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SECTION 169-210-101 Issue 1, 7-20-33 AT&T Co Standard BCL1 SYSTEM PRACTICES PIont Swim RECTIFIERS MISCELLANEOUS ELECTRON TUBE (FORMERLY TUNGAR) DESCRIPTION 1. ; F. ~~L 1.01 This section oovers the Tungar Keetiflere p~5;~ &Ting specifications: KS-5191, KS-5194, KS-5197, G-boym::g%i, %!%2: KS-5364, KS-5395$ KS-5420 and KS-5443, used ror oharging atora6e batteriee in telephone and telegraphpower planta$ P.B.X.ts, eto. TYPE 1.02 Eaoh rectirier aoneists ofa tnmsrom. or and one or mare r ectLfier bulbs tiich permit current to flow in only one direction thereby produolng a pulsating clireot current which may be used for oharging batteries. With the larger capacityrectlflere, meana of regulatingand controlling the output current are provided In the rectlfier, and choke coils to decrease the ripple in the current output are umally furnished with full-wave TC!Ctiflars. CATHODE (HEATEDFILAMENT ‘~~ D.C. OUTPUT BULB P&ER S2RVIm INPUT 3L mlAwsFoRMER (INsULAT= & REGULATING) + HALF WAVE RECTIFIER o L I q o CHOKE COIL L FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH TWO HALF WAVE BULBS .. r. . 3 FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH ONE FIJI&WAVE BULB RECTIFIERCIRCUIIS FIG. 1 - SCR23AATI(J cop~ight, 1933, by Amrloan Telephone and Telegraph Ccawany Printed in V. S. A. Page 1 SECTION 169-210-101 ● 1.03 Three methods of mounting rectifiers are employed, dependingupon the I$lZO of the unit, its application,and the general arrangement of adjacent equlpnumt. Units ofsmall capacity are generallymounted on a shalf or on top of a cabinet and enclosed In a sheet mtal case having a hinged top which provides access to the equipment. A typical example of this type Of unit is ehown in Fig. 4. Large capacity type units are arranged for either wall mounting (Figs. 2, 5 & 6), or panel mountIn both the latter types ing (Fig. 3). the front of the case forms a panelon which I t the rectifier controls, meters, switchesetc. are mounted. In wall mounted rectifiersthe sides of the case are hinged to provide acback cess to the equipment within as the of the caee is very close to the wall. In the case of panel mounted rectifiers,access to the inside of the case Is throughtheback since thie type of rectifier is usuallymount+ ed on the regular power panel framework. 1.04 The principal electrical dats for the various rectifiers are given In the following table. . ‘cury 16 X 897’ 1 Mercury 45 X 674 X 825 “ 4 I I I I I Full I t+k-t+ .- k“ I=Elwa” ‘a’f 6 R-t+%9r ‘5 1’1’4 131wa1’ ‘111’’121 ‘5 1: T~125~~ Ca t 1 4 I I I I I I , 7 , 1 1 1 1 1 ,.. - 1 , Zm T 210/250& 1 5197 ~ 3 Wall ~ Shelf mll 1.75-3 Full 5 lo5/125 * 3 190/250 3 105/125* 65-19/52 0.5 30 60 2 tigon 12 1 lmgon 199698 7 I AS.*-. --c5u~* laK69Q ‘-. -’.-u 1 5281 I 1 ---- L I 2-$+ ..” 3 lWall L f mlr~ & 3. , I . ..nalr wall 1 .9AtWl . . w K lnRl>9R *-” . *V”, 1 -,-. 25[% I cl) ~2.5 ! s 1=11 10 40/60 , [ , 1 I I 105/125 , -.,, . 1 =nf, 50 c> , I >. ‘5 . 10 I 190/250 ‘30 153’5 B+pane4 “1 1*’’-3171-2’/’2’ I-4+%& i 15*0 1 1 4 +++ 1 . I 1 I 1 1 IPanellrulll I I r 30 1 I 1+ 1 A i ( Page 2 4 I 1 Argon 12 2 Argon 217283 X 15 190/250 bO/60 n &cl t 825 2 *.”,-“” Z5 I I I 31 190/mo 1 Meroury 16 X W7 4 1SS 1 SECTION 169-210-101 n. r— Line Voltage Adjustment Taps - . * Variable FI“G.2 - WALL MOUNTED RECTIFIER K%5192 , LIsT 1 Removable Rear‘ Panel — Hole for Wall :ch Em. 3 - PANXL MOtlNTn REOTIFIER IC3-5364 Plug Switchn FIG. 4 - SEELF MOUNTED RECTIFIER ap Switch leostat 1 . Dial Switch— FIG. 5 - WALL MOUNTED RECTIFIER KS-5197 Toggle Switch RG. 6 - WALL MOUNTED RECTIFIER KS-5194 Page 3 — ..—— .—____ SECTION 2. 169-210-101 DESCRIPTIONOF APPARATUS Rectifier Bulb 2.01 Theory of Opexat Ion - The Tungar bulb oontains a araDhite nlat.e (anode) and a tungsten filam;nt-in th; fonu of a ehort helical coil (cathode),wbichlsheatedwhlle the bulb 18 operated. The combinationof a cold plate and a hot filament in a vacuum will serve as a rectifier .sInce, when the plate 18 positive with respect to the filament, electrone emitted by the filament because it is heated to the point of incandescence.,are attracted to the plate and this electroD stream is a small electrlc current. When the plate is negative with respect to the filament, the electrons are repelled by the plate and thrown back upon the filament and conso that no electron stream exists Therefore, sequently no electric current. with alternatingvoltage impressedupon the plate, current will flow from the plate to the filament during that part of the cycle when the plate Is positive with respect to the filament and wI1l not flow during that negapart of the cycle when the plate is tive. ~ar bulbs, however, instead of being of the vacuum type are filled with gas at low pressure (about 1.5 pounds absolute or a the vacuum of 27 Inches of mercury). In uaee of the older types of bu~bs, this gas Is the inert atmosphericgas argon whereas in the lately developed high voltage types When of bulbs, the gas Is mercury vapor. the electrons emitted by the filament are attracted to the plate they attain highveloclties but in this path they collide with molecules of gas and cause the gas to bacome ionized. This Ionized gas provides a path for current and an arc is formed betweenthe elements. Along the arc, relativelyheavy plate currentsare permitted to flow from the to filament. Ey proper regulation of gas in the tube the amount of this ionization 1s controlledand the arc is diffused. A concentratedarc such as is used primarily to furnish llght would cause excessive heating of the filament which would In a short t-e burn out the bulb and therefore, diffised. lt is necessary to have the arc Uhen the plate repels the electrons because it 18 negative with respect to the filament, there Is no bombardnsntof the gas molecules In the space between the elementsand,therefore, the gas in this space Is not ionized, and as a result no current flows. The current output Or a single half-waveTungar bulb conalats of the positive half of an alternatingcurrent wave for one hdr of other the cycle and zero current for the half. When two half-~ve bulbs are canected so that the plate of one Ia positivewhen the plate of the other Is negative, or when a two enode full-waverectifier bulb lsused, both halves of the alternatingcurrent wave are rectified. Figure 7 shows the outputof each bulb of a full-waverectlfier,theccmbined output of the two bulbs when charging Page 4 a battery directly, the combined output of both bulbs tien charging a battery with a choke coil In series, and, for purposes of comparison,the alternating input current wave which is being rectlfled. 2.02 Filament Heatin - The emissionofeleo%rom from ilsment of the bulb is necessary to start and to maintain rectification. To provide this emlsslon, the filament 1$ heated by passing current through the wire, which consumes between 10 and 60 watts depending upon the size of the bulb. After the bulb starts to rectify a bluehalo forms about the filament. This is glowdischarge and is caused by the ionization of the gas around the filament. When the bulb is in this condition, it will continue to function even though the heating current of the filament be discontinued,because the heat generated by the arc will besufficlent to insure the proper emission, but In this case the rectifier would not be self-stsrtIng after power failure. Furthermore, the arc tends to concentrateupon one or two turns of the filament with the result that these turns are greatly werheated and fuse in a very short time. It might appear that operating without the filament heatlngwould result in more efficient operation of the rectifier. However, the potential drop between the plate and the filament Is greatly Increasedwhen the filament is not heated from a separate source and the loss so incurred exceeds the power requl.redto heat the filament. 2.03 Pick-Up Voltage - In order to causeany current to low between the heatedfilament and the plate, it is necessarythattb plate have impressedupon it a potentlalsufflCient to make the plate positive with respect to the filament. This ranges from 10 to 20 volts. When charging a storage battery, the negative end of the storage battery Is so connected that the negative potential of the battery Is impressedupon the plate. Consequently,the alternating current potential that must be impresed upon the plate is increased by the voltageof the battery. This fact accounts for the phenomenon that when a recti.flerused to charge batteries of different voltages is connected to a higher voltage battery after charging a lower voltage battery,frequently no output current flows with the same setting that gave a reasonably large charging current for the lower voltage battery. When charging the lower voltage battery,thevoltage impressedupon the plate was greater than the sum of the pick-up voltageplus the battery voltage and, therefore,was Surricient to start the rectlrler, but when the rectifierwas switched to the highervoltage battery the alternating current potential was less %han the sum of the pick-upvoltage plus the battery voltage and, therefore,no current could flow. By Increasing the PO. tential Impressed on the p~te, the rectifier can be made to start and to charge the higher voltage battery. . AlternatingInput Current Output Current Bulb A (hair ware) Output Currant Bulb B (hair ware) JL!!14 ComblmJd Outmt Current Bulbs A&B (full ware)- rme avks Yull Wam Output Throu@ Choke (exaggeratedvertical soale) ?10. 7 - RECTIFXEROSCILLOGRrent 10 flowing in the rectifier, the wett- loot through this increasedvolta@ drop 2“04 W%%e%%::c:%%e%x”$? age in the tube La uaually greater than themtti plate and the tilanent decreaeest~avelue la lower than the pick-up voltage. oelled the arc drop, and when the filament is separatelyheated, it range8 trom6t010 volts. However,lfthe filament heatingcrent la &iaoontlnued,the emission 10 sonmwhat deoreeaedand ● epace oharee between the plate and the filament oocurs. &e a reeult of this condition,the ● re drop inoreaeea from the ueud 6-10 volte to ashigb u 20 Tolto, end *en ●w appreciable mr,y-- age tiioh would be re@ired for heating tho rilament.when very mall currentsarepamed voltmets by the bulbs euoh &# when oaly a ie conneetedaomae the output terminals of the rectifier,the arc drop ie wary large and Ooneequentlythe no load output voltage aa read on a permanent-gnat type DC meter the ie usually lower than the roltege of battery to be oharged. SECTION 169-210-101 A.C.LXIUB I AMMETER ,’11’ { LINE VOLTAGEADJUSTMENTTAPS PRIMARY SEC. 1 SBO.2 m u u cd PLUG BOARDS tJ A- IJ ~B ~c u ~D LIE a L1 Y- LI d COARSB ( ~+ D.C. OUTPUT FIG. 0 - WIRIP?3DIAGRAM OF KS-5364 RECTIFIER Pago 6 ILAHIUiT WINDING 1SS 1 Z.@5 Flaghover - A fl.ashoverof a rectifier f-’ . bulb he result of the brealdngdown of its rect%ying properties and-he passing in the direction !’vom fil~ent of current to plate instead of the mxmal directlonfiom plate to filament. This AS caused by the plate having Impressedupon it, a negative potential in excess of the Inversepeakvol& age. For telephone applications, Inthecsme of argon filled bulbsthis is not over about 300 volts and in the case of mercury bulbs not over about 500 volts. These valueavary with the load on the bulb, being higher for low outputs. The peak voltage deliveredby the transformeris as high as 2 or 3 times the voltage of the ~ttery beingchargsdand this fact accounts for the uae of two argon bulbs in series on high voltage batteries. During the period of flashover, the ill~nation of the bulb is greatly increased;the color of the light in an argon filled bulb changes from yellow to a bluish white; and if the flashover continuee for an appreciable tims,the light may be seen to flicker. In the manufactureof the Tungar bulbs great care must be exercised to insure that gasses other than the argon ormercuryvap~ are left in the bulbs since these othergaeses reduce the current output, Increaae the losses and in som caaes disintegrate the elements. In order to insure that the last trace of foreign gas is removed, a quantity of magnesium Is placed in each bulb during Its manufacture,and when the bulb has been completedand Is bei~ testedthismagnesium is fired. The magnesium combines with the unwanted gasses in the bulb and the products of this combinationas well as excess magnesium find their way to the inside surface of the bulb where they produce eithera mirror-like or a sooty appearance. ‘lheappearance of the bulb has no effect upon its operation. Somethws some of the magnesium is left on the elements or Is redeposited there during shipment. AS the presence of the inmagnesium on the elsacentsdecreasea verse peak voltage of the bulband increases the tendency of the bulb to flashover, new bulbs intended for operation on other than low voltages should be aged by operationfor a time at low voltage or carryidgmalllods at a higher nommal voltage to drive off any remnants of magnesiu that might remain on tne elements. . *. Flashoversare aleo caused by disconnecting the rectifier from the AC power supplywithout first disconnectingit from the battery, particularlyif”the rectifier charges the battery througha choke coil. In such casee, the inductivekickbackfrom the COI1 raises the potentialabove the Inverse peak value and the bulb flaehes over. A flaehoverfrequently destroys a bulb because the resultant arc concentrateson one or two turns of the filnment and fuses it. Power failurea do not usually cause bulb failurea through flashover because the interruption of the power Is not aa rapid as that caused by the operationof a switch in the rectifier sup- SECTION 169-210-101 ply line. The characteristic of the power line from the generating station cause the voltage to decrease steadily over a period of several cycles instead of instantaneously, and the kickback Ie consequently much less severe. Transfo~r Oeneral Design - Rectifiers for telephone wsrviceare equipped with insulating tmnsformers, that is, tnnsfo-rs with the priwry windtigs entirely separate and insulatedfrom the secandaxy windings, thus avoiding short circuits if bothprimsry power supply and secondary load circuitsare grounded as is usually the case. Zach trans. former has two or more secondary windings, one for the excitation of the filament and the others to provide the proper plate voltage for the operatl~ range of the rectifier. If readings are taken with thelighted but no output current except that taken by the meter, voltages of sevemltjmea the battery charging voltage requlr~dmaybe obtained with AC instrumentsand lower than the battery voltage with permanentmagnet meters, although, if the rectifier were conoutput to nected to a battery, the wrrent charge that battery would be within the operating range of the rectifier. 2.06 Line Voltage Adjustments - All of the rectiriers with th exception Or the KS-5191 and KS-5191-01~e equipped with line voltage adjustmenttaps-on the transformer primary so that the rectifier for a nominal 115 volt service will have taps for use when the service voltage Is nearer 105 or 125. StillarlY,the 230 volt rectiflere are equipped with transformertaps for 210 and 250 volts with an additional tap onsome of the rectifiersfor 190 volt service.-n a rectifier is Installed,the line voltage adjustment tap closest to the actual noncal line vvltage is connected to the service lead. 2.07 2.0% Control Ta s - One method of control~puto* a rectifier is to control-~hevoitage impresseduponthe plate of the tube and, since this .nethodis more efficient than to limit the current bymsane resistance,most rectifiersare of a series equlppsd with taps on the transfom~ for regulatingthe output. KS-5193, KS-5197, KS-5281, KS-5=2, FS-5364,%&%~ and KS-5443 rectlflerssreall equlp~d with voltage control taps on the secondarywitiing of the transformer.The KS-5193,~-5194 and KS-5364 rectifiers are equippedwithboth ooarae and fine adjustment taps on the secondary winding of the transformer,the full -e of the fine adjustment taps including approximatelyas many turns as between two adjacent Ccarse tws. ~ selection of the offina proper secondary tap or a combination and course eecond-y taps the chargi~ current deliveredby the rectifier can be controlled within close limlts. The KS-5420 rectifier is also equipped with taps forre- Page 7 —. SECTION 169-210-101 gulatlng the output but these tapa appear on the primary winding rather than the secondary because of the large currents that would have to be handled on the secondary winding. Wken changes are made In the primary excitation of the transformeras In the KS-5420 rectifier, the filament supply must come froica separate transformer that a decreasing or Increasingofthe pla% transformervoltage will not cause a simidelar change In the fitient voltage. A crease in the filament voltage as explained cause above under “FilamentHeati~” muld early failure of the rectifier bulb, and an excessive current due to high voltage wcmld produce a similar result. Control of Output 2.09 PIUR switches consistingof jack boards and short-circuitingplugs are used to select the transfonaertaps of the KS-5443, KS-5420, KS-5395 and KS-5364 rectifier@. A somewhat similar arrangementof pins and flexible leads is used in the KS-5197 unit. With the exception or the latter rectifier where the pin board is .?nclosedin the case, all plug boards are on the face of the rectifier with ready access from the front for making the necessary changes. 2.10 Dial switches are used to select the proper trans?!ormertaps on the KS-5193 and KS-5194 rectifiers. The dial switches themselvesexe raountedwithin the case, but the operatinghandles extend through to the wont of the rectifier where they are readily accessible. In the caseof the full-wave rectifier, care should be exercisedto have one half-wave the dial switch controlling in the asme position within one step as the dial switch controllingthe other half-wave eo that the rectifier w1ll be balanced. 2.11 ~le switches are used In addition to the dial sw{tches on the KS-5193 and KS-5194 rectifiers to provide a coarse adjustment approxi.aitely equivalent to all of the taps carried to the dial switch so that the oparatlonof the toggle switch iS approximatelyequivalentto a completerevolution of the dial switch. In the case of the full-wave rectifler,thesetoggle switches should llkewiee be In similar positions to keep the load on the two rectifier bulbs balanced. 2.12 A rheostat with a hsnfiwheelIs used to uive fine control of he outt)utof the KS-5335 and KS-5197 rectifiers. ‘ibisiheostat and handwheel is in addltlonto theplug switch (see 2.09) which regulatesthecoarse adjustment. The rheostat is mounted within the case and the hsndwheel extends through to the front where it is readily accessible for reducing the currentfrom the nearest larger value attainablewith the transformer taps to the destied value. Page 8 2.13 Rod t~e rheostats with a slider are ?urnished In the KS-5192, KS-5280, KS-5281 and KS-5282 rectifiers. These rheostats are all mounted withinthe ctisesince these rectifiers are used in locationsvhere it iS rare~y,if ever,neCeSSary tO re8dJuqt the current. Consequently,the less expensive method adjustmentis provided. These rectifiersare all for fairly low curreats and, therefore, the losses In the rheostat are not excessive. of any kind is provided for 2.14 !focontrol The FS-5151 or ‘Ks-5191-01 rectifiers. Operating Switch 2.15 An operating switch is furnished with the KS-5420, KS-5395, KS-5364,KS-5197, KS-5194 and KS-5193 rectifiers. Inallcsses the switch is a three-polesingle throw snap switch. Two of the polee are used to control the AC power service input to the eac!l rectifier, one pole be,lngplaced in The other side of the single phase line. pole Is used In the positive DC output lead where It clcses or opens the charging circuit at the same tiw that the power service is connected or disconnectedfrom the rectifier. The use of tkls switch prevefits bulb fhShCVer which mj.chtoccur if the battery potential shou:r.accidentallybe left on the bulb when the AC power is tur~ed off. Ammter 2.16 In order to read the output current ,~f the rectifier, the KS-5193, KS-5194, KS-5197, KS-53E4, KS-5397 and FS-5420 rectifiers are equipped~ith snmeters. These ammeters are of the permnent-magnet movahle-ceil (D~Arsonvaljt~e, since this is the only common type which will read the average current suppliedto the battery. All other meters read the square root of the mean sqmired currentswhich in the case of alternating current or ordinary direct C’drrentIs satisfactory,but when rectified directcurrents are involved, these readings may oecome as high as twice the averagecurrent. The average currentsare the values effective for tattery charging while the r.m.s. values represent the heating currents for fu9es, resistancewattage calculations etc. 2.17 In the case of the older rectifiers, it was the practice to ~lace the ammeter in the negative Or ano e lead which necessitatedthe use of two amneters for fill-wave rectifiers (KS-5194). The total current output of these rectifiers is the sum of the two ammeter readings. This -S necessary because.each of these half-wave portions had separateprovision for adjustimg the current. With the more modern rectifiers of the panel mounted type,a single ammeter is supplied connected In the common output lead so that the output of bothtubes flows through che anmeter. Thisis possible In these rectifiers because the regulating 1SS 1 devices are so connectedand operatedthat SECTION 169-210-101 it is impossibleto unbalance these rectifiers and thereby secure incmrect reading of the meters. . Page 9 9 Pages — -——