figure 4: Communication Pattern Model between Female University Student
Sex Workers with their social environment (Community and Academics) is Linear
Conclusion
The form of communication between ayamkampus and their customers is influenced
by the symbols given by others. Symbol is used to communicate their feelings, thoughts, and
intentions to communicant who later decode it. These student sex workers use different
language when communicating with the sex trade circle and such language will not be
understood by the civilians. Communication patterns that are used more frequently by student
sex workers to build communication within their work circle are primary, circular, and nonformal. On the other hand, the pattern used with society and academic environment is linear
one. It is straightforward and awkward, a communication that is best avoided if possible.
Suggestion
Padang city administration should work together with existing university in Padang to
conduct a thorough investigations on the phenomenon. They are part responsible to let it
happen and must take measured actions to right what has been wronged. They are also
expected to provide advice and creative solution to the students in generating an income from
47
respectable source. All universities in Padang should seek commitment from all of students,
should they got caught selling sex they will be punished severely.
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