Download Rutger`s Extension Stewardship Program

Rutger’s Extension
Stewardship Program
Floristic Assessment,
Analysis & Context
What are Native Plants?
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Trees, shrubs, flowers, grasses and ferns that
have evolved in an area over time
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Existed here BEFORE European settlement
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Are adapted to the growing conditions there:
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Temperature, rainfall, winds, soil, slope, PH
Benefits of using native plants
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Well-adapted to local traditions, thus requiring little
maintenance, once established.
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Attract beneficial insects, which prey upon pests
Reduce needs for pesticides, fertilizers, water or lawn
maintenance equipment
Less expensive to maintain
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1 acre lawn costs $1000 per year
1 acre prairie or wetland costs $150 per year
(according to U.S. EPA report 2006)
Benefits of using Native Plants
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Reduce air pollution
Improve water quality
Reduces soil erosion
Unlike cultivated landscapes, does not require
the use of lawn maintenance equipment, a
major contributor to air pollution
Promotes Biodiversity
Maintains natural heritage and the character of
our community
Benefits of Using Native Plants
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Native plants attract, shelter and feed native
songbirds and butterflies
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Just have plants have evolved and adapted to our
area over time, the local wildlife has evolved along
side them, depending on these plants for food and
shelter.
Looking at only mature trees in a forest may tell you what it
was like decades ago but not the quality today. Are we
looking at a “retirees” forest
Disturbed Woodland
Less disturbed Woodland
Or a degraded and disturbed forest
So what can seeing the forest as a plant
community tell us about stewardship
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Plants tell us a story about their home and
habitat:
Geography
Light
Soil
Disturbance
Complex interrelated factors of ants, funghi
Every plant tells a story:
Mayapple-podophyllum peltatum
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Green umbrellas; puck’s foot
Spring ephemeral
Grows in rich woodland; psi: 5
One of the “immortals”
Grow out from one plant in circles 45
yr to 200+ year colonies
Seed transplants best by “passing
thru” the box turtle
Toxicity; used as poison by native
americans; today for cancer treatment
Suffer from picking, declining
habitat, plowing under
Invasive Plants of the
Delaware Valley Region
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
History of Invasive Plants
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Human Impacts/Manmade
disaster
Once prized plants now
turned invasive weeds
Combination of the plant
adaptations and human
interaction
„ Transportation
„ Dispersal
„ Disturbances
A Natural History of the
Delaware Valley
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Before European
settlement
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Fragmentation of the
land
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Timber harvesting
Agriculture
Industrial
Development
Problems Caused by Invasives
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Disruption of a variety of diverse ecosystems
Dominate and limit the diversity of species within the
invaded area
„ Pushing out native plant species
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Destruction of food chains and natural habitats
„ Decrease the biodiversity of flora and fauna
Invasive plants create maintenance issues
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Economical expenses
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Agricultural plant pests
Ongoing landscape maintenance
Incredible Invasive Abilities
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Reproduce extensively and early in life
Spotted knapweed
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Scientific name: Centaurea maculosa
Plant Form: Herbaceous perennial or
biennial, short-lived
Nativity: Central Asia
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
solely by seeds which are dispersed
immediately upon maturity of the seed
head. Common in fields, roadsides and
stream banks.
Identification Hints: Wiry stems with
solitary pink flower. Flower head eggshaped.
Mile-a-minute
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Scientific name: Polygonum
perfoliatum
Plant Form: Annual or perennial
vine, trailing
Nativity: Asia
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
aggressively by seeds, grows
rapidly forming dense mats and
blanketing other vegetation.
Disturbed areas, woodland edges,
wetlands, stream banks
Identification Hints: Downward
pointing barbs on stem, light green
triangle heart-shaped leaf, barbs on
underside
Incredible Invasive Abilities
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Reproduce extensively and early in life
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Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots
Common privet*
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Scientific name: Ligustrum vulgare
Plant Form: Deciduous woody
shrub, poisonous
Nativity: Europe, introduced as an
ornamental and hedgerow plant
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
aggressively by seeds, this plant is
capable of massing over large areas
of open-field or forest floor; seeds
are consumed and distributed by
birds, also spreads by root suckers
Other species of concern:
L. obtusifolium
Identification Hints: Blue-black
fruit, smooth gray-brown bark
Photo by Elizabeth J. Czarapata
Tree-of-heaven*
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Scientific name: Ailanthus altissima
Plant Form: Deciduous tree
Nativity: Central China, Eastern Asia,
introduced as an ornamental and as a
reforestation species
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
aggressively by seeds and vegetative
sprouts, individuals can produce
325,000 seeds per year.
Identification Hints: Large heartshaped leaf scars, strong odor when
cut.
Oriental bittersweet*
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Scientific name: Celastrus
orbiculatus
Plant Form: Deciduous, woody,
perennial vine
Nativity: Japan, Korea, China,
introduced in mid 1800’s as an
ornamental plant
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
aggressively by seed, spread via
birds and dried flower arrangements.
Also spreads through vegetative root
suckers.
Identification Hints: Flowers in
auxiliary clusters, native sp. flowers
at terminals. Fruits are yellow to
green which open to display redorange fleshy arils.
Lesser celandine*
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Scientific name: Ranunculus ficaria
Plant Form: Herbaceous perennial
Nativity: Europe, brought over as
an ornamental with showy blooms
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
by roots, aggressive in moist
woodlands. Tubers and bulbs form
massing colonies
Identification Hints: Basal rosette
shiny, dark green, kidney to heart
shaped leaves. Can be confused with
Marsh marigold, Caltha palustris,
but does not have tubers or produce
bulbs like R. ficaria.
Purple loosestrife
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Scientific name: Lythrum salicaria
Plant Form: Flower
Nativity: Europe, introduced as an
ornamental and medicinal plant
Invasive characteristics: Reseeds
profusely, regeneration of plant
parts and adventitious roots; can
form dense stands
Identification Hints: Square
stems, leaves sessile, opposite or in
whorls of 3
Common reed*
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Scientific name: Phragmites
australis
Plant Form: Grass, rhizomatous
Nativity: Europe and America
Invasive characteristics:
Spreads radically by rhizomes,
rarely produces viable seeds
Identification Hints: Hollow
stems, purple-brown plume
fading to tan.
Incredible Invasive Abilities
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Reproduce extensively and early in life
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Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots
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Low germination requirement – light, temperature,
stratification, moisture
Norway maple*
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Scientific name: Acer
platanoides
Plant Form: Deciduous tree
Nativity: Eurasia, Scandinavia,
Iran
Invasive characteristics:
Reseeds profusely, winged seeds
disperse via wind and water
Identification Hints: Exudes
milky sap when leaf is broken.
Stilt grass*
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Scientific name: Microstegium
vimineum
Plant Form: Annual, short lived grass
Nativity: Japan, Korea, China,
Malaysia, India, possibly introduced
via packing material
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
aggressively by seeds, this plant is
capable of massing over large areas of
open-field or forest floor; extremely
aggressive
Identification Hints: Sprawls along
the ground, plant form resembles small
bamboo
Incredible Invasive Abilities
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Reproduce extensively and early in life
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Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots
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Low germination requirement – light, temperature,
stratification, moisture
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Self-fertility (Monoecious)
Garlic mustard *
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Scientific name: Alliaria
petiolata
Plant Form: Herbaceous
biennial
Nativity: Europe, introduced as a
medicinal and ornamental plant
Invasive characteristics:
Reseeds aggressively and
abundantly
Identification Hints: Evergreen
rosette first year, flowers second
year. Crushed leaves produce
garlic odor.
Incredible Invasive Abilities
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Reproduce extensively and early in life
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Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots
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Low germination requirement – light, temperature,
stratification, moisture
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Self-fertility (Monoecious)
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Adapted to a wide range of conditions / generalists
English ivy *
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Scientific name: Hedera helix
Plant Form: Evergreen woody
vine, poisonous
Nativity: Eurasia
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
by seeds and roots, can form solid
stands in forests and tolerate deep
shade to full sun
Identification Hints: Evergreen,
shiny dark green leaf with smooth
edge
Incredible Invasive Abilities
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Reproduce extensively and early in life
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Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots
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Low germination requirement – light, temperature,
stratification, moisture
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Self-fertility (Monoecious)
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Adapted to a wide range of conditions / generalists
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Long flowering and fruiting periods
Multiflora rose *
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Scientific name: Rosa multiflora
Plant Form: Deciduous shrub
Nativity: Japan/Korea, introduced
as an ornamental plant in the 1860’s,
wildlife habitat and governmental
use in the 1930’s
Invasive characteristics: Reseeds
profusely which are readily
distributed by birds; can spread by
runners and form impenetrable
thickets
Identification Hints: Fringed
structure at leaf stipules, spines
along stem.
Japanese honeysuckle
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Scientific name: Lonicera japonica
Plant Form: Semi-evergreen
woody vine, trailing and climbing
Nativity: Asia, introduced as an
ornamental vine, planted for erosion
control and wildlife habitat in
1900’s
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
by roots and seeds, distributed via
birds and gardeners
Identification Hints: Semievergreen, white to yellow flowers,
leaves and twigs are hairy.
Incredible Invasive Abilities
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Reproduce extensively and early in life
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Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots
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Low germination requirement – light, temperature,
stratification, moisture
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Self-fertility (Monoecious)
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Adapted to a wide range of conditions / generalists
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Long flowering and fruiting periods
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Seed dispersion over very long distances
Japanese barberry *
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Scientific name: Berberis
thunbergii
Plant Form: Deciduous shrub
Nativity: Japan, introduced in the
late 1800’s and has escaped
cultivation ever since
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
aggressively by seed, distributed
by birds and other wildlife
Other species of concern:
B. vulgaris
Identification Hints: Leaves are
whorled, thorns at leaf nodes,
bright yellow wood when bark is
scratched.
Autumn olive *
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Scientific name: Elaeagnus umbellata
Plant Form: Deciduous shrub
Nativity: Afghanistan, China, Korea,
Japan, introduced as an ornamental in
1830’s – governmental use in the 20th
century
Invasive characteristics: Rapidly
growing shrub, reproduces by seed and
spread by birds
Other species of concern: E.
angustifolia
Identification Hints: Silver-green
scaling on underside of leaf. Fragrant
trumpet shaped flowers.
Canada thistle *
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Scientific name: Cirsium arvense
Plant Form: Herbaceous perennial
Nativity: Eurasia, possibly
introduced via packing material
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
by seeds, rhizomes and
regeneration, common in pastures,
meadows, roadside ditches and
disturbed ground. Seeds are wind
and water distributed; a plant can
produce 5,000 seeds per year
Other species of concern:
C. vulgare
Chinese silver grass
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Scientific name: Miscanthus
sinensis
Plant Form: perennial grass
Nativity: Eastern Asia, introduced as
an ornamental
Invasive characteristics: Spreads by
wind-dispersed seeds and rhizomes
Identification Hints: Single branch
with big plumy inflorescence
Incredible Invasive Abilities
Reproduce extensively and early in life
„ Reproduce by seeds, roots and vegetative shoots
„ Low germination requirement – light, temperature,
stratification, moisture
„ Self-fertility (Monoecious)
„ Adapted to a wide range of conditions / generalists
„ Long flowering and fruiting periods
„ Seed dispersion over very long distances
„ Thrive in disturbed areas
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Japanese knotweed *
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Scientific name: Polygonum
cuspidatum
Plant Form: Herbaceous perennial
Nativity: Japan
Invasive characteristics: Spreads
extensively by seeds, vegative
regeneration and rhizomes which
form dense thickets along
riverbanks, waste places, roadways
and disturbed areas
Identification Hints: Broad ovaltriangle leaf, alternate. Stems
smooth and swollen at leaf
junctures.
What you can do to help?
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Avoid the use of invasive plants at all costs
Remove invasive plants early before they become too
abundant – early detection and rapid control
Minimize landscape disturbances
Restore and re-plant native ecosystems and habitats
Protect native communities from disturbances and
invasive plants
Be educated, be aware and be ecological
Educate others on the problems and effects of invasive
plants
Plant Stewardship Index
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
PSI was developed by BHWP to assist the land
conservation and ecological restoration community
answer these questions.
Specifically:
•Identify and protect
•Evaluate land management practices
•Prioritize funding and management
•Generates comparable data
•Education and awareness
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
So what is the PSI?
Modeled after the Floristic Quality Assessment Index
(FQAI) created by Floyd Swink & Gerould Wilhelm Chicago region 1970’s
Designed to assess the naturalness of a land area
Adapted and modified for many regions
including: Ohio, Illinois, Florida, Washington,
Michigan
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Plants have a geography -- they have a
geographic range
Range of tolerated physiological
conditions
•Soil pH
•Light levels
•Moisture
Collectively define the “niche”
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Plants with similarly defined narrow tolerance ranges tend to
group together to form recognized plant associations or plant
communities.
Atlantic White Cedar Bog & Swamp
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Broad interpretations based on dominant tree species
Pitch Pine Forest
A good start but…
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
…inadequate
Understory trees
Shrubs
Herbaceous
plants
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
PSI is a numerical representation of
the quality of a plant community /area
Based on the fidelity or likelihood of a plant
occurring in a particular habitat
Coefficient of Conservatism
Backbone of the PSI
A numerical representation of a plant’s fidelity
or likelihood to occur in a particular habitat.
Represents a collective knowledge of plant experts from the Delaware Valley
Region -- Ann Rhoads, Jack Holt, Janet Ebert, Bill Rawlyk, Emile DeVito,
and Mary Leck
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
The plants tell us about the
quality of the site…
The presence or absence of a plant tells us a lot
about the nature of the habitat:
How pristine or disturbed is this landscape?
Is management having an impact on that quality?
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Coefficient of Conservatism
Backbone of the PSI
Each plant is assigned a number based
on a plant’s fidelity or likelihood to occur
in a particular habitat.
Represents a gradient from
generalist to conservative species
Represents a collective knowledge of plant experts from Pennsylvania and New
Jersey -- Ann Rhoads, Jack Holt, Janet Ebert, Karl Anderson, Kathleen
Walz, Bill Olson, Tom Halliwell, Linda Kelly, Bill Rawlyk and Mary Leck
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Arisaema triphyllum Jack‐in‐the‐Pulpit
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Assignment of Index Coefficients
9 to10 Plants with a high degree of fidelity to a narrow range
of habitats. High degree of confidence that it is found in a
high quality remnant habitat.
conservative
species
7 to 8 Plants with a poor range of ecological tolerances.
4 to 6 Plants with an intermediate range of ecological tolerances
/ associated with a specific plant community. Is in some kind of
remnant but will “persist despite abuse” [mowing, cutting down
etc]; can reproduce in “beaten down woods.”
1 to 3 Plants with a high range of ecological tolerances / found in a
variety of plant communities. A 3 can be found in old fields, or on
nonweedy new ground.
0 Dooryard plants. Includes nonnative and invasive plants that adapt to
severe disturbances
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
generalists/opportunist
species
Elaeagnus umbellata Autumn Olive
PACC= 0 NJCC= 0
All non-native plants CC = 0
Sambucus canadensis American Elder
PACC= 3 NJCC= 2
Geranium maculatum Wood Geranium
NJ CC =4
PA CC =4
Baptisia australis False Blue Indigo
NJ CC =5
PA CC =5
Silene stellata Starry Campion
PACC=6 NJCC=7
Lithospermum canescens Hoary Puccoon
PACC=10 NJCC=10
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Method for determining the “naturalness” of a site using the
Floristic Quality Index Value
1.
Compile a list of the plant species within the assessment area
2.
Fill in the number already assigned to each plant
(its Coefficient of Conservatism
3.
“CC”)
Calculate the Native Mean C by adding up the CC numbers and dividing by the
number of NATIVE plant species found. The NATIVE Mean C will give you an idea
of the naturalness of the area. An indicative number is that in other areas,
restorations have not been able to achieve a sustainable Native Mean C of 3.5 or
higher.
4.
Multiply the Native Mean C by the square root of the total number of native
plants to get the Floristic Quality Index Value
FQI = Native Mean C x Sqrt N
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Floristic Quality Index - FQI
Floristic Quality Assessment Index
Sample FQI
Lindera benzoin
Lilium canadense
Impatiens capensis
Fraxinus americana
Carpinus caroliniana
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Prunus serotina
Toxicodendron radicans
Viburnum dentatum
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
1
7
2
1
2
1
1
1
5 21
FQI = Native Mean C x Sqrt N
N = Number of native species
Native Mean C = Sum of Coefficients / N
NativeMean C = 21/9
NativeMean C= 2.3
FQI = Native Mean C x
FQI = 2.3 x Sqrt.9
FQI = 6.9
Sqrt.N
Method for evaluating the “stewardship”
of a site using the
Plant Stewardship Index
1.
Compile a list of the plant species within the
assessment area
2.
Fill in the number already assigned to each plant
(its Coefficient of Conservatism “CC”)
3.
Calculate the Total Mean C by adding up the CC numbers and dividing by
the number of plant species found, including both native and introduced
plant species.
3.
Multiply the Total Mean C by the square root of the total number of native
plants to get the Plant Stewardship Index.
PSI = Total Mean C x Sqrt N
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Plant Stewardship Index Value
Sample PSI
Lindera benzoin
Rosa multiflora
Lilium canadense
Impatiens capensis
Fraxinus americana
Carpinus caroliniana
Lonicera japonica
Polygonum pensylvanicum
Prunus serotina
Toxicodendron radicans
Viburnum dentatum
Alliaria petiolata
Microstegium vimineum
1
0
7
2
1
2
0
1
1
1
5
0
0
21
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
PSI = Total Mean C x Sqrt N
N = Number of native plant species
Total Mean C = Sum of Coefficients /
N + introduced species
Total Mean C = 21/13
Total Mean C= 1.6 (2.3)
PSI = Mean C x Sqrt. 9
PSI = 1.6 x 3
PSI = 4.8 (6.9)
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Before
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
After
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Lawn – Before…
•Plantago lanceolata-English plantain 0
•Plantago major-common plantain 0
•Plantago rugelii- red stalked plantain 0
•Poa pratensis-kentucky bluegrass 0
•Taraxacum officinale- dandelion 0
•Trifolum repens-white clover 0
Mean C= 0
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Meadow After…
38 total species, 26 native species (68.3% native)
Native Mean C=3.2, FQI=17.1 Total Mean C=2.2 PSI=11.4
Agalinus purpurea false foxglove 3
Agrimonia parviflora swamp agrimony
swamp agrimony 3
Agrostis gigantea red top 0
Andropogon virginicus
Andropogon virginicus broom sedge 2
Asclepias purpurascens purple milkweed 7
Aster lateriflorus
Aster lateriflorus side flowering aster 3
Aster vimineus
Aster vimineus small white aster 3
Carex vulpinoidea brown fox sedge 4
Cichorium intybus chickory 0
Daucus carota queen anne
queen anne’’s lace 0
Eragrostis spectabilis purple love grass 1
Eupatorium fistulosum
Eupatorium fistulosum hollow joe
hollow joe‐‐pye weed 5
Euthamia graminifolia grass leaf goldenrod 1
Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry 2
Glechoma hederacea ground ivy 0
Helenium autumnale sneezeweed 5
Lobelia siphilitica
Lobelia siphilitica great blue lobelia 4
Lonicera japonica japanese
japonica japanese honey suckle 0
Microstegium vimineum stiltgrass 0
Dicantheliumclandestinum deer tongue grass 3
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Panicum implicatum panic grass 1
Phleum pratense timothy 0
Plantago lanceolata english plantain 0
Poa pratensis kentucky blue grass 0
Potentilla simplex common cinquefoil 2
Prunella vulgaris c. lanceolata self heal 2
Quercus palustris pin oak 3
Rosa multiflora japanese rose 0
Rudbeckia hirta v. pulcherrima blackeyed susan 2
Scutellaria galericulata common skullcap 5
Solanum carolinense horse nettle 0
Solidago canadensis canada goldenrod 1
Solidago rugosa rough goldenrod 3
Sorghastrum nutans indian grass 7
Taraxacum officinale common dandelion 0
Vernonia glauca tall iron weed 5* Viburnum dentatum arrowwood 5
Viburnum opulus guelder‐rose 0
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
PSI as a Management Tool
Good disturbance indicator
Wet Meadow – Lythrum salicaria
Purple loosestrife
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Wet Meadow – Vernonia noveboracensis
New York Ironweed
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
PSI as a Management Tool
Correlation to other statistical data; water quality,
plant diversity, and wildlife quality
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
STEP TWO: MANAGEMENT PRACTICES--Hunterdon county wet clay lawn
Year one:Deer fence added/invasives removed
6 ft high multiflora rose “hedgerow” removed
2 years later: wet meadow :ironweed, swamp
milkweed, boneset, joepyeweed
Habitat created
3 years on-once a yr mowing
2006
Floodplain woods:
Riparian area and woody old field
Floodplain Woods:
PSI = 6.98 Total Mean C = 1.22 Native Mean C = 2.39 FQI = 13.75
Meadow: “Hillside meadow”
Hillside meadow:
PSI = 6.78 Total mean C = 1.30 Native mean C = 2.22 FQI = 11.55
Hillside Woodland
Hillside Woodland
PSI = 15.65 Total mean C = 2.15 Native mean C = 3.53 FQI = 25.69
Prairie: Upper Meadow
Upper Meadow prairie
PSI = 6.50
Total Mean C =1.17
Native Mean C = 2.71
FQI = 15.09
High School Park
Upper Meadow/Prairie
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Total mean C =1.3
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PSI = 17.04
FQI 11.55 Native mean C =2.22
Total mean C = 1.58
PSI 6.98
Total mean C =1.22
Native mean C = 3.07
FQI 13.75 Native mean C =2.39
FQI = 33.05
Hillside Woodland
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PSI 6.78
Floodplain Woods
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AGGREGATE
STATISTICS
Hillside Meadow
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PSI 6.50
Total mean C =1.17
FQI 15.09 Native mean C =2.71
PSI 15.65
FQI 25.69
Edges PSI=2.12
Total mean C = 2.15
Native mean C =3.53
Total mean C =.57
FQI =5.61 Native mean C =1.5
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
Future of the PSI
Online interactive
database
•Plant data entry
•Generate a PSI
online
•Organizational
or personal
account showing
parcel PSI’s
•Updates to PSI
One stop shopping for
future restoration
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve
Plant Stewardship Index - PSI
The mission of
Bowman’s Hill
Wildflower Preserve
is to lead people to a greater
appreciation of native plants,
to an understanding of their
importance to all life,
and to a commitment to
a healthy and diverse natural
world.
Bowman’s Hill Wildflower Preserve