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Rutger’s Extension Stewardship Program Floristic Assessment, Analysis & Context What are Native Plants? Trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses and ferns that have evolved in an area over time Existed here BEFORE European settlement Are adapted to the growing conditions there: Temperature, rainfall, winds, soil, slope, PH Benefits of using native plants Well-adapted to local traditions, thus requiring little maintenance, once established. Attract beneficial insects, which prey upon pests Reduce needs for pesticides, fertilizers, water or lawn maintenance equipment Less expensive to maintain 1 acre lawn costs $1000 per year 1 acre prairie or wetland costs $150 per year (according to U.S. EPA report 2006) Benefits of using Native Plants Reduce air pollution Improve water quality Reduces soil erosion Unlike cultivated landscapes, does not require the use of lawn maintenance equipment, a major contributor to air pollution Promotes Biodiversity Maintains natural heritage and the character of our community Benefits of Using Native Plants Native plants attract, shelter and feed native songbirds and butterflies Just have plants have evolved and adapted to our area over time, the local wildlife has evolved along side them, depending on these plants for food and shelter. Looking at only mature trees in a forest may tell you what it was like decades ago but not the quality today. Are we looking at a “retirees” forest Disturbed Woodland Less disturbed Woodland Or a degraded and disturbed forest So what can seeing the forest as a plant community tell us about stewardship Plants tell us a story about their home and habitat: Geography Light Soil Disturbance Complex interrelated factors of ants, funghi Every plant tells a story: Mayapple-podophyllum peltatum Green umbrellas; puck’s foot Spring ephemeral Grows in rich woodland; psi: 5 One of the “immortals” Grow out from one plant in circles 45 yr to 200+ year colonies Seed transplants best by “passing thru” the box turtle Toxicity; used as poison by native americans; today for cancer treatment Suffer from picking, declining habitat, plowing under Invasive Plants of the Delaware Valley Region Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve History of Invasive Plants Human Impacts/Manmade disaster Once prized plants now turned invasive weeds Combination of the plant adaptations and human interaction Transportation Dispersal Disturbances A Natural History of the Delaware Valley Before European settlement Fragmentation of the land Timber harvesting Agriculture Industrial Development Problems Caused by Invasives Disruption of a variety of diverse ecosystems Dominate and limit the diversity of species within the invaded area Pushing out native plant species Destruction of food chains and natural habitats Decrease the biodiversity of flora and fauna Invasive plants create maintenance issues Economical expenses Agricultural plant pests Ongoing landscape maintenance Incredible Invasive Abilities Reproduce extensively and early in life Spotted knapweed Scientific name: Centaurea maculosa Plant Form: Herbaceous perennial or biennial, short-lived Nativity: Central Asia Invasive characteristics: Spreads solely by seeds which are dispersed immediately upon maturity of the seed head. Common in fields, roadsides and stream banks. Identification Hints: Wiry stems with solitary pink flower. Flower head eggshaped. Mile-a-minute Scientific name: Polygonum perfoliatum Plant Form: Annual or perennial vine, trailing Nativity: Asia Invasive characteristics: Spreads aggressively by seeds, grows rapidly forming dense mats and blanketing other vegetation. Disturbed areas, woodland edges, wetlands, stream banks Identification Hints: Downward pointing barbs on stem, light green triangle heart-shaped leaf, barbs on underside Incredible Invasive Abilities Reproduce extensively and early in life Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots Common privet* Scientific name: Ligustrum vulgare Plant Form: Deciduous woody shrub, poisonous Nativity: Europe, introduced as an ornamental and hedgerow plant Invasive characteristics: Spreads aggressively by seeds, this plant is capable of massing over large areas of open-field or forest floor; seeds are consumed and distributed by birds, also spreads by root suckers Other species of concern: L. obtusifolium Identification Hints: Blue-black fruit, smooth gray-brown bark Photo by Elizabeth J. Czarapata Tree-of-heaven* Scientific name: Ailanthus altissima Plant Form: Deciduous tree Nativity: Central China, Eastern Asia, introduced as an ornamental and as a reforestation species Invasive characteristics: Spreads aggressively by seeds and vegetative sprouts, individuals can produce 325,000 seeds per year. Identification Hints: Large heartshaped leaf scars, strong odor when cut. Oriental bittersweet* Scientific name: Celastrus orbiculatus Plant Form: Deciduous, woody, perennial vine Nativity: Japan, Korea, China, introduced in mid 1800’s as an ornamental plant Invasive characteristics: Spreads aggressively by seed, spread via birds and dried flower arrangements. Also spreads through vegetative root suckers. Identification Hints: Flowers in auxiliary clusters, native sp. flowers at terminals. Fruits are yellow to green which open to display redorange fleshy arils. Lesser celandine* Scientific name: Ranunculus ficaria Plant Form: Herbaceous perennial Nativity: Europe, brought over as an ornamental with showy blooms Invasive characteristics: Spreads by roots, aggressive in moist woodlands. Tubers and bulbs form massing colonies Identification Hints: Basal rosette shiny, dark green, kidney to heart shaped leaves. Can be confused with Marsh marigold, Caltha palustris, but does not have tubers or produce bulbs like R. ficaria. Purple loosestrife Scientific name: Lythrum salicaria Plant Form: Flower Nativity: Europe, introduced as an ornamental and medicinal plant Invasive characteristics: Reseeds profusely, regeneration of plant parts and adventitious roots; can form dense stands Identification Hints: Square stems, leaves sessile, opposite or in whorls of 3 Common reed* Scientific name: Phragmites australis Plant Form: Grass, rhizomatous Nativity: Europe and America Invasive characteristics: Spreads radically by rhizomes, rarely produces viable seeds Identification Hints: Hollow stems, purple-brown plume fading to tan. Incredible Invasive Abilities Reproduce extensively and early in life Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots Low germination requirement – light, temperature, stratification, moisture Norway maple* Scientific name: Acer platanoides Plant Form: Deciduous tree Nativity: Eurasia, Scandinavia, Iran Invasive characteristics: Reseeds profusely, winged seeds disperse via wind and water Identification Hints: Exudes milky sap when leaf is broken. Stilt grass* Scientific name: Microstegium vimineum Plant Form: Annual, short lived grass Nativity: Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, India, possibly introduced via packing material Invasive characteristics: Spreads aggressively by seeds, this plant is capable of massing over large areas of open-field or forest floor; extremely aggressive Identification Hints: Sprawls along the ground, plant form resembles small bamboo Incredible Invasive Abilities Reproduce extensively and early in life Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots Low germination requirement – light, temperature, stratification, moisture Self-fertility (Monoecious) Garlic mustard * Scientific name: Alliaria petiolata Plant Form: Herbaceous biennial Nativity: Europe, introduced as a medicinal and ornamental plant Invasive characteristics: Reseeds aggressively and abundantly Identification Hints: Evergreen rosette first year, flowers second year. Crushed leaves produce garlic odor. Incredible Invasive Abilities Reproduce extensively and early in life Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots Low germination requirement – light, temperature, stratification, moisture Self-fertility (Monoecious) Adapted to a wide range of conditions / generalists English ivy * Scientific name: Hedera helix Plant Form: Evergreen woody vine, poisonous Nativity: Eurasia Invasive characteristics: Spreads by seeds and roots, can form solid stands in forests and tolerate deep shade to full sun Identification Hints: Evergreen, shiny dark green leaf with smooth edge Incredible Invasive Abilities Reproduce extensively and early in life Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots Low germination requirement – light, temperature, stratification, moisture Self-fertility (Monoecious) Adapted to a wide range of conditions / generalists Long flowering and fruiting periods Multiflora rose * Scientific name: Rosa multiflora Plant Form: Deciduous shrub Nativity: Japan/Korea, introduced as an ornamental plant in the 1860’s, wildlife habitat and governmental use in the 1930’s Invasive characteristics: Reseeds profusely which are readily distributed by birds; can spread by runners and form impenetrable thickets Identification Hints: Fringed structure at leaf stipules, spines along stem. Japanese honeysuckle Scientific name: Lonicera japonica Plant Form: Semi-evergreen woody vine, trailing and climbing Nativity: Asia, introduced as an ornamental vine, planted for erosion control and wildlife habitat in 1900’s Invasive characteristics: Spreads by roots and seeds, distributed via birds and gardeners Identification Hints: Semievergreen, white to yellow flowers, leaves and twigs are hairy. Incredible Invasive Abilities Reproduce extensively and early in life Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots Low germination requirement – light, temperature, stratification, moisture Self-fertility (Monoecious) Adapted to a wide range of conditions / generalists Long flowering and fruiting periods Seed dispersion over very long distances Japanese barberry * Scientific name: Berberis thunbergii Plant Form: Deciduous shrub Nativity: Japan, introduced in the late 1800’s and has escaped cultivation ever since Invasive characteristics: Spreads aggressively by seed, distributed by birds and other wildlife Other species of concern: B. vulgaris Identification Hints: Leaves are whorled, thorns at leaf nodes, bright yellow wood when bark is scratched. Autumn olive * Scientific name: Elaeagnus umbellata Plant Form: Deciduous shrub Nativity: Afghanistan, China, Korea, Japan, introduced as an ornamental in 1830’s – governmental use in the 20th century Invasive characteristics: Rapidly growing shrub, reproduces by seed and spread by birds Other species of concern: E. angustifolia Identification Hints: Silver-green scaling on underside of leaf. Fragrant trumpet shaped flowers. Canada thistle * Scientific name: Cirsium arvense Plant Form: Herbaceous perennial Nativity: Eurasia, possibly introduced via packing material Invasive characteristics: Spreads by seeds, rhizomes and regeneration, common in pastures, meadows, roadside ditches and disturbed ground. Seeds are wind and water distributed; a plant can produce 5,000 seeds per year Other species of concern: C. vulgare Chinese silver grass Scientific name: Miscanthus sinensis Plant Form: perennial grass Nativity: Eastern Asia, introduced as an ornamental Invasive characteristics: Spreads by wind-dispersed seeds and rhizomes Identification Hints: Single branch with big plumy inflorescence Incredible Invasive Abilities Reproduce extensively and early in life Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots Low germination requirement – light, temperature, stratification, moisture Self-fertility (Monoecious) Adapted to a wide range of conditions / generalists Long flowering and fruiting periods Seed dispersion over very long distances Thrive in disturbed areas Japanese knotweed * Scientific name: Polygonum cuspidatum Plant Form: Herbaceous perennial Nativity: Japan Invasive characteristics: Spreads extensively by seeds, vegative regeneration and rhizomes which form dense thickets along riverbanks, waste places, roadways and disturbed areas Identification Hints: Broad ovaltriangle leaf, alternate. Stems smooth and swollen at leaf junctures. What you can do to help? Avoid the use of invasive plants at all costs Remove invasive plants early before they become too abundant – early detection and rapid control Minimize landscape disturbances Restore and re-plant native ecosystems and habitats Protect native communities from disturbances and invasive plants Be educated, be aware and be ecological Educate others on the problems and effects of invasive plants Plant Stewardship Index Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI PSI was developed by BHWP to assist the land conservation and ecological restoration community answer these questions. Specifically: •Identify and protect •Evaluate land management practices •Prioritize funding and management •Generates comparable data •Education and awareness Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI So what is the PSI? Modeled after the Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI) created by Floyd Swink & Gerould Wilhelm Chicago region 1970’s Designed to assess the naturalness of a land area Adapted and modified for many regions including: Ohio, Illinois, Florida, Washington, Michigan Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Plants have a geography -- they have a geographic range Range of tolerated physiological conditions •Soil pH •Light levels •Moisture Collectively define the “niche” Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Plants with similarly defined narrow tolerance ranges tend to group together to form recognized plant associations or plant communities. Atlantic White Cedar Bog & Swamp Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Broad interpretations based on dominant tree species Pitch Pine Forest A good start but… Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI …inadequate Understory trees Shrubs Herbaceous plants Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI PSI is a numerical representation of the quality of a plant community /area Based on the fidelity or likelihood of a plant occurring in a particular habitat Coefficient of Conservatism Backbone of the PSI A numerical representation of a plant’s fidelity or likelihood to occur in a particular habitat. Represents a collective knowledge of plant experts from the Delaware Valley Region -- Ann Rhoads, Jack Holt, Janet Ebert, Bill Rawlyk, Emile DeVito, and Mary Leck Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve The plants tell us about the quality of the site… The presence or absence of a plant tells us a lot about the nature of the habitat: How pristine or disturbed is this landscape? Is management having an impact on that quality? Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Coefficient of Conservatism Backbone of the PSI Each plant is assigned a number based on a plant’s fidelity or likelihood to occur in a particular habitat. Represents a gradient from generalist to conservative species Represents a collective knowledge of plant experts from Pennsylvania and New Jersey -- Ann Rhoads, Jack Holt, Janet Ebert, Karl Anderson, Kathleen Walz, Bill Olson, Tom Halliwell, Linda Kelly, Bill Rawlyk and Mary Leck Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Arisaema triphyllum Jack‐in‐the‐Pulpit Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Assignment of Index Coefficients 9 to10 Plants with a high degree of fidelity to a narrow range of habitats. High degree of confidence that it is found in a high quality remnant habitat. conservative species 7 to 8 Plants with a poor range of ecological tolerances. 4 to 6 Plants with an intermediate range of ecological tolerances / associated with a specific plant community. Is in some kind of remnant but will “persist despite abuse” [mowing, cutting down etc]; can reproduce in “beaten down woods.” 1 to 3 Plants with a high range of ecological tolerances / found in a variety of plant communities. A 3 can be found in old fields, or on nonweedy new ground. 0 Dooryard plants. Includes nonnative and invasive plants that adapt to severe disturbances Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve generalists/opportunist species Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn Olive PACC= 0 NJCC= 0 All non-native plants CC = 0 Sambucus canadensis American Elder PACC= 3 NJCC= 2 Geranium maculatum Wood Geranium NJ CC =4 PA CC =4 Baptisia australis False Blue Indigo NJ CC =5 PA CC =5 Silene stellata Starry Campion PACC=6 NJCC=7 Lithospermum canescens Hoary Puccoon PACC=10 NJCC=10 Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Method for determining the “naturalness” of a site using the Floristic Quality Index Value 1. Compile a list of the plant species within the assessment area 2. Fill in the number already assigned to each plant (its Coefficient of Conservatism 3. “CC”) Calculate the Native Mean C by adding up the CC numbers and dividing by the number of NATIVE plant species found. The NATIVE Mean C will give you an idea of the naturalness of the area. An indicative number is that in other areas, restorations have not been able to achieve a sustainable Native Mean C of 3.5 or higher. 4. Multiply the Native Mean C by the square root of the total number of native plants to get the Floristic Quality Index Value FQI = Native Mean C x Sqrt N Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Floristic Quality Index - FQI Floristic Quality Assessment Index Sample FQI Lindera benzoin Lilium canadense Impatiens capensis Fraxinus americana Carpinus caroliniana Polygonum pensylvanicum Prunus serotina Toxicodendron radicans Viburnum dentatum Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve 1 7 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 21 FQI = Native Mean C x Sqrt N N = Number of native species Native Mean C = Sum of Coefficients / N NativeMean C = 21/9 NativeMean C= 2.3 FQI = Native Mean C x FQI = 2.3 x Sqrt.9 FQI = 6.9 Sqrt.N Method for evaluating the “stewardship” of a site using the Plant Stewardship Index 1. Compile a list of the plant species within the assessment area 2. Fill in the number already assigned to each plant (its Coefficient of Conservatism “CC”) 3. Calculate the Total Mean C by adding up the CC numbers and dividing by the number of plant species found, including both native and introduced plant species. 3. Multiply the Total Mean C by the square root of the total number of native plants to get the Plant Stewardship Index. PSI = Total Mean C x Sqrt N Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Plant Stewardship Index Value Sample PSI Lindera benzoin Rosa multiflora Lilium canadense Impatiens capensis Fraxinus americana Carpinus caroliniana Lonicera japonica Polygonum pensylvanicum Prunus serotina Toxicodendron radicans Viburnum dentatum Alliaria petiolata Microstegium vimineum 1 0 7 2 1 2 0 1 1 1 5 0 0 21 Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve PSI = Total Mean C x Sqrt N N = Number of native plant species Total Mean C = Sum of Coefficients / N + introduced species Total Mean C = 21/13 Total Mean C= 1.6 (2.3) PSI = Mean C x Sqrt. 9 PSI = 1.6 x 3 PSI = 4.8 (6.9) Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Before Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve After Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Lawn – Before… •Plantago lanceolata-English plantain 0 •Plantago major-common plantain 0 •Plantago rugelii- red stalked plantain 0 •Poa pratensis-kentucky bluegrass 0 •Taraxacum officinale- dandelion 0 •Trifolum repens-white clover 0 Mean C= 0 Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Meadow After… 38 total species, 26 native species (68.3% native) Native Mean C=3.2, FQI=17.1 Total Mean C=2.2 PSI=11.4 Agalinus purpurea false foxglove 3 Agrimonia parviflora swamp agrimony swamp agrimony 3 Agrostis gigantea red top 0 Andropogon virginicus Andropogon virginicus broom sedge 2 Asclepias purpurascens purple milkweed 7 Aster lateriflorus Aster lateriflorus side flowering aster 3 Aster vimineus Aster vimineus small white aster 3 Carex vulpinoidea brown fox sedge 4 Cichorium intybus chickory 0 Daucus carota queen anne queen anne’’s lace 0 Eragrostis spectabilis purple love grass 1 Eupatorium fistulosum Eupatorium fistulosum hollow joe hollow joe‐‐pye weed 5 Euthamia graminifolia grass leaf goldenrod 1 Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 2 Glechoma hederacea ground ivy 0 Helenium autumnale sneezeweed 5 Lobelia siphilitica Lobelia siphilitica great blue lobelia 4 Lonicera japonica japanese japonica japanese honey suckle 0 Microstegium vimineum stiltgrass 0 Dicantheliumclandestinum deer tongue grass 3 Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Panicum implicatum panic grass 1 Phleum pratense timothy 0 Plantago lanceolata english plantain 0 Poa pratensis kentucky blue grass 0 Potentilla simplex common cinquefoil 2 Prunella vulgaris c. lanceolata self heal 2 Quercus palustris pin oak 3 Rosa multiflora japanese rose 0 Rudbeckia hirta v. pulcherrima blackeyed susan 2 Scutellaria galericulata common skullcap 5 Solanum carolinense horse nettle 0 Solidago canadensis canada goldenrod 1 Solidago rugosa rough goldenrod 3 Sorghastrum nutans indian grass 7 Taraxacum officinale common dandelion 0 Vernonia glauca tall iron weed 5* Viburnum dentatum arrowwood 5 Viburnum opulus guelder‐rose 0 Plant Stewardship Index - PSI PSI as a Management Tool Good disturbance indicator Wet Meadow – Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Wet Meadow – Vernonia noveboracensis New York Ironweed Plant Stewardship Index - PSI PSI as a Management Tool Correlation to other statistical data; water quality, plant diversity, and wildlife quality Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve STEP TWO: MANAGEMENT PRACTICES--Hunterdon county wet clay lawn Year one:Deer fence added/invasives removed 6 ft high multiflora rose “hedgerow” removed 2 years later: wet meadow :ironweed, swamp milkweed, boneset, joepyeweed Habitat created 3 years on-once a yr mowing 2006 Floodplain woods: Riparian area and woody old field Floodplain Woods: PSI = 6.98 Total Mean C = 1.22 Native Mean C = 2.39 FQI = 13.75 Meadow: “Hillside meadow” Hillside meadow: PSI = 6.78 Total mean C = 1.30 Native mean C = 2.22 FQI = 11.55 Hillside Woodland Hillside Woodland PSI = 15.65 Total mean C = 2.15 Native mean C = 3.53 FQI = 25.69 Prairie: Upper Meadow Upper Meadow prairie PSI = 6.50 Total Mean C =1.17 Native Mean C = 2.71 FQI = 15.09 High School Park Upper Meadow/Prairie Total mean C =1.3 PSI = 17.04 FQI 11.55 Native mean C =2.22 Total mean C = 1.58 PSI 6.98 Total mean C =1.22 Native mean C = 3.07 FQI 13.75 Native mean C =2.39 FQI = 33.05 Hillside Woodland PSI 6.78 Floodplain Woods AGGREGATE STATISTICS Hillside Meadow PSI 6.50 Total mean C =1.17 FQI 15.09 Native mean C =2.71 PSI 15.65 FQI 25.69 Edges PSI=2.12 Total mean C = 2.15 Native mean C =3.53 Total mean C =.57 FQI =5.61 Native mean C =1.5 Plant Stewardship Index - PSI Future of the PSI Online interactive database •Plant data entry •Generate a PSI online •Organizational or personal account showing parcel PSI’s •Updates to PSI One stop shopping for future restoration Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve Plant Stewardship Index - PSI The mission of Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve is to lead people to a greater appreciation of native plants, to an understanding of their importance to all life, and to a commitment to a healthy and diverse natural world. Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve