Download World History Final Exam Study Guide

World History Final Exam Study Guide
Greece
1.
Athena – Goddess of Wisdom
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Patron Goddess of Athens.
2.
Draco – An Athens official
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Reformed the city’s laws.
Thought that the only way to end unrest was through harsh punishment.
500 BCE
His laws didn’t resolve, but made it worse, the dispute between classes; they only made it
worse.
3.
Solon – A lawmaker
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Revised Draco’s laws; overturned Draco’s harshest laws.
Outlawed debt slavery and tried to reduce poverty by encouraging trade.
Made a big change in Athens government; He allowed all men in Athens to take part in
the assembly that governed the city and to serve on the juries that heard trials.
BUT! Only wealthy men could run for and hold political office.
Made the first real step toward democracy in Athens
590BCE
4.
Pericles – A man who helped the most with rebuilding Athens after the Persian Wars
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A skilled politician and a gifted public speaker.
Was elected one of the city’s generals in 460s BCE
Re-elected many times. Most influential politicians in Athens for many years.
5.
Cleisthenes – A reformer who took over Athens after Peisistratus died.
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His reforms set up the Athenian democracy.
He divided Athens into 10 tribes based on where they lived, in order to break up power of
noble families.
He made these tribes the basis for elections.
508 BCE
6.
Darius – Persian Emperor during the Persian War
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500 BC
Attacking the Greek mainland and started the Persian Wars.
Died in 486 BC, before he launched his second invasion.
7.
Direct Democracy – A type of system, in which all people vote directly on an issue.
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500 BCE
Only free men are eligible to take part in the government.
Athens is the home of democracy
8.
What city-state was the birthplace of democracy?
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Athens
500BCE
What was the most stable city-state government in Greece?
9.
- Sparta: war like government kept everyone moving in the same direction (no room for
individualism)
10.
Zeus – God of the sky and lightning, king of the gods. Mt. Olympus
Alexander the Great – King of Macedonia and created the worlds first empire
11.
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356 – 323 BCE
Son of king Phillip II
12.
Battle of Thermopylae helped the Greek City-states win what wars? –
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13.
The Persian Wars
490-479BCE
300 Spartans held off 10,000 Persians
What type of people could vote in a Greek democracy?
- Free men
14.
18.
Acropolis – A walled, high area surrounding a polis. Example: Parthenon in Athens
15. polytheism – The belief in many gods. “Greek Mythology”
16. Battle of Marathon – 490 BCE
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Between citizens of Athens & a Persian force. During 1st Persian invasion.
Runner ran 26miles back to Athens to tell of the victory
17.
Monotheism – The belief in one god. ‘Judaism and Christianity”
polis – A city-state, which became the basic unit in Greece.
1. Athens and Sparta are examples (809BCE)
Rome
1.
tribunes – Plebeians gained the right to elect officials, known as tribunes.
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2.
3.
Tribunes’ job was to protect the plebeians against unjust treatment by patrician
officials.
12 tables
509 BCE
assemblies – Plebeian council. 509 BCE
Pax Romana – A period of peace in Roman Empire la
sting from the beginning of Augustus’s reign until the death of Marcus Aurelius.
- 27 BC – AD 180
4.
5.
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“first citizen” – The Roman Emperor Augustus 27BCE
Law of Twelve Tables – 450 BC
Rome’s first written law code.
Organized by patricians at the insistence of the plebeians.
The laws included in the code deal largely with trials, a key issue in relations between the
two classes in Roman society.
Punic Wars/cause of the 3 Punic War – The conflict of interest betweens the
Cartaginain Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. 264-149BCE. Rome wanted to destroy
Carthage
7. Republic – A political system in which the citizens of a region elect representatives to
run the government. 509BCE (Consul, Senate and Tribunes/sometimes Dictator)
8. oligarchy – “the rule of the few,” a form of government in which a small group of people
exercises controls. (first 44BCE and second 43BCE triumvirate)
6.
rd
Exploration
1.
Hernando Cortes – Led an expedition to Mexico that ended with the conquest of the
Aztec Empire.
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Spanish conquistador; from 1519 to 1521.
Conquered Aztec Empire, capturing Mexico for Spain.
2.
conquistador – A Spanish soldier and explorer who led military expeditions in the
Americas and captured land for Spain.
- Cortes and Pizarro was one.
Columbian Exchange – The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the
Americas and Europe, Asia, and Africa beginning with the voyages of Columbus. 1492
4. Why did planters in the Americas turned African slaves for labor? Most of the
Native Americans died or ran away; couldn’t make slaves of white Christians and
Africans were closer than Asians 1400’s
5. What were most of the French settlers in Canada? – Fur Traders 1609
6. What colony was founded in 1607? Jamestown
7. Who was the main leader of the Jamestown colony? John Smith 1607
1. - Founder of Jamestown
3.
American Revolution
Stamp Act - A law passed by the British Parliament that raised tax money by requiring
the American colonists to pay for an official stamp whenever they bought paper items.
(1765)
2. Why did the colonists reject it? – Because parliament taxed them without
representatives there to plead their case. (taxation without representation)
3. Boston Tea Party – When the Sons of Liberty dumped hundreds of crates of tea into the
harbor to protest the tea tax.
1. 1773
2. Sons of Liberty
3. Led by Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
1.
4.
Sons of Liberty – 1773
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A group of rebellious Bostonians.
They did the Boston Tea Party.
Sam Adams
5.
Declaration of Independence – Continental Congress
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July 4, 1776
DoI was an elegant expression of Enlightenment political philosophy. Basically,
declaring Independence from the British.
Thomas Jefferson wrote it; influenced by Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
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6.
World War I
1.
Zimmerman Notes –February of 1917
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Was a secret message from German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to officials in Mexico
in which Germany proposed that Mexico attack the US.
Wanted to keep US in a war with Mexico and keep US out of the war with Europe.
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Battle of the Marne – Sept. 6-12 1914; first battle of the First World War.
Battle of Verdun – (1916) The longest battle of WW1; it ended in stalemate, with both
sides suffering hundreds of thousands of casualties.
4. Battle of Somme – British attacked Germany along the Somme River area of France.
2.
3.
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1 day of war, Brit. Suffered nearly 60,000 casualties.
Bloodiest battle in world history
June 1916
st
militarism – late 1800s and early 1900s.
5.
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A massive military buildup.
Cause of WWI
Desired to protect overseas colonies from other nations.
6.
alliances – A formal agreement between two or more nations entered into to advance
common interests or causes.
1.
2.
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Cause of WWI
Triple Entente: Russia, France and Great Britain
Triple Alliance Germany, Austria and Ottomans
-1880s.
7.
imperialism – late 1800s & early 1900s
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Germany, France, Russia, and Great Britain each saw themselves as great imperial
nations.
Cause of WWI along with Militarism, Alliances, and Nationalism
Triple Alliance – late 1800s
- An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy/Ottoman Empire.
9.
Who did Germany go after first? Russia
- 1914
10.
Triple Entente – An alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain in the late 1800s
11. Trench warfare – A form of combat in which soldier dug trenches, or deep ditches, to
seek protection from enemy fire and to defend their positions.
- In Europe in 1914-18.
What was the spark that ignited World War I? The assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
12.
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June 28, 1914
A Serbian man killed an Austrian-Hungary man. This made the two countries go to war.
13.
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Armistice Day (date)—what did it do?
November 11, 1918 (11AM)
It represents the armistice signed between allies of WW1 and Germany.
World War II
1.
Non-aggression Pact - An agreement between nations to not attack one another.
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August 1939
Soviet Union and Germany
2.
What group was treated most harshly by the US government during WWII?
- Japanese-Americans (because of Pearl Harbor)
“Final Solution” – The Nazi party’s plan to murder the 12million Jewish population of
3.
Europe 1941
Axis Powers – The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan in World War II
5. Allied Powers – The alliance formed between Britain, United States, and Soviet Union in
World War II.
6. Benito Mussolini – (1883-1945) Italian Fascist leader (founder of Fascism); he ruled as
Italy’s dictator for more than 20 years beginning in 1922. His alliance with Hitler brought
Italy into World War 2.
7. Holocaust – The killing of 6 million Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II.
8.
Normandy – Site of the D-Day invasion on June 6, 1944 (largest allied invasion in world
history)
4.
Auschwitz – Death camp, with specially designed gas chambers in which thousands of
people were killed everyday.
10.
“Date which will live in infamy”—when is that date and what is it? Pearl Harbor.
Dec. 7, 1941 United States declared war on the Empire of Japan for their attack on the United
State
9.
Fascism – A totalitarian system of government that focuses on the good of the state
rather than on the good of the individual citizens.
11.
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Founded by Mussolini.
In 1919.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Dates) – Hiroshima was on August 6 , 1945. Nagasaki was
on August 9 , 1945. (dropping of the atomic bombs)
13. Blitzkrieg – A German word meaning “lightning War”; a fast, forceful style of fighting
used by Germans in World War II. 1940 Battle of Britain
14. VE Day (Date) – May 8, 1945; a term used by the Allies, it stands for “victory in
Europe” during World War II.
15. What was the importance of the Middle East in WWII? If you controlled the Middle
East you controlled oil which was necessary for each side to win the war
16. Battle of Britain – 1940.
12.
th
th
- Three month air battle between Germany and Great Britain fought over Great Britain
during WWII; Britain’s victory forestalled a German invasion.
What happen to Hitler? He killed himself when the Soviets reached Berlin in April 30,
17.
1945.
Nazism – Nationalist Socialist Party; fascist political party of Adolf Hitler governed on
totalitarian lines and advocating German racial superiority.
19. Turning point in North Africa – The Battle of El Alamein
18.
- Large battle where the British defeated the German field Marshal Rommell.
20.
Turning point in Eastern Europe – The Battle of Stalingrad 1942-43
21. Turning point in Western Europe – Battle of Bulge 1944-45 (Hitlers last offensive
attack)
22. Turning point in Pacific – Battle of Midway 1942 (Island Hopping)
US Constitution
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bill of Rights – The first 10 amendments of the constitution. Protected the rights of the
citizens. 1787
1 Amendment – Protects the freedom of religion, speech, and the press, as well as the
right to assemble and petition the government.
Legislative Branch – Makes laws. (Congress (HoR & Senate))
Executive Branch – Includes the president. Has the power to carry out laws.
Judicial Branch – Interprets laws. Supreme Court
List all amendments.
1.
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3.
4.
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6.
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Freedom of citizens
Right to bear arms
No housing military in time pf peace.
Search & seizure
Rights of the accused.
Right to a fair trail
Right in Civil Cases
No cruel and unusual punishment
1.
2.
st
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27.
Right Retained by the people.
Powers of the states and the people
Lawsuits against states
Election of president and vice president.
Abolition of slavery
Civil Rights
African American suffrage.
Income Taxes
Direct election of Senators
Prohibition of liquor
Women’s suffrage
Terms of President & Congress
Repeal of Prohibition
Limitation of Presidents to two terms
Suffrage in District of Columbia
Poll Taxes
Presidential Disability and Succession
Suffrage of 18-year-olds
Congressional Pay Raises.