Download Chapter 10: Christianity

Chapter 10
The Rise of
Christianity
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The Rise of
Christianity
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The First Christians
The Jews and the Romans
• Jerusalem was the capital of the
kingdom of Israel. 
• Emperor Augustus made Judah into a
Roman province called Judaea in A.D. 6. 
• The Zealots were Jews who rebelled
against the Romans in A.D. 66 to take
back their kingdom.
(page 343)
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The First Christians
The Jews and the Romans (cont.)
• The Zealots were defeated and the
temple was destroyed. 
• The Jews rebelled again in A.D. 132 and
were defeated again. 
• In retaliation, the Romans forced the
Jews to leave Jerusalem and banned
them from ever returning.
(page 343)
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The First Christians
The Life of Jesus
• A messiah is a deliverer. 
• The Jews believed God would send a
messiah to restore the kingdom. 
• Jesus, a Jew born in the city of
Nazareth, traveled throughout Judaea
preaching his ideas.
(pages 344–347)
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The First Christians
The Life of Jesus (cont.)
• Jesus believed in
love and
forgiveness, not
simply following
religious laws.
(pages 344–347)
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The First Christians
The Life of Jesus (cont.)
• Jesus used parables to give his
message. 
• Parables are stories
that use events from
everyday life to
express spiritual
ideas. 
• Jesus’ followers
believed he was the
messiah the Jews had
been waiting for.
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(pages 344–347)
The First Christians
The Life of Jesus (cont.)
• Leaders in Jerusalem charged Jesus
with treason and crucified him. 
• Jesus’ followers believe in Jesus’
resurrection, or rising from the dead. 
• They founded a
new religion
called
Christianity.
(pages 344–347)
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The First Christians
The First Christians
• People who accepted Jesus as the
messiah were called Christians. 
• The Apostles were early Christian
leaders who helped establish churches
and spread Jesus’ word. 
• Peter and Paul were two of Jesus’
apostles. 
• Christians have different beliefs from
Jews.
(pages 348–350)
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The First Christians
The First Christians (cont.)
• Christians believe Jesus is the Son of
God who came to save people. 
• Christians believe people can gain
salvation, or be saved from sin and
allowed to enter heaven, by accepting
Jesus. 
• Christians believe in the Trinity, or one
God who exists as three persons:
Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
(pages 348–350)
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The First Christians
What are some ways the religious
beliefs of Jews and Christians
differ?
Christians believe Jesus was the
messiah; Jews do not believe Jesus
was their messiah. Christians also
believe the one God exists in three
persons: the Father, the Son, and the
Holy Spirit. Jews do not believe in
the Trinity.
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The First Christians
What do Christians believe they will
gain by accepting Jesus and his
teachings?
They believe they will gain salvation,
be resurrected, and have everlasting
life.
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The First Christians
Analyze Why were the Jews
looking for a messiah? Did Jesus
fulfill most Jews’ expectations for a
messiah? Explain.
Jews hoped the promised messiah
would restore their freedom. Jesus
did not fulfill most Jews’
expectations. They disagreed about
his authenticity.
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The Christian Church
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Focusing on the Main Ideas
• Christianity won many followers and
eventually became the official religion of
the Roman Empire. 
• Early Christians set up a church
organization and explained their beliefs.
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The Christian Church
Get Ready to Read (cont.)
Building Your Vocabulary
• persecute (PURH·sih·KYOOT) 
• martyr (MAHR·tuhr) 
•
•
•
•
hierarchy (HY·uhr·AHR·kee) 
clergy (KLUHR·jee) 
laity (LAY·uh·tee) 
doctrine (DAHK·truhn) 
• gospel (GAHS·puhl) 
• pope
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The Christian Church
A Growing Faith
• Christianity spread throughout Rome. 
• Christianity became popular for several
reasons. 
• It appealed to the lower classes
because it offered them hope. 
• The ideals of Christianity were similar to
what the people already believed.
(pages 352–354)
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The Christian Church
A Growing Faith (cont.)
• Also, Christianity gave people an
opportunity to be part of a caring group
of people. 
• Roman officials began to feel
threatened by Christians. 
• The Romans began to persecute, or
mistreat, the Christians in A.D. 64. 
• Martyrs are people willing to die rather
than give up their beliefs.
(pages 352–354)
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The Christian Church
A Growing Faith (cont.)
• The Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 gave
religious freedom to all people and
made Christianity legal.
(pages 352–354)
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The Christian Church
A Growing Faith (cont.)
• Helena, Constantine’s mother, helped
build churches in Rome and Jerusalem. 
• Theodosius, the emperor after
Constantine, made Christianity the
official religion of Rome in A.D. 392.
(pages 352–354)
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The Christian Church
The Early Church (cont.)
• Church leaders were the clergy. 
• Later, clergy were called priests. 
(pages 355–356)
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The Christian Church
The Early Church (cont.)
• Doctrine is official church teaching. 
• Jesus’ followers, Matthew, Mark, Luke,
and John, left a written record of his
teachings. 
• Each of the apostles’ works
is called a gospel, and all
four gospels together are
part of the New Testament
of the Bible.
(pages 355–356)
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The Christian Church
The Early Church (cont.)
• The pope was the bishop of Rome. 
• Gradually the pope claimed power over
other bishops. 
• The Latin-speaking churches in the
West that were led by the pope became
the Roman Catholic Church.
(pages 355–356)
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The Christian Church
Analyze Following Jesus’ death,
why was Christianity able to attract
followers?
Christianity offered hope and
comfort. It appealed to the emotions
and promised life after death. It
gave people the chance to be part of
a caring group.
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The Spread of Christian
Ideas
The Byzantine Church
• The Greek-speaking Christians in the
East developed their own form of
Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox
Church. 
• The Byzantines believed their emperor
represented Jesus Christ on Earth. 
• The emperor appointed the patriarch of
Constantinople, the leader of the
Eastern Orthodox Church.
(pages 359–361)
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The Spread of Christian
Ideas
The Byzantine Church (cont.)
• The Byzantines did not accept the
pope’s claim that he was head of all
Christian churches, including the
Eastern Orthodox Church. 
• After stopping an invasion of Italy by the
Franks, the pope named Charlemagne, a
Frankish king, as Byzantine emperor. 
• The Eastern Orthodox Church and the
Roman Catholic Church eventually
excommunicated each other.
(pages 359–361)
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The Spread of Christian
Ideas
The Byzantine Church (cont.)
• Excommunication is a declaration that
a person or group no longer belongs to
the church. 
• The split of the two churches was known
as a schism.
(pages 359–361)
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The Spread of Christian
Ideas
How did the Roman Catholic
Church and the Eastern Orthodox
Church differ in their relationship
with government?
The Eastern Orthodox Church respected
the wishes of the emperor, the political
leader. In the Roman Catholic Church,
the pope was considered the political and
spiritual leader. He often argued with
kings over church and government
matters.
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The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Christian Ideas Spread
• Christianity helped people achieve order
after the fall of Rome. 
• Religious men called monks formed
communities called monasteries. 
• Religious women became nuns and
formed religious communities of their
own, called convents. 
(pages 361–364)
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The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Christian Ideas Spread (cont.)
• Missionaries are people who teach their
religion to those who do not believe. 
• Christianity spread north of the
Byzantine Empire into Slavic countries
and west into Britain and Ireland.
(pages 361–364)
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The Spread of Christian
Ideas
Christian Ideas Spread (cont.)
• Patrick was a priest who brought
Christianity to Ireland.
(pages 361–364)
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The Rise of Christianity
Review Main Ideas
Section 1 The First Christians
On what is Christianity based?
Jesus’ life and teachings and belief
in his resurrection
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The Rise of Christianity
Contrast How did Jews and
Christians differ in their belief about
Jesus and his message?
Christians believed Jesus was
the messiah and had risen from
the dead. Jews did not.
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Spread of Christianity
A.D. 325
Spread of Christianity
A.D. 325–1100
The pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church,
lives in the State of Vatican City. It is the smallest
independent country in the world.
Sermon on the Mount
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Focus on Everyday Life
Christian Catacombs
Christians believed in resurrection, the idea that the body would one
day reunite with the soul. For this reason, they would not allow their
dead bodies to be burned, which was the Roman custom. Also,
Roman law did not allow bodies to be buried aboveground. Therefore,
starting in the A.D. 100s, Christians buried their dead beneath the city
of Rome in a series of dark, cold, stench-filled
tunnels called catacombs. Each tunnel was about
8 feet high and less than 3 feet wide. Bodies were
stacked in slots along the sides of the tunnels. The
catacomb walls were painted with images from the
Bible or from Greek or Roman mythology. More
than five million bodies were buried under Roman
streets and buildings. Many of the Christians
buried there were martyrs who had been killed for
their beliefs.
Jesus of Nazareth c. 6 B.C.–A.D. 30
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Paul of Tarsus
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C. A.D. 10–65
Chapter 10
Daily Focus Skills
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