Download "Everybody Hurts" by REM

"Everybody Hurts" by REM
We all have bad days –
so what is the difference between
feeling depressed and being diagnosed
as clinically depressed?
History of Understanding Psychological
Disorders
•  In Ancient times, disorders were thought to
have been caused by movements of the sun
and moon (lunacy is full moon) or by evil
spirits.
•  Treatments for people with mental illness were
very inhumane even up until the mid 1900’s.
Patients were often chained like animals,
beaten, burned, castrated, etc.
Conditions for Psychologically Disabled
• 
Ancient Greek Trephines
European Trephines “released
evil spirits.”
Conditions for Psychologically Disabled
Medical Model Improves Conditions
•  Eventually the medical model came to
dominate understandings of mental illness.
•  The medical model assumes that diseases
have physical causes that can be diagnosed
based on their symptoms and be treated and in
most cases cured.
•  Assumption of medical model drastically
improves conditions in mental hospitals.
•  BUT, the medical model often times promotes
the myth that disorders are brought on by single
causes.
Historical Trend of Deinstitutionalization
•  Starting in the 1950s and 1960s more and more
drugs began being used to “cure”
psychological disorders.
•  Because of this there was a policy of
deinstitutionalization instituted where patients
were removed from mental institutions to live in
family based or community based
environments.
Psychological Disorders
Psychological behaviors run a continuum from very mild to
extreme. Everyone has these behaviors to one degree or
another. It is not until a behavior or feeling interferes
with your quality of life that they become a disorder.
Psychological Disorders are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What is “insane”?
Insanity is a legal definition, not a psychological one. The term of
insanity is applied to someone who is incapable of determining if an
act is wrong and cannot control their behavior.
The insanity defense is rarely used – just 0.9% of the time (9 times in
1000). The success rate is less than 20% of the time it is used.
People who are declared not guilty by reason of insanity generally
spend more time institutionalized than they would have been
imprisoned.
Being declared insane is not the same as being declared not
competent to stand trial – this simply means you are unable to
understand the charges against you and the proceedings of the
court (could apply to very young children, for example).
Defining Disorders
DSM IV-Diagnostic and statistical manual vol. 4.: attempts to
describe psychological disorders, without explaining the causes,
predicts the future course, and suggests treatments. It focuses on
observable behaviors to make diagnoses.
Categorizes 400+ disorders, in 17 categories.
Axis I:
Axis II:
Axis III:
Axis IV:
Axis V:
Advantages of Diagnosis and the DSM-IV
1.
2.
3.
4.
Disadvantages of Diagnosis and the DSM-IV
1.
2.
3.
4.
David Rosenhan Tests Power of Labeling and
Its Reliability
Describe Rosenhan’s study:
What does this say about the impact of labeling?
Psychological Disorders: Causes
Are not usually caused by a single factor. The
bio-psycho-social school argues that most
disorders are caused by a biological
predisposition, physiological state,
psychological dynamics, and social
circumstances.
Biological / genetic
predisposition
+
Stress
(environment)
= DISORDER
The diathesis-stress model
The model looks at the diathesis or genetic/biologic vulnerability
to a disorder/disease and the stress(or)s that may trigger it.
The diathesis-stress model uses the analogy of a "walking time
bomb" to help explain why, for example, not 100% of identical
twins both get schizophrenia. It also helps to explain why a large
percent of people in traumatic situations (post 9/11, rape, etc.)
never develop PTSD.
The model further talks about a balance -- the greater the
diathesis or predisposition, the less the stress required for the
disorder to "appear" and visa versa.
Most Mental Health Professionals Assume
Disorders Have Interlocking Causes
Bio-Psycho-Social
Perspective:
assume biological,
psychological, and
socio-cultural
factors interact to
produce disorders.
Biological
(Evolution,
individual
genes, brain
structures
and chemistry)
Sociocultural
(Roles, expectations,
definition of normality
and disorder)
Psychological
(Stress, trauma,
learned helplessness
mood-related perception
and memories)
KNOW WHAT CATEGORY ANY
DISORDER FITS INTO
Categories of Disorder:
1. Anxiety
2. Mood
3. Dissociative
4. Schizophrenia
5. Personality
6. Somatoform (Not in Book)
7. Facticious (Not in Book)