Download Sains Dasar Biologi – Kimia – Biodiversitas

BIODIV RSITAS
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
HIERARKI KERAGAMAN
• Keragaman Genetik
• Keragaman Spesies
• Keragaman Ekosistem
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
KERAGAMAN GENETIK
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
KERAGAMAN SPESIES
Water yam or uwi
(Dioscorea alata L).
Green habit
Uwi beras,
U. butun,
flower
U. legi,
aerial tuber
fruit
redis-purple habit
U. bangkulit,
U. ungu,
U. luyung senggani
U. Senggani
Obi item (Mdr) Ubi ungu (Banggai)
U. luyung putih
U. kuning,
U. Putih (Banggai), U. ulo,
U. luyung kuning
U. luyung putih
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
U. Ungu Demak
Sains Dasar
Obi violet (Mdr).
Biodiversitas
KERAGAMAN EKOSISTEM
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
PENGELOMPOKAN MAKHLUK HIDUP
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
TAXONOMY
• Attempts to classify humans
according to their physical
characteristics go back thousands of
years.
• One of the first “scientific” attempts
was that of Carolus Linnaeus, the
founder of modern taxonomic
classification.
• It is very instructive to review in some
detail Linnaeus’ 18th century
classification of humans.
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Carolus Linnaeus
Biodiversitas
• Linnaeus also introduced a system
– For grouping species in increasingly broad categories
Panthera
pardus
Species
Panthera
Genus
Felidae
Family
Carnivora
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
• Taxonomy
– Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species
according to a system of broader and broader groups
Species
Genus Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Ursus
americanus
(American
black bear)
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
• Biologists also use systematics
– As an analytical approach to understanding the
diversity and relationships of organisms, both
present-day and extinct
• Currently, systematists use
– Morphological, biochemical, and molecular
comparisons to infer evolutionary relationships
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
KLASIFIKASI LIMA KINGDOM
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Monera
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
KLASIFIKASI ENAM KINGDOM
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
KLASIFIKASI TIGA DOMAIN
Bacteria are the most diverse
4 µm
and widespread prokaryotes
and are now divided among multiple
kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped
structures in this photo is a bacterial cell.
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Many of the prokaryotes known
0.5 µm
as archaea live in Earth‘s
extreme environments, such as salty lakes
and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea
includes multiple kingdoms. The photo
shows a colony composed of many cells.
Kingdom Plantae consists of
Protists (multiple kingdoms)
100 µm
multicellula eukaryotes that carry
are unicellular eukaryotes and
out photosynthesis, the conversion
their relatively simple multicellular
relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists of light energy to food.
inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently
debating how to split the protists
into several kingdoms that better represent
evolution and diversity.
Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the
nutritional mode of its members, such
as this mushroom, which absorb
nutrientsafter decomposing organic
material.
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Kindom Animalia consists of
multicellular eukaryotes that
ingest other organisms.
Biodiversitas
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
Domain
Archaea
Domain Bacteria
Proteobacteria
Universal ancestor
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
Domain
Eukarya
Bacteria
• Diverse nutritional types
– Are scattered among the major groups of bacteria
• The two largest groups are
– The proteobacteria and the Gram-positive
bacteria
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
• Proteobacteria
Rhizobium (arrows) inside a
root cell of a legume (TEM)
Nitrosomonas (colorized TEM)
Chromatium; the small
globules are sulfur wastes (LM)
Fruiting bodies of
Chondromyces crocatus,
a myxobacterium (SEM)
Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus
Attacking a larger bacterium
(colorized TEM)
Helicobacter pylori (colorized TEM).
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
2.5 m
• Chlamydias, spirochetes, Gram-positive
bacteria, and cyanobacteria
5 m
Chlamydia (arrows) inside an
animal cell (colorized TEM)
5 m
1 m
Leptospira, a spirochete
(colorized TEM)
Hundreds of mycoplasmas
covering a human fibroblast cell
(colorized SEM)
50 m
Streptomyces, the source of
many antibiotics (colorized SEM)
Two species of Oscillatoria,
filamentous cyanobacteria (LM)
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
• Some archaea
– Live in extreme environments
• Extreme thermophiles
– Thrive in very hot environments
• Methanogens
– Live in swamps and marshes
– Produce methane as a waste product
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
• Extreme halophiles
– Live in high saline environments
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
• Protist habitats are also diverse in habitat
• And including freshwater and marine species
(a) The freshwater ciliate Stentor,
a unicellular protozoan (LM)
100 m
100 m
4 cm
(c)
(b) Ceratium tripos, a unicellular marine dinoflagellate (LM)
Delesseria sanguinea, a multicellular marine red alga
500 m
(d)
Spirogyra, a filamentous freshwater green alga (inset LM)
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
• Chlorophytes include
– Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms
20 µm
50 µm
(a) Volvox, a colonial freshwater chlorophyte. The colony is a hollow
ball whose wall is composed of hundreds or thousands of
biflagellated cells (see inset LM) embedded in a gelatinous
matrix. The cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm;
if isolated, these cells cannot reproduce. The large colonies seen
here will eventually release the small “daughter” colonies within
them (LM).
(b) Caulerpa, an intertidal chlorophyte.
The branched filaments lack cross-walls
and thus are multinucleate. In effect,
the thallus is one
huge “supercell.”
(c) Ulva, or sea lettuce. This edible seaweed has a multicellular
thallus differentiated into leaflike blades and a rootlike holdfast
that anchors the alga against turbulent waves and tides.
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
Fungi
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
Plantae
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas
Animalia
Priyambodo, M.Sc.
Sains Dasar
Biodiversitas