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Taxonomy and biology of the tropical plant Jatropha curcas L. Claudine Campa, IRD Damien Kuhn, AgroParis Tech Diegane Diouf, UCAD Christian Valentin, IRD Raphaël Manlay, AgroParis Tech Jatropha curcas A little known plant 131 150 Scientific publications: 11 20 27 51 41 20 08 20 07 20 06 20 05 20 04 19 21 -2 00 4 20 04 -2 00 8 280 in 86 years A plant in question Or vert du désert Green gold from the desert ► Non–edible plant ► Able to grow in arid zones ► Oily seeds Biofuel A plant that creates the debate Jatropha curcas Jatropha curcas L.: Linnaeus (1753) (iatros: doctor; trophé: food) Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Hevea (Hevea brasiliensis) Castor bean (Ricinus communis) Euphorbiaceae Genus Medicinal uses Jatropha 170 species 2 Sub-Genus Dehgan & Webster (1979) Jatropha Curcas 6 sections Curcas 19 species Jatropha curcas Jatropha curcas L. [sect. Curcas (Adans.) Griseb., subg. Curcas (Adans.) Pax] Jatropha curcas Pantropic tree Indigenous to Mexico and Central America Portuguese seafers After 1800 Cape Verde Islands Portuguese Guinea Caribbean Centre of origin Berry (1929) Geological formations Peru (Heller, 1996) Jatropha curcas Shrub or small tree (6 m) (3 to 10 m) Deciduous (dry season) Very high habitat plasticity Very dry tropical zones Wet Tropical Forest Altitude 0– 500 m Annual T° (mean) 18–28 °C (40°C) Annual rainfall 300–1000 mm (3000 mm) Soil type Well-drained Jatropha curcas High degree of phenological plasticity ►Heller, 1992 11 provenances W Africa E Africa India 4 sites (Senegal, Cape Verde) ► 12 provenances (ICRISAT, Niger) W Africa E Africa India America 25 Height (cm) Leaf number 20 15 10 5 Sn 45 se SB 39 AN BA 24 AS BA 22 AS La 3 8 s pi l la M s ex ic o M al G i ui ne Fal ou a Bi ss au E SN E SN S 30 S 28 S SN E S S E E SN SN 44 0 19 Same culture conditions Tropical greenhouse Montpellier Very sensitive to environmental conditions Jatropha curcas Leaves Arranged alternately Flowers Wet season (2 peaks) Yellow-green Inflorescence in the leaf axil Male and female flowers 13:1 to 29:1 Pollination by insects (bees) Limit for seed production Fruit: on 1-3 year plants Green capsule Yellow Mature seeds (2- 4 months) 2 or 3 large black, oily seeds bigislandfuelcrops.com Jatropha curcas Biochemical composition Leaves Flavonoids (apigenin) Glycosyl-flavonoids (vitexin, isovitexin) Sterols Steroid sapogenins (terpenes) Antileukemic activity Stem Bark : Tannins (37%) blue colour curcine : toxalbumine cyanogenic compounds Latex : Tannins (10%) Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) Curcine : toxalbumine Alkaloid (jatrophine) Anti-cancerous properties Fruit Shell (30 %) Kernell (= seed) Trypsin inhibitors Phytic acid (12%) Saponins Curcine Phorbol esters (3%) Non toxic varieties Fat 38.0 % Total carbohydrate 33.5 Proteins 18.2 Fiber 15.5 H2O 6.6 Ash 4.5 (Duke and Atchley, 1983) Oil Biofuel Jatropha curcas Seeds ►Lipid composition Oleic acid Palmitic acid 42.0 % Stearic acid 6.3 % 35.4 % 14.5 % Linoleic acid Others 1.8 % Seed oil Trans esterification Liquid engine fuel Methyl esters + Bio-diesel Glycerol Jatropha curcas Seeds ►Other compounds Heating Trypsin inhibitors Curcine Phytic acid Phorbol esters Inhibitors of digestion and growth Inactivated ~Abrin & Ricin toxicity Agglutination of erythrocytes Inactivated Metal-chelating (Ca, Fe) Tumor promoters (protein kinase C activation) Toxicity during harvest? Non edible Oil Seed cake Heat-stable factor Stable factor Biofuel toxicity? Jatropha curcas Some questions Secondary metabolism 1 - Industrial use vs traditional? Part of the plant ► Medecine Treatment Seed oil Purgative action Skin diseases Leaf decoction Cough Antiseptic after birth Stem sap flowing To stop bleedings Latex Antimicrobial properties 2 - Real toxicity in seeds? Jatropha curcas Genetic diversity Indian germplasm RAPD, ISSR, SCAR, AFLP markers Weak genetic diversity SCAR markers Mexican origins Genetic diversity ► A very recent dipersal (1800) ► Propagation by cuttings No genetic diversity - Selection ? - Improvment for: production or oil quality? resistance? GMO! Jatropha curcas Effect on soil erosion ► Propagation by seedlings 4 lateral roots Taproot ► Propagation by cuttings Limiting soil erosion ? Jatropha curcas Conclusions Plant with high potentialities: A great plasticity: able to develop in arid zones A great diversity in the biochemical composition But potentially: Toxic Negative for soil erosion Difficult to improve because of its low genetic diversity Merci!