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Unit 4: 1450-1750 Age of Exploration: The Hemispheres Unite! History in Review Period 1- 8000-600 BCE: Foundations of history Humans move out of Africa, start forming societies Period 2- 600 BCE-600 CE: Classical history Major world religions founded Development of world empires Beginning of interregional trade Period 3: 600-1450 CE: Post-classical history Collapse of Period 2 Empires and emergence of new powers (Muslims & Mongols) Expansion of trade networks & migrations Big Picture- Period 4 Transatlantic connections First time we can talk about “world” history VAST expansion of interregional exchange COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE New labor systems Maritime and land-based (“gunpowder”) empires Key Concept 4.1.I Globalizing networks of communication & exchange Existing networks of trade intensify while new networks of exchange emerge Remember these, they’re still important!: Indian Ocean Mediterranean Ocean Eurasian land routes Trans-Saharan Factors that led to European expansion (4.1.II) Advances in technology New tools from Asia (astrolabe, magnetic compass, better maps) New ship designs (caravel) Need to expand trade routes Fall of Constantinople to Ottomans in 1453 = bad news for Christian traders wanting to go through the region Religious motivations Protestant Reformation in 1517 Catholic rulers want to expand Catholicism to a new audience 4.1.III Important maritime exploration happens in Period 4 Oceania: Europeans reach Oceania (James Cook), but infrequent visits make this the least changed part of the world China: Zheng He - last great Chinese explorer (1371-1433) Could have been 1st to discover Americas Ming Dynasty pulls inward, rejects exploration Europe: big man on campus (re: exploration) Goes to Africa, Asia, Americas Beginning of European colonization Why Portugal and Spain First? - Located near ocean - Need to get around Italian grip on Mediterranean - Go west and south! Portugal Goes South 1418: Prince Henry the Navigator starts a school to teach navigators to sail down west coast of Africa 1488: Bartolomeo Dias sails around Cape of Good Hope 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas limits Portugal’s influence in South America to (what is now) Brazil and east, encouraging Portugal to seek influence elsewhere (Africa and Asia) 1498: Vasco de Gama reaches India by ocean (1st European) 1500- Pedro Cabral settles Brazil Kongo, Angola, and Swahili City States all fall to Portuguese rule, directly or indirectly Spain Goes West Christopher Columbus really wants to find glory at sea Thinks he can sail west to reach Asia (India) King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella say “eh, why not?” October 12, 1492: Lands somewhere in Caribbean Discovers gold on island of Hispaniola- ensures Spaniards will be back 1521: Hernan Cortes- conquers Aztecs 1532: Francisco Pizarro- conquers Incas Both men used gunpowder, horses, disease and disgruntled locals to overthrow massive empires Western Europe Netherlands Mid-Atlantic colonies, Caribbean islands (Dutch Antilles, Aruba, etc) France Exploration begins in 1534 with Jacques Cartier Settles Canada, midwestern N.A, Louisiana, Florida (for a hot minute), Haiti (Saint-Domingue) Export luxury goods- furs, sugar, etc Friendly relations with Native Americans England Colonies first attempted in 1586/1587 (Roanoke) Settles Canada (wins French Canada in 7 Years War), eastern N.A., West Indies, parts of Central/South America Hostile relations with Native Americans KC 4.1.IV- American Wealth, European Companies, Asian Goods Everyone wants in on the Asian game Europeans trade American gold & silver for Asian goods Transport goods from Asian city to other Asian cities or back to Europe Joint-stock companies formed, British East India Company – 1600 Dutch East India Company – 1602 French East India Company- 1664 **Mercantilism**- main economic system in Period 4 You want a positive flow of wealth into your country Zero-sum game with other countries (if you have more money, that means I have less) KC 4.1.IV Cont’d Key Concept K.1.V- The Columbian Exchange KC 4.1. VI- Spread and Blend of Religions Islam spreads to new settings in Afroeurasia Sunni/Shia split intensifies Sufism spreads Christianity spread through Asia and Americas Buddhism spreads through Asia Dalai Lama lineage begins in 15th century Syncretic religions: Vodun (vodou) in Caribbean Cult of saints in Latin America Sikhism (Hinduism + Islam) KC 4.2.VII- Innovations in Art Renaissance Italian merchants who were rich off trade could afford to pay artists to make art Art was this era’s status symbol; art by da Vinci, Michelangelo, etc was that era’s version of a Prada bag or Ferarri Commissioning religious art was also an acceptable way for rich Catholics to spend their money Renaissance is born Innovations in art (1-point linear perspective, depth, use of oil as a painting medium, studies in anatomy, engineering, etc) Innovations in literature Shakespeare Key Concept 4.2 New forms of social organization and modes of production Social organization Family size and composition Social classes change New races of people creates Modes of production Expanded trade & Columbian exchange = big changes KC 4.2.I- Changes in Labor Peasant labor intensifies Indian production of cotton goods East India Company sold Indian cotton to Britain 1664- 250,000 pieces of cotton from India to Britain African Slavery Slaves captured in battle, used in homes or sold to Mediterranean/Indian Oceans KC 4.2.I Continued Plantation Economies Chattel slavery (VERY different from African slavery) Africans imported to American colonies, used as labor on plantations to grow cash crops (tobacco, sugar, etc) Colonial Coerced Labor Indentured servitude- In theory, seven-year long internship Encomienda (you work as my slave, and I “protect” you and convert you to Christianity) Hacienda- much like encomienda, but grows as encomienda is outlawed, and is land-based (una hacienda is an estate) Mit’a (1/7 of labor goes to Spanish lords, not community projects that benefit everyone) KC 4.2.2 Existing and New Elites Existing Elites have to adapt to new challenges and increasingly powerful monarchs Japanese equivalent to European nobility Enjoyed great freedom until Tokugawa period or Edo Period (1603-1868) Tokugawa shogunate reined in daimyo Laws restricting: dress, behavior, marriage, weaponry, etc Forced to live in Edo (capital) every other year Forced to contribute to public works projects 4.2.II New ElitesImperial conquests and new economic opportunities create new elites Example: Manchu people Northeastern China Mix of Jurchen, Mongolian, and Han Chinese Manchu (Qing) Dynasty Conquer Ming Dynasty between 1644 and 1673 Took over government Ethnic minority takes over Chinese government Adopted Confucianism and Mandate of Heaven 4.2.II Gender & Family Restructuring European men depend on Southeast Asian women for trade in that region (Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, Philippines) Matriarchal societies Wealth passed from man to woman in marriage Women were educated, allowed to engage in finance Trade run by women Women worked outdoor markets Engaged in long-distance trade Wealthiest women controlled mini trade empires 4.2.II- New Ethnic and Racial Classifications Peninsulares- Iberian Spaniards Creoles- American born descendents of Peninsulares (new elites) Mestizos- European/Native American Mulattoes- European/African Native Americans Slaves 4.3- Expansion of Empires 4.3.I- Rulers used a variety of tactics to legitimize their rule Art and architecture Elizabeth I and James I supported Shakespeare The construction of Versailles- 1682 Kept all the nobles under the same roof, easier to control Religion Divine right in Europe- God made me king, so deal with it Very similar to Mandate of Heaven in China, but divine right cannot be withdrawn from the ruler if they are incompetent Hall of MirrorsVersailles Constructed by King Louis XIV (14th) to show off the strength, splendor, and wealth of his court to foreign dignitaries and to his own nobles 4.3.I Continued Treatment of minorities Ottoman Empire privileged Muslims over non-Muslims (dhimmis) Christians and Jews were tolerated and allowed to live in their own communities (millets), polytheists were not Use of bureaucratic and military elites Ottoman devshirme- Christian boys from the Balkans (8-18 years old) were kidnapped, converted to Islam, and trained for the elite military corps called the Janissaries Tributes & tax are collected to keep empires running 4.3.II- The Empires to Know European Trading Post Empires Africa Cape Town, South Africa- Dutch Various port cities/Swahili city states- Portugual Asia Philippines- Spain Indonesia- Portugal, then Dutch India- France and Britain, then Britain Goa and Malacca- Portugal 4.3.II Continued Land Empires Called “Gunpowder Empires” Manchus (China) Mughals (India) Ottomans (Central Asia/Eastern Europe) Russians (…) 4.3.II Cont’d Maritime Empires in the Americas Portuguese Spanish Dutch French British 4.3.III- Competition and Conflict Empires face challenges to their strength and expansion Competition over trade routes PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN Many pirates were actually employed by one government to steal from another government (Francis Drake) Rivalries between governments Thirty Years War in Europe (1618-1648) Local resistance Samurai revolts- Shimabara Rebellion (1637-1638)