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International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 2(1), 45-54, January 2016 45
Eco-friendly Antibacterial Dyeing of Wool Using Zataria multiflora Boiss. Extracts
Soudabeh Hajahmadi
Islamic Azad University, Department of Art and Architecture, Najafabad Branch, Esfahan, Iran
[email protected]
Abstract
Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Avishane Shirazi) is a popular and medicinal plant with a remarkable
antibacterial and antioxidant activity .The present study was carried out to determine the dyeing
and antimicrobial properties of woolen fabrics utilizing Zataria multiflora Boiss extracts with
different concentration as a natural dye and ecofriendly antibacterial finishing. The dyeing was
carried out using in presence and absence of mordant (copper sulfate, and Alum) by exhausting
method. The antimicrobial activity of Zataria multiflora extract after application on woolen fabrics
was considered against three gram negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis)
bacteria. All Dyed species, especially in presence of mordant, illustrated very effective
antimicrobial properties, more than 90% microbial reduction in all bacterial population. In higher
concentration of natural dye extracts the antibacterial activity of samples increased remarkably.
Therefore, Zataria multiflora can be used in eco-friendly dyeing and antibacterial durable finishing
for clothing. Durability of antimicrobial activity of ZM on fabrics to light also measured and
discussed.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Zataria multiflora Boiss. , Natural dye.
Introduction
Apparel industry business is an outstanding amongst the major contaminant, so producing one
tone of textile, it might have to use 230 to 270 of water. The effluent created by this considerably
water which is contain of heavy metals and chemicals such as dyes and auxiliaries used during
different processing, might contaminate nature (Iqbal and Ashiq,2007)
Creation of synthetic dyes is rely on upon petrochemical source through hazardous chemical
processes. Furthermore some manufactured dyes hold numerous harmful or carcinogenic groups
which are not eco-friendly but very hazardous for both human being and environment.
Undoubtedly, the worldwide consumption of textiles is growing annually and consequently the
coloration of them needs a huge quantity of synthetic dyes which cause release a colossal amount
International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 2(1), 45-54, January 2016 46
of unused and unfixed dyestuffs as undegradable sewage into the environment. In order to restrict
the impact of textile industry on environment we should build very effective and modern sewage
treatment system or use chemical and colorants which are biodegradable or environment friendly
(Chairman et al.,2015, Kasiri and Safapour,2014).
Just recently the enthusiasm toward the utilization of natural plants dyes in dyeing fibers due
to their eminent properties has revived. In addition, both the increased environmental awareness
of costumers and carful , solid environmental standards ,forced by numerous nations, lead to use
of non-allergic, non –toxic , eco-friendly , gentler shades, antibacterial , deodorizing natural dyes
in order to avoid some hazardous synthetic dyes (Chairman et al.,2015, Lee et al.,2009).
The troubles issues in coloring with natural dyes on fibers are their poor fastness and their low
exhaustion. Endeavors have done to eliminate this problem by using metallic salts, as mordant
which are traditionally utilized to increased not only color fastness but exhaustion while cause
different shades with the same dye (Hwang et al., 1998, Lee et al., 2000).
Natural fibers are susceptible to microorganism attack and because of absorbing moisture and
their chemical structure provide basic requirements such as moisture, oxygen, nutrients and
temperature for bacterial growth and proliferation. This ideal medium not only can prepare
unpleasant odor, dermal infection allergic responses and other related diseases for the wearer, but
cause irreversible damage for the textile itself such as tendering and deterioration product (Zhang,
et al.,2014).
As expectations for everyday comforts have enhanced, individuals have turn out to be
amazingly worried about well-being and cleanliness; furthermore, the growth and dissemination
of noxious bacteria in cloths jeopardize people health and hygiene, as a result many producer focus
on generating antimicrobial and antifungal textile (Baumgartner, Yang, 1997)
International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 2(1), 45-54, January 2016 47
There is a numerous amount of synthetic antimicrobial agents for cloths such as metals, metal
based compounds, phenolic compounds and quaternary ammonium salts, etc. which all have
poisonous properties and cause ecological hazardous effects. In this way, it is crucial to find out
ecofriendly antibacterial agents with at least low toxicity and high performance while retaining
their functionality. As recently, the antimicrobial agents extracted from plants or animals are
noteworthy for textile applications, the effect of various plants on bacteria has been studied by
many of researchers (Liolios, et al., 2007, Yang et al., 2000).
Zataria multiflora Boiss. is a thyme-like plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family that
geologically develops wild just in central and southern parts of Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan
(Hosseinzadeh et al.,2000).
ZM has a plethora of biological characteristic such as antimicrobial, spasmolytic
antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is very popular in traditional medicine and also
is used in modern medicine. Currently, some pharmaceutical forms of this plant, like syrups, oral
drops, soft capsules and vaginal creams are sold as treatments for various illnesses (Sajed, et al.,
2013).
The purpose of this research is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of wool fabric dyed
with ZM. The antibacterial activity of ZM has been shown against a number of Gram-positive (S.
aureus PTCC 1112, B subtilis PTCC 1156)and gram negative bacteria(K.pneumoniae PTCC 1290,
E. coli PTCC 1395 , P. aeruginosa PTCC 1555),the micro-organisms typically known to grow on
textiles and individuals are commonly exposed to these microbes in household or hospital
environments.
International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 2(1), 45-54, January 2016 48
Materials and Methods
Materials
Wool fabrics with plain weave, 220 gsm (gram per square meter), 1.10 mm thickness and
natural color was prepared for this study. All the wool fabric samples were washed for 30 minutes
in a bath containing 0.5 g/L sodium carbonate and 2 g/L of a non-ionic detergent (Solvitex N) at
45℃, in order to remove any impurities, the samples then thoroughly rinsed and air dried at
ambient temperature. In addition, the samples was soaked in distilled water for 5 minutes before
dyeing and mordanting.
Zataria multiflora, shadow dried, was purchased from authentic local herbal market in Isfahan
and were properly affirmed by the Herbarium of the School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences.
All other chemicals used were of laboratory grade.
Quantitative assessment by percentage reduction Test
Antibacterial properties of the dyed fabrics were estimated by AATCC Test Method 100-2004,
all fabric swatches were sterilized before antimicrobial testes by U.V autoclave. The antimicrobial
activity of dyed woolen fabrics was considered against some gram negative (Klebsiella
pneumoniae PTCC 1290, Escherichia coli PTCC 1395, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PTCC 1555) and
gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112, Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1156) bacteria.
The dilution medium was nutrient broth, to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of dyed fabrics,
the reduction in colony number between the treated and untreated fabrics after incubation was
specified. The percentage reduction of bacteria was calculated by equation (1).
R = [(B − A)/A] × 100
Equation (1).
International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 2(1), 45-54, January 2016 49
Where R is the percentage reduction in bacterial population, B and A are the numbers of
bacteria colonies in the untreated and treated wool fabrics respectively, after inoculation and
incubation.
Extraction of Zataria multiflora
Two different concentration of ZM powder, 10% and 20% o.w.f (on weight fabric), with L: R
1:30 at boiling point for 80 minutes were used to extract dyes ,after that the solution temperature
was reduced gently to room temperature , the extract solution was filtered before using as dyebath.
Pre-mordanting technic was used to mordant Woolen fabrics .Alum and Copper sulfate was
selected for mordanting woolen fabrics. Alum (7% o.w.f) and copper sulfate (7% o.w.f) were used
as mordants. Mordants were dissolved in water in separate baths, and liquor ratio for mordanting
was kept at 1:30, after the temperature of mordanting bath reached to 40℃ water soaked woolen
samples were immersed in mordants solution. The temperature was raised to simmering point (9092℃) and left at that temperature for 1 hour, they was allowed to cool at room temperature and the
fabrics were removed and squeezed. Mordanted woolen samples were rinsed with tap running
water.
For dyeing process the mordanted and unmordanted wool fabrics was dyed with ZM extracted
using L:R 1:30 , fabrics were added to the dying baths at 40 then the temperature was raised to
boiling point during 30 minutes, the PH was regulated at 4 by Acetic Acid. Wool fabrics were
dyed for 1 hour at above condition, then rinsed with cold water and air dried.
International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 2(1), 45-54, January 2016 50
Color measurements of the dyed fabrics
The color strength of the swatches was evaluated by a UV/Vic spectrophotometer using light
reflectance technique of the Perkin-Elmer at λmax, the relative color strength was assessed by
using the Kublka-Munk equation which is equation (2).
K/S= (1 − R)2 /2R
Equ.(2).
Where R is the decimal fraction of the reflection of the dyed fabrics, K is the absorption
coefficient and S is the scattering coefficient.
Assessment of Color fastness
Light fastness tests were carried out according to AATCC Test Method 16-1993, all samples
were exposed to Xenon arc lamp for 20 hours and the change in color were evaluated numerically
by gray scales.
Results and discussion
The color strength of the samples
The effects of different mordants in different concentration of ZM versus color strength is
shown in Fig.1. As shown in figure (1) the K/S value for all samples growth when the percentage
of dye increased from 10 % to 20% in both mordanted and unmordanted fabrics. However as can
be seen, more K/S value was gained by using copper sulfate as mordant and higher concentration
of Zataria multiflora.
International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 2(1), 45-54, January 2016 51
color strenght (K/S)
30
unmordanted sample
mordanted with copper sulfate
mordanted with Alum
24.3
25
20.9
18.33
20
15.32
15
8.68
10
5.37
5
0
10%
Dye concentration
30%
Figure 1. The color strength of samples dyed with Zattaria
mulflora
Antimicrobial activity of dyed fabrics
The antibacterial activity of mordanted and unmordanted treated fabrics with different
concentration of ZM against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis ,before and after exposure to light were evaluated. ZM
extract proved quite active against all above microbes.Table 1 illustrates the relation between ZM
concentration on wool and the antimicrobial activity of the mordanted and unmordanted fabrics
against above bacteria.
It is clear that mordanted dyed fabrics exhibit higher activity than unmordanted samples and
copper sulfate as mordant shows more inhabitation against all bacteria growth than Alum .This
could be the consequence of variable complex forming abilities of different metal ions with active
functional groups of dye.
Antibacterial activity of all dyed samples increased dramatically with enhancing dye
concentration. At higher concentration of dye (20%o.w.f), more than 90 %reduction in all bacteria
population was observed even among unmordanted swatches; As can be seen, at lower dye
concentration (10%o.w.f), microbial reduction was found to be 76.1% in Bacillus subtilis for
unmordanted sample whereas by increasing the dye concentration (20% o.w.f) this number
International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 2(1), 45-54, January 2016 52
increased to 89.1% and mordanted fiber show more inhibition rate when dye concentration have
increased.
Table1. Antibacterial activity of fabrics dyed with Zataria against some bacteria.
K. pneumonia
S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
E. coli
B. subtilis
Unmordant
ed
(10%dye)
90.0
87.7
91.1
90.0
76.1
Alum+10%natural
dye
Copper sulfate
+10% dye
Unmordanted
(20%dye)
Alum+20%natura
l dye
96.7
94.3
96.7
95.9
97.7
97.3
96.4
95.3
94.8
92.1
94.2
92.7
91.3
90.8
92
99.7
99.3
98.8
97.0
97.5
Copper
sulfate
+20% dye
99.9
99.7
99.2
99.3
98.1
The antibacterial activity of ZM has been shown against many of Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria, the research show that the chemical component of ZM which is rich in carvacrol
and thymol could justify considerable antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of this plant mainly
in high concentration (Eftekhar, et al.2011).
Exposing samples to light can reduce their antimicrobial activity however, the faded mordanted
swatches still showed the high rate of inhabitation growth of bacteria. The results of antimicrobial
activity of samples after the exposure to light are exhibited in Table 2.
Table 2. Antibacterial activity of fabrics dyed with Zataria multiflora extracts after the exposure to light.
K. pneumonia
S. aureus
P. aeruginosa
E. coli
B. subtilis
Unmordante
d (10%dye)
Alum+10%natural
dye
Copper sulfate
+10% dye
Unmordanted
(20%dye)
Alum+20%natura
l dye
65.1
62.0
61.3
50.7
33.0
70.2
70.0
71.1
69.4
60.3
74.3
72.3
72.7
71.4
69.3
89.1
87.1
82.3
80.1
78.6
98.1
98.3
96.2
95.8
96.3
Copper
sulfate
+20% dye
98.7
98.1
98.1
96.3
97.5
The notable reduction of antimicrobial activity against almost all bacteria is more obvious
amongst unmordanted fabrics especially in lower concentration (10% o.w.f). For instance, a
substantial reduction to 33.0% was observed after light exposure in Bacillus subtilis and similarly,
a remarkable decline from 90.0% to 50.7% was apperceived in E. coli for unmordanted sample in
lower concentration.
The results indicate still a high antimicrobial activity in the case of both mordants after
exposure to light that prove the positive role of a mordant in holding and fixing of dye on the
International Journal of Health and Economic Development, 2(1), 45-54, January 2016 53
fabric. However reduction rate amongst the samples which mordanted with copper sulfate are
lower than Alum.
As far as antibacterial activity is concerned, the copper sulfate mordanted swatches showed
comparative more antimicrobial activity than that of alum in case of after and before light
exposure, that can prove the durability of this dyeing on wool fabrics.
Conclusion
The natural dying solutions were obtained by extraction of Zataria multiflora for dyeing wool
fabrics. Dyeability antimicrobial activity were studied. The fabrics which dyed with ZM extracts
displayed excellent antimicrobial activity almost against all bacteria that used in this study. The
dyed fabric could save well their antimicrobial activity to light in high dye concentration and in
presence of mordant. The achieved results clearly indicate that utilizing ZM as natural dye gives
durable antibacterial characteristic to wool fabrics and inhibit the growth of bacteria that are
common for textile.
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