Download Class tests topics of microbiology academic year

Class tests topics of microbiology
academic year 2015/2016
Class test # 1
material presented on classes 1-4 and lectures
Gram-positive cocci: occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity:
most important virulence factors – toxins and enzymes, adhesins etc.; infections caused by these bacteria in
correlation with virulence factors; septic shock pathomechanism.
staphylococci (species: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus)
and streptococci (species: S. pyogenes, S. pneumonia, S. viridians group, S. agalactiae, enterococci)
Gram–negative small rods and coccobacilli of genera: Haemphilus, Neisseria, Bordetella, Brucella,
Pasteurella, Francisella: infections caused by these bacteria, most important virulence factors, epidemiology –
transmission to humans; vaccines – if any exist; treatment.
Gram-negative fermentative rods (genera: Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia; Klebsiella; Proteus):
occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors
– toxins and enzymes, adhesins etc.; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with virulence factors;
Class test # 2
material presented on classes 5-9 and lectures
Gram-negative non-fermentative rods (genera and species: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter
sp., Stenotrophomonas sp.) and obligatory anaerobic rods (genera: Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Bacteroides,
Fusobacterium): occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important
virulence factors – toxins and enzymes, adhesins etc.; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with
virulence factors;
Spiral bacteria (Genera: Treponema, Leptospira, Borrelia, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter) occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors;
infections caused by these bacteria; diagnostic procedures: Helicobacter – invasive and non-invasive diagnostic
procedures; serologic tests used to diagnose infections caused by spiral bacteria; nonspecific control of
infections.
Actinomyces, Nocardia - occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity:
most important virulence factors; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with virulence;
Mycobacterium – species causing tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. bovis) - occurrence,
epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors; diagnosis of
tuberculosis (PPD test), control – specific (BCG vaccine); susceptibility to antimicrobials – resistant
mycobacteria; MOTT group of mycobacteria (other than tuberculosis) and M. leprae - occurrence, epidemiology
– routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity; infections caused by these bacteria; diagnostic procedures;
Normal microbial flora of human body – normal microbiota of skin, eyes, upper respiratory tract
(oral cavity), gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract; carriage of pathogens, endogenous infections (examples),
opportunistic infections (examples); differences between endogenous and opportunistic infections, iatrogenic
infections, antroponosis, antropozoonosis/zoonosis; hospital acquired infections.
Antisepsis - ** materials for studying “antisepsis” are available as a file “sterilization and disinfection”
on http://www.lekarski.umed.wroc.pl/mikrobiologia. Knowledge of the material will be required during final
exam, but not on a class test.
Class test # 3
material presented on classes 10-13 and lectures
Gram-positive bacilli: aerobic (Bacillus genus: B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. subtilis) and obligatory
anaerobic bacilli (Clostridium genus: C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringes and other species of
clostridia associated with gas gangrene) - occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans;
pathogenicity: most important virulence factors – toxins (and neurotoxins), enzymes, adhesins, bacterial spores
and their resistance to physical and chemical factors; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with
virulence factors; specific control of infections (vaccines and antisera).
Corynebacteria – pathogenic (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) and non–pathogenic (normal flora) to
humans - occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important
virulence factors – toxins; diphtheria control - specific (DTP vaccine and antiserum).
Principles of diagnostic procedures in fungal infections - general characteristic of yeasts, molds,
dimorphic fungi and dermatophytes (fungal species: Candida sp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus sp.,
Trichophyton sp., Epidermophyton sp., Microsporum sp.) – pathogenicity (in correlation with virulence
factors), clinical presentation, treatment and antifungal agents; resistance to antifungal agents; laboratory
diagnosis (growth characteristics, patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures).
Antimicrobials – groups of antibiotics: beta – lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams,
carbapenems), aminoglycosides, macrolides, ketolides, lincosamides, glycopeptides, tetracyclines, tigecyclines,
polymyxins, oxazolidynones, fluorochinolones, sulphonamides – representatives of every group of antibiotics,
mechanism of action, spectrum of activity – groups of bacteria; definitions of: MIC, MBC.
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics –inherent resistance to antibiotics – examples; acquired
mechanisms of resistance – conjugation, transformation, transduction, mutations – examples; definitions of:
MRS, MLSB, VISA, GISA, HLAR, VRE, GRE, PRP, MBL, ESBL, KPC – groups of bacteria performing these
mechanisms of resistance; resistance of staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, intestinal and non –
fermentative rods – students should be able to mention main groups of antimicrobials that cannot be used to
treat infections caused by resistant strains of these bacteria.
Class test # 4
material presented on classes 14-17 and lectures
Sexually transmitted diseases - normal flora of genitourinary tract and its role in bacterial vaginosis;
what is the difference between bacterial vaginosis and vaginitis? pathogens - bacterial, atypical bacteria,
viruses and fungi causing STD – mode of transmission; risk factors, control of infections, clinical presentation,
complications of STD, treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab,
general procedures).
Upper and lower respiratory tract infections – normal microbiota of upper respiratory tract;
pathogens - bacteria, atypical bacteria, viruses and fungi causing URTI and LRTI – virulence factors associated
with RTI; clinical presentation, complications; treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s
specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures).
Urinary tract infections - normal flora of genitourinary tract; terminology of UTI (e.g. asymptomatic
bacteriuria, pyuria, sterile pyuria, haematuria, dysuria, dyspareunia, urosepsis, pyelonephritis, cystitis,
urethritis, prostatitis); host factors in protection from UTI; main virulence factors of UTI pathogens; groups of
risk for UTI; prevention of recurrences of UTI; catheter - associated UTI; complications of UTI; treatment and
laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures; Gold test).
Class test # 5
material presented on classes 18-21 and lectures
Wound and soft tissue infections - normal flora of skin and mucous membranes; pathogens: bacteria,
viruses and fungi causing - primary and secondary skin and soft tissue infections (virulence factors – enzymes
and toxins) , risk factors, clinical presentation, inflammatory response to bacterial skin infection; operative and
preoperative prophylaxis of wound infections; mode of transmission; risk factors, control of infections;
treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures).
Gastrointestinal tract infections (GTI) - normal microbiota of upper respiratory tract; pathogens bacteria, atypical bacteria, viruses and fungi causing GTI – virulence factors: toxins (cytotoxins and
enterotoxins, adhesins, invasins); intoxication vs. infection, secretory diarrhea, dysentery, enteric fever –
etiologic agents; mode of transmission; risk factors, control of infections; treatment and laboratory differential
diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures).
Central nervous system and blood infections – pathogens: bacteria, viruses and fungi causing
systemic infections; virulence factors associated with systemic infections; clinical presentation, complications;
mode of transmission; risk factors, control of infections; treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis
(patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures).