* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Class tests topics of microbiology academic year
Introduction to viruses wikipedia , lookup
Trimeric autotransporter adhesin wikipedia , lookup
Phospholipid-derived fatty acids wikipedia , lookup
Staphylococcus aureus wikipedia , lookup
Traveler's diarrhea wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial cell structure wikipedia , lookup
Antibiotics wikipedia , lookup
Magnetotactic bacteria wikipedia , lookup
Gastroenteritis wikipedia , lookup
Disinfectant wikipedia , lookup
Infection control wikipedia , lookup
History of virology wikipedia , lookup
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae wikipedia , lookup
Marine microorganism wikipedia , lookup
Sociality and disease transmission wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial taxonomy wikipedia , lookup
Neonatal infection wikipedia , lookup
Urinary tract infection wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial morphological plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Human microbiota wikipedia , lookup
Transmission (medicine) wikipedia , lookup
Anaerobic infection wikipedia , lookup
Class tests topics of microbiology academic year 2015/2016 Class test # 1 material presented on classes 1-4 and lectures Gram-positive cocci: occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors – toxins and enzymes, adhesins etc.; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with virulence factors; septic shock pathomechanism. staphylococci (species: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus) and streptococci (species: S. pyogenes, S. pneumonia, S. viridians group, S. agalactiae, enterococci) Gram–negative small rods and coccobacilli of genera: Haemphilus, Neisseria, Bordetella, Brucella, Pasteurella, Francisella: infections caused by these bacteria, most important virulence factors, epidemiology – transmission to humans; vaccines – if any exist; treatment. Gram-negative fermentative rods (genera: Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia; Klebsiella; Proteus): occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors – toxins and enzymes, adhesins etc.; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with virulence factors; Class test # 2 material presented on classes 5-9 and lectures Gram-negative non-fermentative rods (genera and species: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter sp., Stenotrophomonas sp.) and obligatory anaerobic rods (genera: Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium): occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors – toxins and enzymes, adhesins etc.; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with virulence factors; Spiral bacteria (Genera: Treponema, Leptospira, Borrelia, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Helicobacter) occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors; infections caused by these bacteria; diagnostic procedures: Helicobacter – invasive and non-invasive diagnostic procedures; serologic tests used to diagnose infections caused by spiral bacteria; nonspecific control of infections. Actinomyces, Nocardia - occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with virulence; Mycobacterium – species causing tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. bovis) - occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors; diagnosis of tuberculosis (PPD test), control – specific (BCG vaccine); susceptibility to antimicrobials – resistant mycobacteria; MOTT group of mycobacteria (other than tuberculosis) and M. leprae - occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity; infections caused by these bacteria; diagnostic procedures; Normal microbial flora of human body – normal microbiota of skin, eyes, upper respiratory tract (oral cavity), gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract; carriage of pathogens, endogenous infections (examples), opportunistic infections (examples); differences between endogenous and opportunistic infections, iatrogenic infections, antroponosis, antropozoonosis/zoonosis; hospital acquired infections. Antisepsis - ** materials for studying “antisepsis” are available as a file “sterilization and disinfection” on http://www.lekarski.umed.wroc.pl/mikrobiologia. Knowledge of the material will be required during final exam, but not on a class test. Class test # 3 material presented on classes 10-13 and lectures Gram-positive bacilli: aerobic (Bacillus genus: B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. subtilis) and obligatory anaerobic bacilli (Clostridium genus: C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringes and other species of clostridia associated with gas gangrene) - occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors – toxins (and neurotoxins), enzymes, adhesins, bacterial spores and their resistance to physical and chemical factors; infections caused by these bacteria in correlation with virulence factors; specific control of infections (vaccines and antisera). Corynebacteria – pathogenic (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) and non–pathogenic (normal flora) to humans - occurrence, epidemiology – routes of transmission to humans; pathogenicity: most important virulence factors – toxins; diphtheria control - specific (DTP vaccine and antiserum). Principles of diagnostic procedures in fungal infections - general characteristic of yeasts, molds, dimorphic fungi and dermatophytes (fungal species: Candida sp., Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus sp., Trichophyton sp., Epidermophyton sp., Microsporum sp.) – pathogenicity (in correlation with virulence factors), clinical presentation, treatment and antifungal agents; resistance to antifungal agents; laboratory diagnosis (growth characteristics, patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures). Antimicrobials – groups of antibiotics: beta – lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems), aminoglycosides, macrolides, ketolides, lincosamides, glycopeptides, tetracyclines, tigecyclines, polymyxins, oxazolidynones, fluorochinolones, sulphonamides – representatives of every group of antibiotics, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity – groups of bacteria; definitions of: MIC, MBC. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics –inherent resistance to antibiotics – examples; acquired mechanisms of resistance – conjugation, transformation, transduction, mutations – examples; definitions of: MRS, MLSB, VISA, GISA, HLAR, VRE, GRE, PRP, MBL, ESBL, KPC – groups of bacteria performing these mechanisms of resistance; resistance of staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, intestinal and non – fermentative rods – students should be able to mention main groups of antimicrobials that cannot be used to treat infections caused by resistant strains of these bacteria. Class test # 4 material presented on classes 14-17 and lectures Sexually transmitted diseases - normal flora of genitourinary tract and its role in bacterial vaginosis; what is the difference between bacterial vaginosis and vaginitis? pathogens - bacterial, atypical bacteria, viruses and fungi causing STD – mode of transmission; risk factors, control of infections, clinical presentation, complications of STD, treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures). Upper and lower respiratory tract infections – normal microbiota of upper respiratory tract; pathogens - bacteria, atypical bacteria, viruses and fungi causing URTI and LRTI – virulence factors associated with RTI; clinical presentation, complications; treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures). Urinary tract infections - normal flora of genitourinary tract; terminology of UTI (e.g. asymptomatic bacteriuria, pyuria, sterile pyuria, haematuria, dysuria, dyspareunia, urosepsis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, prostatitis); host factors in protection from UTI; main virulence factors of UTI pathogens; groups of risk for UTI; prevention of recurrences of UTI; catheter - associated UTI; complications of UTI; treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures; Gold test). Class test # 5 material presented on classes 18-21 and lectures Wound and soft tissue infections - normal flora of skin and mucous membranes; pathogens: bacteria, viruses and fungi causing - primary and secondary skin and soft tissue infections (virulence factors – enzymes and toxins) , risk factors, clinical presentation, inflammatory response to bacterial skin infection; operative and preoperative prophylaxis of wound infections; mode of transmission; risk factors, control of infections; treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures). Gastrointestinal tract infections (GTI) - normal microbiota of upper respiratory tract; pathogens bacteria, atypical bacteria, viruses and fungi causing GTI – virulence factors: toxins (cytotoxins and enterotoxins, adhesins, invasins); intoxication vs. infection, secretory diarrhea, dysentery, enteric fever – etiologic agents; mode of transmission; risk factors, control of infections; treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures). Central nervous system and blood infections – pathogens: bacteria, viruses and fungi causing systemic infections; virulence factors associated with systemic infections; clinical presentation, complications; mode of transmission; risk factors, control of infections; treatment and laboratory differential diagnosis (patient’s specimens, transport to the lab, general procedures).