Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
16 CHAPTER 161 REVIEW Anxiety Disorders Carol almost constantly feels extremely tense and uneasy for no apparent reason. She cannot concentrate on her studies, and she’s on the verge of failing all her courses. This suggests that r - s~e niay suffer fro~a may lead which • . ______ •,, ~ ~iöbLems, ~Zh’âs Ul~s alid high bLo~od pressure. disorder, Because Carol cannot identify the cause of her tension, • - •• Learningtheorists would Link her anxiety with •‘ • ~ it would-be described by Sigmund 5 while of fear, and biological psychologists might Link it to an • overarousalof 6 areas involved.in 7 control. • Carol’s roommate Shayna complains of similar feelings but also are accompanied by physical symptoms such as experiences unexpected episodes of intense dread, known as which heart 9 shortness of breath, and choking sensations. , 8 attacks, Shayna has experienced several of these frightening episodes and has begun to avoid situations in which ——~Shayna-is-devejo.pinga1earOf. she fears 10 Thus, -• 5leaving her hqme, which may become 11. iftlie -~~‘feelings:rntensify~ -- may be difficult. - • - . . Carol and Shayna’s friend Randal doesn’t understand their inability to identify the source of their anxiety. He says, •,.-~l j(now exactLywhat ~ jha~eaJ2 which -+know1s i32v~ but at least I can deal with it by avoiding fallobuil~ing~rfQr~Xampl~: - - -‘ 25% Percentage of people surveyed 20 _I~beLi~ve I .i4 niyJ~arfrom:. my dad, after watching him fall off our roof and _never climbing a ladder again” —• ~ 10 ~ Being alone Fear 88 Stornr, P Water Clore spaces Height — Aninrals (Continued on the next page.) R EVI EW 16.1 : Anxiety Disorders (continued) 4 While Randal is talking with Carol and Shayna, another friend Moira is making her third trip to the restroom to wash her hands. M~ira•häs become 15 with the idea that doorknobs or any dbj~cts handled by others are full of germs. By jivi jjg? in, to her .. - OCb -~-‘4 .o /~ 16 to wash her hands, she thinks she eLiminates the germs. But this constant hand-washing is interfering with her everyday Life. One usefuL explanation foIMóira’s behavior is biological: Brain scans have shown thatraii~áré~’that monitors our actions and checks for errors, the 17 . AlternativeLy, lea~rning.theorists would say thatactioiIs?su~chias frequent J •~p ri~~ .‘c-— ~haq~washingreducea sufferer’s - .~ ~i8 cortex, is espéciàlly’LikeLy to be hyperactive in people with Moira’s’disordér.:. ~ : thil~ reinforcing the hand washing I As they talk, the four friends remember Shayna’s brother Shawn, who is an Army lieutenant serving in Afghanistan. In his many e-maiLs, he has described to Shayna some horrific situations. Shayna fears that -‘ when Shawn returns, h~wilL have nightmares and suffer other constant reminders of the horrors he has seen, ~which wouLd be symptoms of ~ ~ • IS ~ 1~) ~ • •-• ~~ As explained by 20 L theorists, any reminders of his war time experiences~wilL bring out feeLings of’ Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet. 89 REVIEW 16.2: Mood Disorders Dwayne’s parents (Isabel and Max) are worried about him. Dwayne’s fiancée Arlene recently died in a car accident and since then Dwa~ne has been Lethargic and has lost all interest in family and friend~ This behavior has lasted for rñore than t,oweéks, suggesting that~he is siiffériiig.ftom’, is more common in which thànih3~ ‘ (menlwomen). ~ Isabel and Max think there may be a biological explanation for Dwayne’s condition. They .‘ a psychologist with a social- • f~call~thTt Isabe1’~rnàther ~nd sist& Were~b~ ia~r~ose~ ~ith psychoLogical fr~blems,•inakating a However, 5 7 y perspective suggests that Dwayne’s.-6 ~ ~. ~ beliefs - ~ and style may also be contributing to his inability to get over the loss of his fiancée. After about a month, Dwayne comes out of his room, all excited with plans to move to Hawaii and start a new career in real estate. Max and IsabeL’s psychologist suggests that these symptoms may indicate the presence of 8 disorder, which is cI~ar~cterized by alternating mood swings between 9 ~nd Depressed state (May 27) Manic state (May i8) Depressed state (May17) the overexcitedl~t~teióf 10 Researchers have found that during bipolar episodes of depression, brain levels of 11 12 90 and are low, Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet. one of these neurotransmitters, and 13 ‘~ u: S - . . ,isoverabundant .durii~g bipo’ar episodes5of mania. REVIEW 16.3: Schizophrenia The Swiss Guards are blocking his way, but Trevor insists that he be let in: “I am the Pope,” he says. Trevor is experiencing a I - ~, which is a common symptom of ~ 1. ,hi~1~ Other symptoms include the following: The voices Trevor hears that tell him he is Pope and that he must “say the Mass this morning” Trevor also laughs hysterically when the Guard points a gun at him, thus exhibiting are auditory Given the presence of odd behaviors, Trevor’s symptoms are considered 5 (positive/negative), and they seem to indicate that he has 6 Red areas show tissue loss in adolescents with schizophrenia. schizophrenia. Trevor has been in and out of psychiatric hospitals since he was a teenager, indicating that he suffers from or process, schizophrenia Enlarged cranial cavity in person with schizophrenia. his chances of recovery are and that 8 (good/poor). Researchers have proposed several explanations for schizophrenia. ( One explanation involves low brain activity in the An alternative expLanation suggests that a midpregnancy and a noticeable decLine in the brain waves that reflect 10 neuraL firing. 11 infection impairs brain development in the fetus. Schizophrenia is largely influenced by genetic and biochemical factors, but extreme stress often triggers the disorder, which indicates that 12 also plays a role in its onset. Answers may be found in the Appendix at the end of this booklet. 91