Download File - Mrs. Crowder`s Class

Parts of
Speech
Parts of Speech
 In
the English language, words are
used in EIGHT different ways:
 Noun
 Pronoun
 Verb
 Adjective
 Adverb
 Preposition
 Conjunction
 Interjection
Nouns
A
noun is a word that names
something: a person, a place,
a thing, or an idea.
 governor
 Oregon
 hospital
 Buddhism
 love
Proper Nouns
•
Proper- names a particular
person, place, thing, or idea.
Proper nouns are ALWAYS
capitalized.
Jackie
Robinson
World Series
Christianity
Christmas
Common Nouns
•
Common- names a general person
place or thing; not capitalized.






person
woman
president
park
baseball
government
Practice:
Underline the nouns in the following
sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The wedding was beautiful.
The bride and groom gazed into one
another’s eyes.
The flowers perfectly complimented the
bride’s hair.
Too bad the groom threw up on the
bride’s dress.
PRONOUNS
Pronouns
• A pronoun takes the place of a noun, like “they “ for
children, and “she” for Shelly.
School
House
Rocks
Antecedents
• All pronouns have antecedents. An antecedent is the
noun that the pronoun refers to or replaces.
Tim threw his glove over the fence. Then he
jumped over and kicked it to his car.
• Tim is the antecedent for “his” and “he,” while glove is
the antecedent for “it.”
Practice
Circle the antecedent in the following sentences.
1. The student forgot his homework in his car.
2. The homework was important. It was worth the final project for
the class.
3. The student was glad he had not squandered his bathroom/hall
passes.
Person
The person of a pronoun indicates whether the person, place, thing, or idea
represented by the pronoun is speaking, is spoken to, or is spoken about.
First person is used in place of the
name of the speaker or speakers.
ours
I, me, my, mine, we, us, our,
Second Person pronouns name
the person or persons spoken to.
You, your, yours
Third person pronouns name the
person or thing spoken about.
He, she, it, one, they, him,
his, her, them, their, theirs,
hers
practice

Is the pronoun in the following sentence in first, second, or
third person?
1.
I love to read books.
2.
They plunged down the steep embankment.
3.
You are a funny person.
4.
He doesn’t seem guilty.
5.
We removed our shoes on the beach.
Verb
It’s what you do . .
.
Verbs are the part of
speech that express
action or being.
According to A Writer’s Reference: Sixth Edition
ACTION!
•There are two types of verbs.
• Action Verbs (swimming)
• Linking Verbs (was)
•Action verbs express
action.
•Linking verbs express
being.
Linking v. Action
Linking Verbs
Action Verbs
Have, has, had
Run, swim, hit, throw
Do, does, did
Dance, see, hear, fall, marry
Be, am, is, are, was, were,
being, been
Make, draw, sculpt, compose
Sam is getting married.
Sam married my sister.
What is being expressed: action/being?
1. The cat catches mice. ____________________
2. Repetition does not always produce perfection. ________________
3. Rome was not built in a day. ____________________
4. The best fish swim near the bottom. ____________________
5. Miss America is beautiful. ____________________
Adjectives & Adverbs
Adjectives
 What
kind
 Which one
 How many
Adverbs
 How
 When
 Where
 Why
 Under
what conditions
 To what degree
questions
Adjectives
 Modify

or Describe nouns
Answers which one, what kind, how many
 The
lame elephant (which elephant?)
 Valuable old stamps (what kind of stamps?)
 Sixteen candles (how many candles?)
Adverbs

Adverbs modify:
◦
◦
◦

verbs (swim quickly)
adjectives (always sad)
other adverbs (too quickly)
Adverbs often end in –ly.
The negators
“not” and
“never” are
classified as
adverbs.
What question does the adverb
answer?
Pull gently at a weak rope.
_____________________
Read the best books first.
_____________________
The students are talking too loudly.
_____________________
Tell whether the following are
adjectives or adverbs:

The boat drifted peacefully down the river. ________________

Afterward, we watched a movie. ________________

The children enjoyed singing the silly songs. ________________

Jennifer smiled shyly at the students in her new class. ________________

The old man snored quietly in the waiting room. ________________
________________

________________
Two hundred voters came to the polls. ________________
Adjectives
and adverbs both
describe!
Adjectives describe nouns.
Adverbs describe verbs,
adjectives, and other adverbs.
Prepositions
They’re everywhere…
Prepositions
•Prepositions are used in sentences to show
relationships between other words.
•They give extra information or details.
I love going to the movies.
Prepositions
The most common prepositions are:
Above
Before
During
Over
Until
Across
Behind
For
Through
Upon
After
Below
From
To
With
Against
Beyond
In
Toward
Within
Among
Beneath
Into
Under
Without
Around
By
Of
Till
Prepositions
•Prepositions do not stand alone in a sentence.
They “join” with other words to make a
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE.
•A prepositional phrase is made up of a
preposition, an object (noun/pronoun), plus
any words that modify the object.
•IN THE MALL
•ON THE WALL
Prepositions
FUNCTION:
•Prepositional phrases act like adjectives or
adverbs—they DESCRIBE.
•Along the beach
•Under the table
•After the preposition, ask, “What?” to find
the object.
•In the morning
•To the doctor
•I will get a drink of water.
Examples
 Underline
the preposition in each phrase,
circle the object, highlight the modifiers:

Along the beach

Under the table

Beneath the beautiful yet aged face

In her own time

After the close game
NOTE: A preposition is always followed by
an object; if there is no object, the word is
an adverb, not a preposition.
Example:
Turn at the light before Walmart.
Natasha never played soccer before.
Place [brackets] around each prepositional
phrase. Underline the preposition and circle the
object.
1.
Captain America loves punching Nazis in the
face.
2.
Beneath the water, the terrible creature feasted
on his favorite meal—children’s cough syrup.
3.
He was late because of numerous things, but
mostly the ninja attack.
INTERJECTION
Interjection
A
word that shows strong emotion or
surprise.




Oh no!
Yipes!
Good grief!
Well, . . .
 Interjections
are usually followed by an
exclamation point, but not always.
Practice
 Fill
in the blanks with an appropriate
interjection.
1. ______________! I forgot my homework!
2.
Will you marry me? __________!
3.
_______________! I can’t believe I won the
lottery!
Conjunctions
“Conjunction, junction,
what’s your function?”
Conjunctions
 Conjunctions
are CONNECTING words.
They join together different clauses,
phrases, and ideas in a sentence.
 There are four main types of conjunctions:




Coordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
Conjunctive Adverb
Coordinating Conjunctions
 Coordinating
Conjunctions are
connectives that join elements of equal
rank (and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, while).
 Coordinating conjunctions can join
anything of equal rank.



Clauses
Phrases
Ideas
 Clause:
I love watching football, but I
would prefer to play.
 Ideas: I love football and basketball.
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Coordinating Conjunctions
 Equal
rank= they can join independent
clauses, ONLY when preceded with a
comma.
Practice:
I wanted to play outside but it was raining.
Apples and oranges are my favorite fruits.
Subordinate Conjunctions
AKA “subordinators”


Subordinating Conjunctions connect clauses that are not equal
in rank – that is, in sentences which one idea is made
subordinate to another.
These subordinate clauses are also called dependent clauses
because they cannot stand alone. Common subordinators are
as follows:
After
Before
In order
Until
Although
Even if
Once
When
As
Ever since
Since
Whenever
Because
If
Unless
Wherever
While
That
Subordinators (cont.)
 Use
a comma when a subordinator is
used for an introductory clause.
 You do not need to use a comma if the
clause comes at the end of the sentence.
Examples:
When we get home, I will take out the trash.
Mom said I had to because it was causing the house to
smell.
Correlative Conjunctions
 Correlative
Conjunctions are also used to
connect equal parts of sentences. These
paired conjunctions (both/and, either/or,
neither/nor, not only/but also) actually
work as one.
Example:
Not only are we going to St. Louis to watch the game, but we
are also going to visit the zoo.
Conjunctive Adverbs


Conjunctive Adverbs are other connective or
transitional words. The most common are:
Accordingly
Certainly
Furthermore
Otherwise
Also
Consequently
However
Similarly
Besides
Finally
Nevertheless
Undoubtedly
Conjunctive adverbs must be preceded by a
semi-colon (;) and followed by a comma.
Jack loved Jill; nevertheless, he didn’t need help
carrying the water up the hill.
PRACTICE
In the following sentences, insert the correct punctuation and
tell what kind of conjunction the underlined word is.
1. The girl and the boy were on time.
2. Because he did not study, he did poorly on the test.
3. You can leave now or you can leave later.
4. Either my ACT or SAT scores should earn me a scholarship.
5. Jack however doesn’t feel well enough to go tonight.
6. John not only wanted to take pre-med courses but he also wanted to
play on the varsity football team.
7. I understand your anger however I hope you can forgive me.
8. He may not get better however if he does he may go anyway.
9. John hated physics class but he needed the credit to graduate.
10. Until she saw the letter she did not believe she had been admitted to
college.