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Επίδραση και κατανοµή ναρκωτικών
ουσιών στον εγκέφαλο
κατά την εφηβεία
Δρ. Λήδα Κοβάτση
Ιατρός-Ειδικής Ιατροδικαστής
Χηµικός-Τοξικολόγος
Επίκουρη Καθηγήτρια
Εργαστήριο Ιατροδικαστικής & Τοξικολογίας
Τµήµα Ιατρικής
Α.Π.Θ
Major classes of abused drugs
 Narcotic Drugs – taken to dull pain (analgesic)
 Stimulants – taken to increase mental and physical energy
 Hallucinogens – taken to change one’s mental state
 Anti-depressants, Hypnotics, & Tranquilizers – taken to dull
one’s senses, to reduce anxiety, or induce sleep
 Club Drugs – taken to enhance one’s enjoyment of a party or
other social activities
 Performance Enhancing Drugs – taken to build muscles,
endurance, or enhance athletic performance
 Al cohol
 Inhalants
OPIATES OR NARCOTIC DRUGS
 Narcotic drugs are painkillers (analgesics)
 All natural and synthetic compounds derived from opium are known
as
opiates.
 Opiates are addictive drugs, with withdrawal causing severe
physiological symptoms.
NATURAL OPIATES
 Opium can be smoked directly or chemically processed to isolate
pure morphine.
 Morphine is a narcotic and the primary active drug in opium, the
dried sap of the opium poppy plant.
 Codeine is the second most plentiful chemical component of
opium, used as a strong painkiller and cough suppressant.
 Thebaine (paramorphine) is a minor constituent of opium, which
has stimulatory rather than depressant effects.
It is not used therapeutically, but can be converted industrially into a
variety of compounds including oxycodone, naloxone, naltrexone,
buprenorphine.
SYNTHETIC OPIATES
 Heroin, a derivative of morphine is at least as addictive as
morphine. Heroin is an addictive drug that is processed from
morphine and usually appears as a white or brown powder or as a
black, sticky substance. It is injected, snorted, or smoked.
Short-term effects of heroin include a surge of euphoria and
clouded thinking followed by alternately wakeful and drowsy states.
Heroin depresses breathing, thus, overdose can be fatal.
 Fentanyl (sublimaze, durogesic) is a synthetic opiate 100 times
more potent than morphine. Currently used in patches as painkiller.
Is abused in the form of “tea bags”.
 Oxycodone is an opiate analgesic synthesized from opiumderived thebaine.
 Hydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic opiate
derived from two naturally occurring opiates, codeine and thebaine.
Hydrocodone is an orally active narcotic analgesic (pain reliever)
and antitussive (cough suppressant).
 Methadone is a synthetic opiate, used medically in the treatment
of chronic heroin addicts.
 Buprenorphine is a thebaine derivative (semi-synthetic opiate)
with powerful analgesia, approximately 25-40 as potent as
morphine.
-Subutex contains buprenorphine alone.
-Suboxone contains one part naloxone for every four parts
buprenorphine.
The opioid antagonist naloxone is added to deter the abuse of
OPIATE ANTAGONISTS
 Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist. It is
longer-acting than naloxone.
 Naloxone is a drug used to counter the effects of
opioid overdose. Naloxone is specifically used to
counteract life-threatening depression of the
central nervous system and respiratory system.
STIMULANTS
 Stimulants are taken to make one feel more energetic, strong, or
awake.
 Amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, cocaine are examples
of abused stimulants.
 Taken repeatedly or in high doses, stimulants can cause anxiety,
paranoia, dangerously high body temperatures, irregular heartbeat,
or seizures.
HALLUCINOGENS
MARIJUANA-HASHISH-SKUNK
 Marijuana is one of the oldest. It is made up of dried parts of the
Cannabis sativa hemp plant.
 Short-term effects of marijuana use include euphoria, distorted
perceptions, memory impairment, and difficulty thinking and solving
problems.
 Hashish is another form of marijuana, traditionally a more potent
form, made from the flowering tops of the plant. It is a thick oily
material which can be mixed with tobacco.
 Skunk is a new variety of cannabis cultivated to produce double the
amount of THC usually found in marijuana.
 The physiologically active ingredients are known as cannabinoids,
found in the resinous leaf coating of Cannabis sativa.
ANTI-DEPRESSANTS, HYPNOTICS &
TRANQUILIZERS
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
HYPNOTICS
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Non-benzodiazepines (zolpidem, zopiclone)
Antihistamines
Melatonin agonists
TRANQUILIZERS
Anxiolytic (benzodiazepines)
Antipsychotics (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone)
Antimanic agents (anticonvulsants)
CLUB DRUGS
 Club drugs tend to be used by teenagers and young adults at bars,
nightclubs, concerts, and parties.
 Club drugs include GHB, flunitrazepam (Rohypnol®), ketamine, and
others (ecstasy, LSD, methamphetamine).
 Club drugs have varying effects.
 Ketamine distorts perception and produces feelings of detachment
from the environment and self. High doses of ketamine can cause
delirium and amnesia.
 GHB and flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) are sedating (date rape drugs).
GHB abuse can cause coma and seizures. Rohypnol® can
incapacitate users and cause amnesia, and especially when mixed
with alcohol, can be lethal.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS-ANABOLIC
STEROIDS
 Most anabolic steroids are synthetic substances similar to the
male sex hormone testosterone. They are taken orally or are
injected. Some people, especially athletes, abuse anabolic steroids
to build muscle and enhance performance.
 Abuse of anabolic steroids can lead to serious health problems,
some of which are irreversible.
 Major effects of steroid abuse can include liver damage; jaundice;
fluid retention; high blood pressure; increases in "bad" cholesterol.
 Also, males risk shrinking of the testicles, baldness, breast
development, and infertility.
 Females risk growth of facial hair, menstrual changes, malepattern baldness, and deepened voice.
 Teens risk permanently stunted height, accelerated puberty
changes, and severe acne.
ALCOHOL
• Ethyl alcohol, is an intoxicating ingredient found in beer, wine, and
liquor.
• It is a central nervous system depressant that is rapidly absorbed
from the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream.
• Alcohol affects every organ in the drinker's body and can damage a
developing fetus. Intoxication can impair brain function and motor
skills; heavy use can increase risk of certain cancers, stroke, and
liver disease.
• Alcohol abuse, which can lead to alcoholism, is a pattern of
drinking that results in harm to one's health, interpersonal
relationships, or ability to work.
INHALANTS
o Inhalants are breathable chemical vapors that users intentionally
inhale because of the chemicals' mind-altering effects.
o The substances inhaled are often common household products that
contain volatile solvents, aerosols, or gases.
o Most inhalants produce a rapid high that resembles alcohol
intoxication.
o If sufficient amounts are inhaled, nearly all solvents and gases
produce a loss of sensation, and even unconsciousness.
o Irreversible effects can be hearing loss, limb spasms, central
nervous system or brain damage, or bone marrow damage.
o Sniffing high concentrations of inhalants may result in death from
heart failure or suffocation (inhalants displace oxygen in the lungs).