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40
RD
77
40
68
SOUT
H PO
TOM
AC S
T
army, crossed the Potomac here June 24-25, 1863.
FRAN
KLIN
ST
★ Poolesville – From here Hooker wired Gen. Henry Halleck in
this little town, June 26–28, 1863.
★ Monocacy Aqueduct – Thousands of Federal soldiers marched
Meade’s
HQ
64
WAS
HING
TON
ST
Washington, D.C. concerning supplies to be sent to Frederick.
65
C&O
C
Washington County
Historical Society
40
anal
81
NH P
★ Point of Rocks – This was a major crossing point between
MARTINSBURG
Rose Hill
Cemetery
Confederate Virginia and Unionist Western Maryland.
40
welcomed the Federals with cheers and flowers.
11
65
Grove Farm
40
Mount Airy
Pine Grove
Chapel
RNA
CE
RD
FU
85
ER
D
80
Urbana
(Landon House)
80
Sykesville
Hood’s
Mill
MO
HIST
ORIC
NAT
ION
VE
Harpers Ferry
National Historical Park
O
k e and
T O
M AC
R I V E R
OA
671
SHENAND
★ New Windsor – Union soldiers who marched through here com-
15
Brunswick
O h io
l Hi
C anal N a tiona s
D
99
70
355
Sugarloaf Mountain
Natural Area
Hyattstown
Sugarloaf
Mountain
Licksville
(Tuscarora)
★ Union Bridge – Thousands of wounded Federals passed through
the town after the Battle of Gettysburg.
Stephenson
Depot
Clarksburg
109
NES
15
on June 29-30, 1863.
H O W A R D
ROCKVILLE
BAR
Monocacy
Aqueduct
VILL
E RD
108
121
OLD BALTIMORE RD
Barnesville
28
355
★ Mount Airy – On June 29, 1863, Union cavalry came through
in pursuit of Stuart’s cavalry.
★ Manchester – Site of Union army’s right flank on Pipe Creek
9
R R Y RD
W ES
P
& UNION PURSUIT
T O F FU
Edwards
Ferry
★ Monterey Pass – Union cavalry attacked a retreating Confeder-
17
ate wagon train in a daring midnight raid.
Gen. John F. Reynolds
D
TT R
M T NEBO RD
50
ana
l NH
370
Dawsonville
Darnestown
Park
Gaithersburg
(Summit Hall Farm)
28
Darnestown
ND
LA
Y
AR
M
109
E
AV
FER
SO
NS
T
VINSON ST
Christ Episcopal
Church
28
RIVER R
D
V I R G I N I A
★ Leitersburg – Union cavalry attacked retreating Confederates
Prettyman
House
355
107
WASHINGTON ST
EDWARDS
FE
RD
JEF
ADAMS ST
OC
ER
MIDDLE LN
Peerless Rockville
28
270
VAN BUREN ST
RIV
C&
LEESBURG
Ball’s
Bluff
189
RD
LY RD
ESTER
W
Loudoun
Museum
R
OWN
Poolesville
D
WEST WILLARD R
Kernstown
DA
RY
RD
Mile Hill
81
Higgins House
Court House Square
97
28
ST
NE
7
WHITE’
SF
ER
White’s Ferry
TUTT
LAN
E
Purcellville
cost approximately 50,000 men killed, wounded or missing.
★ CONFEDERATE RETREAT ★
WOOD LN
MONTGOMERY AVE
107
before the battle.
★ Gettysburg – The battle that occurred here on July 1-3, 1863,
Beall-Dawson
House and
Stonestreet
Medical Museum
Beallsville
★ Emmitsburg – A union supply depot and home of the Roman
Catholic Daughters of Charity, who helped tend to wounded
soldiers.
White’s
Ford
WINCHESTER
★ Taneytown – Location of Meade’s headquarters in the days
Brookeville
RD
June 29, 1863, followed closely by Union infantry.
Glen
Burnie
Museum
FER
RY
★ Union Mills – Confederate cavalry camped here the night of
M O N T G O M E R Y
ED
WA
RD
S
between June 28 and July 1, 1863.
109
Stonewall
Jackson
HQ
40
Comus
Monocacy
River Ford
★ Libertytown – On June 29, 1863, Union troops marched through
To Baltimore
27
Little Bennett
Regional Park
28
mented on the beauty of this town and surrounding countryside.
K
FREDERIC RD
OLD
144
270
Point of Rocks
Marriottsville
Cooksville
464
Carrollton
Manor
L
D
AL R
Buckeystown
Park
80
rk
ic, but paralyzed just now by the nearness of the rebel army.”
★ New Market – A wing of the Union army marched through here
70
355
D
CHAPEL ALLEY
N EAST ST
RI
T
NS
SO
FE R
ICE ST
340
CHARLES
TOWN
pea
ca l P a
tori
JEF
P
★ Uniontown – A New York soldier described the town as “patriot-
the town while being serenaded by the division’s glee club.
26
New Market
17
Mount Olivet
Cemetery
between June 28 and July 1, 1863.
75
Buckeystown
e sa
97
FREDERICK
T T ER
FLY L
N
Monocacy
National Battlefield
230
E SOUTH ST
Prospect
Hall
BU
Landon
C. Burns
Park
32
40
Ch
B&O Railroad
Station
C A R R O L L
Jefferson
340
67
355
E ALL SAINTS ST
W SOUTH ST
Back Door to
Harpers Ferry
144
National Museum of
Civil War Medicine
W ALL SAINTS ST
GE ST
★ Middleburg – Site of Union army’s left flank on Pipe Creek
DEGRAN
★ Thurmont – Union infantry passed by here on June 29, 1863,
MAXWELL AVE
COURT ST
Barbara
Fritchie
House
Union and Confederates marched by throughout the campaign.
through here pursuing the Confederate army both before and
after the battle.
E PATRICK ST
RD
Prospect
Hall
180
H
★ Catoctin Furnace – Ironworks continued to operate even as
V I R G I N I A
Market & Patrick Streets
ICK ST
W PATR
Kennedy
Farm
W E S T
S EAST ST
k
Gettysburg and on July 7, 1863, pursuing the Confederates.
I
ILL
PH
Burkittsville
Moler’s
Crossroads
Historical Society
of Frederick County
S CARROLL ST
Cree
Crampton’s
Gap
North Market Street
City
Hall
Braddock
Heights
L
VIL
UN T
★ Lewistown – Saw Union troops on June 28, 1863, en route to
BENTZ ST
COLLEGE AVE
Carroll
Rose Hill
Manor
140
Carroll County
Farm Museum
26
Central Maryland
Heritage League
ST
32
26
70
Christ
Reformed
Church
AI
N
27
27
144
COUNCIL ST
W CHURCH ST
Walkersville
D
ER
cavalry officers up four ranks to general.
E 2ND ST
Corbit’s Charge
IL
★ Richfield – On June 28, 1863, Meade promoted three young
RECORD ST
W 2ND ST
Courthouse
194
Richfield
Middletown
E 3RD ST
140
97
17
17
97
31
MARRIO TTS V
ent times in 1862, 1863 and 1864.
army’s large artillery reserve camped here in late June 1863.
MARKET ST
W 3RD ST
★ Rose Hill Manor – Home of Maryland’s first governor. The Union
★ Old Frederick Road (Loy’s Station) – A Union corps marched
RD
FREDERICK
★ Frederick – Troops from both sides occupied the town at differ-
on the way to Gettysburg and pursued Confederate cavalry after
the battle.
O
27
Depot
Gambrill
State Park
40
South Mountain
State Battlefield
UNION
TOWN
RD
31
550
Libertytown
67
140
Y
E ET
Battle of
Shepherdstown
★ Prospect Hall – On June 28, 1863, Meade replaced Hooker
New Windsor
Woodsboro
ALT
Boteler’s Ford
gaps, important during the Gettysburg and Antietam campaigns.
Washington
Monument
Meade’s HQ
at Turner’s Gap
Fox’s Gap
Rumsey
Monument
★ Braddock Heights – Good views here of the South Mountain
as Commander of the Army of the Potomac.
Sharpsburg
Ferry Hill
SHEPHERDSTOWN
B&O Railroad
Roundhouse
DOG STR
TRE G
its way north, and Union cavalry passed through after the Battle
at Gettysburg.
45
40
34
31
Lewistown
Boonsboro
140
84
F R E D E R I C K
15
Keedysville
Antietam
Station
R
★ Middletown – The Union army marched through the town on
Belle Boyd
House
ALT
Greenbrier
State Park
Union Bridge
D
WESTMINSTER
WESTMIN STER
M
Antietam
National
Battlefield
the muddy towpath and crossed the Monocacy River here on
June 25-27, 1863.
★ Jefferson – In late June 1863, many pro-Union residents
Devil’s
Backbone
Park
Battle of
Boonsboro
97
ST
★ Edward’s Ferry – Most of the Union army, pursuing Lee’s
66
ILL R
SM
Uniontown
UN
IONT
OWN
RD.
ROE
tion chain between the Army of the Potomac and Washington, D.C.
11
Jones’
Crossroads
K
BLAC
Middleburg
(Pipe Creek
Left Flank)
MO
N
★ Manassas Junction – Site of a major Union supply depot.
★ Guilford Signal Station – A vital link in the Union communica-
W A S H I N G T O N
Falling Waters
(C&O Canal NHP
Tow Path Access Only)
Battle of Falling Waters
(Original Site)
MOUNT BRIA RD
R
★ UNION ADVANCE ★
60
Antie
tam
Cr eek
11
550
Furnace
84
D
LEBURG R
MIDD
Old Frederick Road
(Loy’s Station)
C
house June 30 with Union infantry on his heels.
ALT
27
97
77
N O
C A
HAGERSTOWN
806 Catoctin
Y
UNTAIN HW
IN MO
C ATOCT
Battle of
Wagoners
Bi g
140
e Cre e k
Pip
O
Delaware Cavalry here on June 29, 1863.
65
832
M
Williamsport
Cunningham Falls
State Park
MT
★ Westminster – Stuart’s cavalry clashed with the Union’s 1st
N
South Mountain
Recreation Area
HOLTER
R
a plan to capture Union Gen. Hooker near here. It failed.
Battle of
Funkstown
I L
CATO
CT
IN
Williamsport
(C&O Canal NHP)
Fort Frederick
State Park
A
T R
LA
ND
ER
RD
★ Sykesville – On June 29, 1863, Confederate cavalry hatched
40
P
56
during Confederate cavalry attack on June 19, 1863.
★ Barnesville – Three Union infantry corps marched through
Thurmont
G
★ Cooksville – Union troops saved vitally important artillery
★ Union Mills – Stuart breakfasted here at the William Shriver
194
70
68
BI
30
64
RD
almost 400 prisoners here.
SPR
ING
★ Brookeville – On June 29, 1863, Gen. J.E.B. Stuart paroled
HAGERSTOWN
Shielding
the Army
Taneytown
Catoctin Mountain
National Park
Smithsburg
Cavalry Battle
40
Fairview
Mountain
Soldiers at rest
15
11
HIST
NAL RD
O RIC NATIO
and found both Confederate sympathizers and loyal Unionists.
58
OLD
WAS
HING
TON
63
Wilson’s
Store
Manchester
(Pipe Creek
Right Flank)
Union Mills
(Stuart Encampment)
ASHINGT
ON RD
OLD W
.
★ Old Rockville – Stuart occupied the town on June 28, 1863,
Miller’s Farm
194
140
FO
RS
YT
HE
R
Gen. J.E.B. Stuart’s 5,000 cavalrymen crossed into Maryland here.
Clear
Spring
Emmitsburg
(Union Encampment)
60
81
J.E.B. STUART’S CAVALRY TOUR
Plumb
Grove
Leitersburg
97
PENNSYLVANIA AVE
GARRETT AND ALLEGANY COUNTIES
★ Rowser’s Ford (Seneca) – On the night of June 27–28, 1863,
140
OUSE
RD
OL H
HO
SC
D
50
KS
BLAC
ER
Crossing
the Mason
and Dixon
e
their flags as they officially enter the “North.”
418
ON
★ Mason and Dixon Line – Enthusiastic Confederates unfurl
L I N E
ST
Oakland
D I X O N
494
gu
ea
ch
ek
the Confederates from observation by the Union Army.
Conoco
Cre
A N D
.
★ Shielding the Army – South Mountain, to the east, shielded
M A S O N
522
Western
Port
Blue Ridge Summit
(Monterey Pass)
R RD
Altamont
60
SETO
N AV
E
Fort
Alice
220
Hanover
16
R I
V E R
135
16
HAN
OVE
Village of
Stateline
★ Williamsport – Confederate Army’s invasion began here on
June 15, 1863, and its “Wagon Train of Misery” retreated through
here after Gettysburg.
Rouzerville
Waynesboro
116
Gettysburg
116
RD
Cresaptown
Fairfield
16
OLD
70
Constitution
Park
BRIDGE
Hancock
Clarysville Inn
219
Garrett County
Visitor Center
Mill
A P
P A L
A C
H I A
Middleburg and Upperville as Lee moved north beyond the
mountains.
Cumberland
OLD FRED
ER I K R
C D
★ Cavalry Screening – Opposing cavalry units clashed at Aldie,
AT I ONAL RD
Cashtown
HES
SO
NG
68
30
N MA
RKE
TS
T
★ CONFEDERATE ADVANCE ★
H ISTORIC N
To Carlisle
and Harrisburg
Chambersburg
(Not to Scale)
Battle of
220 Folck’s
219
112
(A
after a long, miserable march through the mud and rain.
R O CKVILLE
l
ex
Rowser’s Ford
(Seneca)
★ Hagerstown – After two sharp cavalry engagements with
734
retreating Confederates, Union troops finally occupied the town
on July 12, 1863.
Oatlands
Goose Creek
Bridge
★ Jones’ Crossroads – The entrenched armies faced each other
here on July 12, 1863.
an
dr
7
ia
, L
ou
d
ou
Upperville
am
H
★ Smithburg – On July 5, 1863, Stuart’s retreating cavalry fought
an artillery duel with Union cavalry.
★ Battle of Wagoners – On July 6, 1863, Imboden organized
Middleburg
his drivers and wounded to protect the Confederate wagon train
during an attack.
hire
)
Aldie Mill
606
★ Battle of Falling Waters – Confederates fought here to protect
their retreat across the Potomac River on July 14, 1863.
28
626
ROYAL
★ WESTERN MARYLAND ★
495
190
i ngto
n and
Old
Dom
ini
Mosby’s
on
Tra
Raid
il
CLARA
BARTO
N
7
W
Y
HERNDON
Freeman
Store/Museum
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Salem
Civil War
Fortification
Bel Air, July 22, 1863.
To Page County
NH P
Dranesville
Marshall
FRONT
R IV
ER
RD
PK
Mt. Zion
Church
July 9, 1863.
★ Brunswick – Union troops pursuing the Confederate army
Guilford
Signal Station
Wa
sh
★ Turner’s Gap – Meade established his headquarters here on
Ca
na
l
RR
50
enabling the Confederates to protect their avenue of retreat.
★ Front Royal – The Buck family entertained Lee at their home,
ps
522
★ Boonsboro – Site of July 8, 1863 cavalry battle.
★ Funkstown – On July 10, Stuart’s cavalry held off Union forces
crossed the Potomac River here.
C&
O
n
&
15
Bel Air
VIENNA
The Plains
66
★ Clear Spring – Site of major Union encampment and signal
station throughout the Civil War.
Driving Route of Union Army Advance
66
To Culpeper
234
Alternate Route of Union Army Advance
• Hancock – Stonewall Jackson shelled the town in 1862, when
the Union garrison refused to surrender.
Thoroughfare
Gap
• Folck’s Mill – On August 1, 1864, Union troops ambushed
Confederate cavalry sent to disrupt the railroad.
Manassas National
Battlefield Park
depot and site of 1864 Confederate raid.
Blackburn’s
Ford
Western Maryland.
• Altamont – Confederate Rangers attacked the B&O Railroad
Manassas
Junction
disrupt Union troop and supply movements on the B&O Railroad.
destroyed the fort and burned the B&O Railroad bridge.
Gettysburg Campaign Site
National, State or County Parks
• Oakland – Confederates took control of the town for a day to
• Fort Alice – Confederates disarmed the Federal garrison,
Fairfax
Station
Driving Route of Confederate Army Retreat
and Union Pursuit
Other Civil War Trails Site
29
and sent a captured locomotive careening toward Oakland.
Driving Route of Confederate Cavalry Advance
495
St. Mary’s
Church
• Cumberland – Home to Maryland’s second largest railroad
• Clarysville – Site of largest Civil War hospital complex in
Driving Route of Confederate Army Advance
Fairfax
Court House
Miserable muddy march
To Brandy Station
Information or Welcome Center
28
355
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
★
WHO’S IN COMMAND
H ARR I SBU R G
T
Dover
Cashtown
Middleburg
“Cannons on the Square” by Ron Lesser.
Martinsburg
failed to discover him. Finally, on June 24, the Federals began crossing
the Potomac at Edward’s Ferry to concentrate at Frederick. They then
lurched north toward Emmitsburg and east into Carroll County on a dual
mission to confront the invaders and protect Baltimore and Washington,
D.C., along the “Pipe Creek Line.”
Stuart, meanwhile, separated
from Lee, conducted a cavalry raid
east of the main Federal army. Although Stuart captured 125 wagons
and 400 prisoners near Rockville,
his raid through central Maryland
deprived Lee of his army’s “eyes and
ears” during much of the campaign.
On July 4, following their defeat
at the Battle of Gettysburg, the Confederates began retreating through
Washington County, reversing the
paths they had followed two weeks
earlier. A flooded Potomac River prevented immediate escape, and for
nearly one week, pursuing Federals
trapped the Confederates at Williamsport and Falling Waters. The Gettysburg Campaign ended on July 14 when
Lee finally recrossed the river.
en. Joseph Hooker was
furious. The Army of the
Potomac’s commander had
demanded that Washington authorize him to abandon Maryland Heights and transfer the 10,000
men guarding the mountain fortress
at Harpers Ferry to the main army in
Frederick, Md. After the War Department refused, Hooker, in a rage, offered his resignation on June 27, 1863.
It was a bad time to pick a fight
with the Lincoln administration, since
Gen. Robert E. Lee had invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania after thrashing
Hooker at Chancellorsville, Va. Lincoln could not afford petty bickering
during this dire emergency. He accepted Hooker’s resignation and replaced
him with Gen. George G. Meade.
A courier delivered Lincoln’s
orders to an unsuspecting and startled Meade at 3 a.m. on Sunday, June
28, near Frederick. Meade had not
campaigned for the job; his steady
record of success had earned him the
position on merit. “I am moving at
once against Lee,” he wrote to his
wife. “[A] battle will decide the fate
for our country and our cause.”
Da
wso
n Gr
ay, Pe
erless Rockville
yM
ary
Mollie Dawson
Lt. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
R
E
IV
H
A
E
N
A
N
D
O
Leesburg
Rockville
SH
Upperville
Dranesville
Aldie
Middleburg
Front Royal
Fairfax
Court House
Salem
(Marshall)
Manassas Junction
(Or
Warrenton
C
RI
VE
R
WA SH I NG TO N, D .C.
ang
Alexan
e &
)
dria RR
MEADE
(Hooker)
Sperryville
Brandy
Station
Culpeper
Court House
LEE
A
Fairfax Station
Centreville
RA
Kelly’s
Ford
H
Stafford
Court House
AN N O
C
Aquia Landing
IV
VE R
RI
ER
Chancellorsville
N
D
PI
RA
FRE DE RI CKS B URG
VIRG INIA
Orange
Court House
★
★
★
★ LONG MARCHES ★
A
Courtesy of the Historical Society of Frederick County
s you drive this tour in your
climate-controlled vehicle,
consider the plight of the Civil
War infantryman who trudged
the same route, putting one tired foot
in front of the other in all types of weather while wearing ill-fitting army shoes
and toting 60 pounds of equipment.
A typical division of the Army of
the Potomac, numbering between 3,000
and 5,000 men, and including wagons
carrying food and ammunition, could
stretch out along four miles of road. The
typical marching day would last from
dawn into the afternoon at a rate of two
and a half miles per hour.
During the Gettysburg Campaign,
however, soldiers sometimes marched
more than 30 miles at a stretch. After a
miserable hike of 35 miles on June 24,
1863, Pvt. Alex Haley of the 17th Maine Infantry complained in his diary, “Ye gods!
… I could stand no more of this.” But
the next day he got up and hoofed it for
six more miles, testifying to the amazing
resilience of the American soldier.
The only known photographs of Confederate troops marching under arms were taken at the intersection of Patrick
and Market Streets in Frederick in September 1862.
have been safe.” In this climate of confusion and mistrust, some families provided
meals to Union officers camped nearby to
protect their livestock and crops from marauding soldiers and to supplement their
incomes. Lt. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
(later a U.S. Supreme Court justice), of the
20th Massachusetts Infantry, wrote, “To
the rear of our hill … is a secesher’s house
(Mrs. Mary E. Chiswell) where we eat &
paid 37 cents for delicious dinners of goose
& ice cream.”
Marylanders did not suffer the shortages and privations of the South but did
experience destroyed roads, crops, fences,
wood lots, and structures caused by constant troop movements. They faced curfews, carried passes to cross Union picket
lines, and endured unreliable newspaper
accounts and rumors. Men 18–45 years old
were subject to the draft. When faced with
arrest from either government, however,
political opponents often stepped forward
to defend neighbors. Though divided by
loyalties, Marylanders were united by
community.
★
Cover: Detail of
painting “Serious
Work Ahead” by
Civil War Artist
Dale Gallon,
www.gallon.com,
(717) 334-0430.
R
Berryville
Winchester
M
TO
es
urt
Co
Stuart’s
Route
O
Civil War signal station.
B ALT I MO RE
R
uring the Civil War, Marylanders struggled to maintain normality despite repeated military
incursions. At the start of the
war, U.S. troops were immediately deployed
to occupy areas sympathetic to the South.
Gen. Robert E. Lee’s Army of Northern
Virginia invaded in 1862 and 1863, and Gen.
Jubal A. Early’s forces invaded in 1864.
The Federal government suspended
some civil rights in areas under martial
law and arrested citizens for many reasons, including “disloyalty.” Confederates
under Gen. J.E.B. Stuart arrested Union
supporters, including Mollie Dawson’s
father in Rockville, to prevent them from
transmitting information. Members of Mollie’s family fought on both sides. Taunted
in school for her family’s allegiance, she
and her siblings worried that their father
would again face Confederate arrest.
Union and Confederate forces occupied communities to secure strategic roads
and lines of communication. They disrupted everyday life, sometimes getting into
altercations with citizens and stealing livestock. Virginia Moore of Bethesda recalled
an intoxicated soldier stealing her chicken:
“Had we reported him our lives would not
& Ohio RR)
Stephenson Depot
INVADED AGAIN
D
ommunications are extremely
important in wartime, both
for locating and predicting
the movements of the enemy
and for keeping track of friendly forces.
The Civil War was the first war in which
the electric telegraph was used extensively. The U.S. Signal Corps, established in June 1860 under Maj. Albert J.
Myer, was the first corps of officers and
men whose sole mission was communication. Myer had developed a flag-signaling system in the 1850s called
“wigwagging.” A student of his, Edwin
Porter Alexander, went South and
founded the Confederate Signal Corps.
At night torches were used instead of
flags, but each method could only be
used when the weather allowed good
visibility. Both sides used Myer’s system
to communicate during battles as well
as during campaigns.
Wigwag signal stations were
placed on high ground with unobstructed views, and moved when the army
moved. Capt. Lemuel Norton was U.S.
Chief Signal Officer during the Gettysburg campaign, and Col. William Norris
headed the Confederate Signal Corps.
(Baltimore
K
★
MARY L A N D
Harpers Ferry
PA
★
Westminster
Frederick
P
★
Sharpsburg
Bunker
Hill
MARYLAND CIVIL WAR TRAILS
★
Union troops marching through Middletown
on the National Road.
THE CIVIL WAR REVISITED
★
★
LINCOLN GOES TO
GETTYSBURG
W
hen President Abraham
Lincoln learned of Union
victories at Vicksburg
and Gettysburg in July
1863, he told a crowd it was providential that they had occurred around
the nation’s birthday. “Gentlemen,”
he added, “this
is a glorious
theme, and the
occasion for
a speech, but
I am not prepared to make
one worthy of
the occasion.”
He found his occasion that fall
at the dedication of the cemAbraham Lincoln
etery at Gettysburg. By the
time Lincoln left Washington, D.C.
by train on November 18, he had substantially completed his speech, adding the final touches in Gettysburg.
At the ceremony on November
19, Lincoln followed a widely praised
two-hour oration by Edward Everett,
the principal speaker. Lincoln delivered his 272-word speech in a few
minutes and sat down, his brevity
surprising the crowd, and scattered
applause leaving him uncertain
whether it had been “worthy of the
occasion” after all. His supporters
called it “thrilling” and his enemies
thought it “silly,” but subsequent generations of Americans have proclaimed the speech immortal.
★
MEDICINE
★
Funding for this publication
has been provided, in part,
by the Federal Highway
Administration through the
Maryland Department of
Transportation’s Transportation Enhancement Program.
Tim Tadder, www.tadderphotography.com
For more information
on other Civil War Trails,
call toll-free:
Tourism Council of
Frederick County, Inc.
217 East Redwood Street
9th Floor
Baltimore, MD 21202
(800) MDISFUN (634-7386)
www.mdwelcome.org
19 East Church Street
Frederick, MD 21701
(800) 999-3613
www.fredericktourism.org
Conference and Visitors
Bureau of Montgomery
County, Maryland, Inc.
11820 Parklawn Drive
Suite 380
Rockville, MD 20852
(800) 925-0880
www.visitmontgomery.com
16 Public Square
Hagerstown, MD 21740
(800) 228-STAY (7829)
www.marylandmemories.org
Detailed exhibits at Boonsborough Museum, Boonsboro.
National Museum of
Civil War Medicine
C&O Canal National
Historical Park
48 East Patrick Street
Frederick, MD 21701
(800) 564-1864
www.CivilWarMed.org
Williamsport Visitor Center
205 West Potomac Street
Williamsport, MD 21795
(301) 582-0813
www.nps.gov/choh
South Mountain
State Battlefield
6620 Zittlestown Road
Middletown, MD 21769
(301) 432-8065
www.dnr.state.md.us
Cunningham Falls State Park
14039 Catoctin Hollow Road
Thurmont, MD 21788
(301) 271-7574
www.dnr.state.md.us
Catoctin Mountain
National Park
Re-enactors help bring Civil
War history to life.
Howard County Visitors
Information Center
Allegany County Convention
& Visitors Bureau
Howard County Tourism Council
P.O. Box 9
8627 Main Street
(side entrance)
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(800) 288-8747
www.visithowardcounty.com
Western Maryland
Railway Station
13 Canal Street
Cumberland, MD 21502
(800) 425-2067
www.mdmountainside.com
Carroll County Visitor Center
210 East Main Street
Westminster, MD 21157
(800) 272-1933
www.carr.org/tourism
Biking through C&O Canal National Historical Park.
Hagerstown/Washington
County Convention &
Visitors Bureau
Tim Tadder, www.tadderphotography.com
Maryland Office of
Tourism Development
Gateway To Garrett County,
Maryland
Garrett County Visitors Center
15 Visitors Center Drive
McHenry, MD 21541
(301) 387-4386
www.garrettchamber.com
6602 Foxville Road
Thurmont, MD 21788
(301) 663-9388
www.nps.gov/cato
Gettysburg National
Military Park
97 Taneytown Road
Gettysburg, PA 17325
(717) 334-1124
www.nps.gov/gett
Fort Frederick State Park
11100 Fort Frederick Road
Big Pool, MD 21711
(301) 842-2155
www.dnr.state.md.us
iting on a bullet during
surgery and amputating
limbs because doctors
didn’t know how to do anything else are but two of the many
myths about Civil War medical care.
In fact, medical science made great
strides despite ignorance of the germ
theory of infection and the many
deaths from infection and disease.
After the Battle of Gettysburg,
the wagon train carrying 10,000
wounded Confederates stretched seventeen miles as the army made the
agonizing fifty-mile retreat to Virginia.
Gen. John D. Imboden’s brigade protected the train. He later recalled
that during the night of July 4, 1863,
as the cries of the wounded and dying
soldiers mixed with thunder, lightning, and sheets of rain, “I realized
more of the horrors of war than I had
in all the preceding years.”
Six hundred sisters from a dozen religious
communities served as nurses during the war.
The Daughters of Charity of Emmitsburg
were among the first to arrive at Gettysburg
after the battle and aid the wounded.
Harpers Weekly Illustration Courtesy of Daughters of Charity Archives, Emmitsburg
Follow these signs
to more than
400 Civil War sites
in Maryland and
Virginia.
B
The following further explore and expand
upon the story of the Civil War:
Tim Tadder, www.tadderphotography.com
© 2007 Virginia Civil War Trails, Inc.
Allegany, Carroll,
Frederick, Garrett,
Howard, Montgomery and
Washington counties.
This guide depicts four scenic and historic driving tours that follow the routes
taken by Union and Confederate armies
during the June-July 1863 Gettysburg
Campaign. Information contained here
and along the Trail tells stories that have
been hidden within the landscape for
more than 140 years. Follow the bugle
trailblazer signs to waysides that chronicle the day-to-day stories of soldiers
who marched toward the Civil War’s
most epic battles and civilians who, for a
second time in nine months, watched
their countryside trampled by the boots
of the “Blue and Gray.”
The Trail can be driven in one, two or
three days depending on traveler preference. Destinations like Rockville, Westminster, Frederick, Hagerstown and
Cumberland offer walking tours that can
be enjoyed all-year long. Recreational
activities such as hiking, biking, paddling
and horseback riding add a different, yet
powerful dimension to the driving experience. Amenities along the Trail include
dining, lodging, shopping, and attractions, which highlight Maryland’s important role in the Civil War. For more detailed travel information, stop by any
Maryland Welcome Center, local Visitor
Center or contact any of the organizations listed in this guide. For additional
Civil War Trails information, visit
www.civilwartrails.org. For more travel
information, visit www.mdwelcome.org.
Tim Tadder, www.tadderphotography.com
Brochure Design by Communication Design, Inc., Richmond, VA
How to use this Guide
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Martin O’Malley, Governor
Anthony G. Brown, Lt. Governor
Gen. George Meade
G
Manchester
Taneytown
Williamsport
C
www.visitmaryland.org
Big Pipe Creek
Hagerstown
C
1.888 . 248 . 4597
Gen. Joseph Hooker
Emmitsburg
★ SIGNALING ★
RICHMOND
Waynesboro
MASON AND DIXON LINE
WHERE’S STUART
BALTIMORE
G ETT YS BU RG
Hanover
Greencastle
Gen. Robert E. Lee
onfederate Gen. James
Ewell Brown Stuart served
as Gen. Robert E. Lee’s
“eyes and ears” as the
Army of Northern Virginia invaded
Northern soil in June 1863. Lee directed him to protect his right flank,
avoid protracted engagements with
the Federals, and capture provisions
while gathering
information.
Stuart disrupted Union
communication
and supply lines,
alarming Washington and Baltimore. He also
lost contact with
Lee, rendering
him blind and
deaf to the
whereabouts of
the Federals and
frustrating him
Gen. J.E.B. Stuart
as the military
situation changed.
Once Lee’s infantry stumbled
into Gen. George G. Meade’s Army
of the Potomac at Gettysburg early
on July 1, 1863, Stuart’s absence further limited Lee’s options. Delayed
by a captured Union wagon train and
various engagements, Stuart did not
reach Gettysburg until late on July 2.
Union Gen. David McM. Gregg’s cavalry command thwarted his attack
on the Federal rear the next day.
Criticism of Stuart’s performance in
the Gettysburg Campaign began soon
after the battle and has continued
ever since.
York
Chambersburg
P
The Confederate cavalry crossing the Potomac River, June 11, 1863.
Wrightsville
PE NNSYLVA NIA
A
he Battle of Gettysburg lasted three days. The Gettysburg
Campaign took thirty-five days, with most of the advance and
retreat occurring in Maryland. The first battle of the campaign
– the largest cavalry engagement of the Civil War – occurred
on June 9, 1863, at Brandy Station, Virginia, on the Orange & Alexandria
Railroad. Despite being surprised, Confederate Gen. J.E.B. Stuart rallied and held the high ground at the end of the day, thus protecting Gen.
Robert E. Lee’s right flank.
Lee was moving north. Motivated by his recent stunning victories
at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, he decided to launch a second
invasion into Union territory. The first incursion had ended nine months
earlier with the Confederate retreat from Antietam. This time Lee intended to carry the war across the Mason and Dixon Line into Pennsylvania.
The Shenandoah Valley in Virginia and the Cumberland Valley in
Maryland became Lee’s avenue of invasion. By June 15, Lee’s army had
cleared its path with a victory at the Second Battle of Winchester.
Throughout the next week, the Confederates splashed northward across
the Potomac River at Boteler’s Ford and at Williamsport, then marched
through Western Maryland towns like Hagerstown and Smithsburg.
The bulk of the 75,000 Confederates entered Pennsylvania by June 25.
Meanwhile, the U.S. Army searched desperately for the Confederates. The Blue Ridge Mountains effectively screened Lee’s movements,
and Federal cavalry probes at Aldie, Middleburg, and Upperville had
Carlisle