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Thiswebsitewouldliketoremindyou:Yourbrowser(Safari7)isoutofdate.Updateyourbrowserfor moresecurity,comfortandthebestexperienceonthissite. Activitydevelop EcologicalRelationships Howdospeciesinteractwithoneanotherandshapemarineecosystems? Overview Studentswatchvideosanddiscussecologicalrelationshipswithafocuson observingsymbiosis.Thentheyclassifytheecologicalrelationshipstheyobserve asmutualism,commensalism,andparasitism. Forthecompleteactivitywithmediaresources,visit: http://nationalgeographic.org/activity/ecological-relationships/ Directions 1.Introducevocabularytermsrelatedtoecologicalinteractionsand symbiosis. Explainthatinthisactivitystudentswilluseaseriesofvideos,images,and scenariostoidentifyanddiscussexamplesofecologicalandsymbiotic relationshipsintheocean.Writethefollowingtermsontheboard:competition, predation,symbiosis,mutualism,commensalism,andparasitism.Donotincludethe definitionsyet.First,askstudentstoidentifytherootwordsandbrainstormwhat typesofecologicalandsymbioticrelationshipsthetermsdescribe.Then,review thedefinitionsoftheterms.Pointoutthatthetermsymbiosisisanoverarching termformutualism,commensalism,andparasitismandthattheecological relationshipspredationandcompetitionarenotgenerallyconsideredtobe symbiotic. competition—whentwoormoreorganismsrelyonthesameenvironmental 1of9 × resource predation—behaviorofoneanimalfeedingonanother symbiosis—thecloserelationshipoftwodissimilarorganisms mutualism—asymbioticrelationshipwherebothorganismsbenefit commensalism—asymbioticrelationshipwhereoneorganismbenefitsandone doesnotbenefitbutisunharmed parasitism—asymbioticrelationshipwhereoneorganismbenefitsandoneis harmed 2.BuildbackgroundaboutNationalGeographicCrittercam. ExplaintostudentsthattheywillwatchfootagefromaNationalGeographic projectcalledCrittercam.Crittercam’sgoalistohelpresearchersunderstandthe day-to-daylivesandecologicalrelationshipsofdifferentspecies.Scientistsfitwild animalswithaGPStrackerandacombinationvideoandaudiorecorderwith environmentaldatainstrumentstomeasuresuchthingsasdepth,temperature, andacceleration—whichallowthestudyofanimalbehaviorwithoutinterferenceby humanobservers.Askstudentstothinkaboutthebenefitsofstudyinganimal behaviorandecologicalinteractionswithoutinterferencebyhumanobservers. 3.HavestudentsuseaCrittercamvideotoidentifyecologicalrelationships. ShowstudentstheNationalGeographicvideo“FishThievesTakeRareSeals’Prey” (3.5minutes),inwhichanendangeredHawaiianmonksealpreysuponand competesforfishandinvertebratesontheseafloorat80meters(262feet)deep. Ask:Whatistheecologicalrelationshipbetweenthemonksealandthe octopus/eel/triggerfish?(predator/prey)Ask:Whatistheecologicalrelationship betweenthemonksealandthejacks/sharks?(competition)Askstudentstoagain thinkaboutanddiscussthebenefitsofstudyinganimalbehaviorandecological interactionswithoutinterferencebyhumanobservers.Elicitfromstudentsthat Crittercamallowsresearcherstoexaminethebehaviorandinteractionsofmarine 2of9 speciesthattheynormallywouldbeunabletoobserve. 4.Havestudentsviewvideostoidentifysymbioticrelationships. Showstudentsthethreevideosofdifferentmarinespeciesinteractions.After eachvideo,havetheclassidentifyanddiscussthesymbioticrelationshipsthey observed. “CaribbeanCleaners”(2.5minutes)—mutualism “GivingFishaBath”(5.5minutes)—parasitism “ClownfishandSeaAnemonePartnership”(1.5minutes)—mutualism Ask:Whattypeofsymbioticrelationshipwasnotshowninthevideos? (commensalism) 5.UseaNationalGeographicimagetoexplorecommensalismanddiscussthe originsofCrittercam. Displaytheimage“lemonshark”intheresourcecarouselandhavestudents observeitclosely.Ask:Otherthantheshark,arethereanyotherorganismsyou see?Elicitfromstudentsthatthesharkandtheremoras,thesmallerfishbelow theshark,haveasymbioticrelationshipcalledcommensalism,wheretheremoras benefitfromholdingontotheshark,butneitherspeciesisharmed.Tellstudents thatthiscommensalrelationshipiswhyGregMarshall,marinebiologistand filmmaker,inventedCrittercam.In1986,asharkapproachedhimduringadive nearBelize.Marshallnoticedaremoraclingingtoashark,andashewatchedthe sharkdisappear,itoccurredtohimthatifhecouldputacameraintheplaceof theremora,hecouldseetheshark'sbehaviorunfoldwithoutdisturbingtheshark. ExplainthatwithCrittercam,Marshalllearnedthatremorasattachthemselvesto predatoryfishlikesharksfortworeasons:afreerideandprotectiondueto hangingontoafearedpredator.Thesharkisnotaffectedintheprocesssince remoraseatonlyleftoverfoodfromtheshark. 3of9 6.Havestudentsreadstatementsandidentifytypesofecological interactions. GiveeachstudentacopyoftheSymbioticInteractionsworksheet.Readaloudthe directions.Tellthemthattheyshouldbeabletoprovidereasonsfortheirchoices. Discusstheanswersasaclass.Havestudentsexplainwhytheyclassifiedthe differentscenariosasonetypeofsymbiosisandnottheothers.Ask:Howdo ecologicalrelationshipsshapethemarineecosystem?Whyisitimportanttoidentify andunderstandtheserelationships? InformalAssessment Usetheprovidedanswerkeytocheckstudents'completedworksheetfor accuracy.Askstudentstoorallyexplainwhytheylabeledeachmutualism, commensalism,orparasitism. ExtendingtheLearning Havestudentsidentifyonenewmarine-relatedexampleforeachoftheecological relationshipsdiscussedinthisactivity:predation,competition,mutualism, commensalism,andparasitism.Discusstheexamplesasaclass. Objectives Subjects&Disciplines Geography PhysicalGeography Science Earthscience Oceanography LearningObjectives Studentswill: describepossibleecologicalrelationshipsbetweenspeciesthatliveinclose 4of9 proximitytoeachother definesymbioticrelationshipsasmutualistic,parasitic,orcommensalistic classifysymbioticrelationships TeachingApproach Learning-for-use TeachingMethods Discussions Hands-onlearning Visualinstruction SkillsSummary Thisactivitytargetsthefollowingskills: CriticalThinkingSkills Analyzing Applying Remembering Understanding GeographicSkills AnalyzingGeographicInformation AnsweringGeographicQuestions NationalStandards,Principles,andPractices NationalGeographyStandards •Standard8: 5of9 ThecharacteristicsandspatialdistributionofecosystemsandbiomesonEarth's surface NationalScienceEducationStandards •(9-12)StandardC-4: Interdependenceoforganisms •(9-12)StandardC-5: Matter,energy,andorganizationinlivingsystems •(9-12)StandardC-6: Behavioroforganisms OceanLiteracyEssentialPrinciplesand FundamentalConcepts •Principle5d: Oceanbiologyprovidesmanyuniqueexamplesoflifecycles,adaptationsand importantrelationshipsamongorganisms(suchassymbiosis,predator-prey dynamicsandenergytransfer)thatdonotoccuronland. •Principle5e: Theoceanisthree-dimensional,offeringvastlivingspaceanddiversehabitats fromthesurfacethroughthewatercolumntotheseafloor.Mostoftheliving spaceonEarthisintheocean. •Principle5f: Oceanhabitatsaredefinedbyenvironmentalfactors.Duetointeractionsofabiotic factorssuchassalinity,temperature,oxygen,pH,light,nutrients,pressure, substrateandcirculation,oceanlifeisnotevenlydistributedtemporallyorspatially, i.e.,itis“patchy”.Someregionsoftheoceansupportmorediverseandabundant lifethananywhereonEarth,whilemuchoftheoceanisconsideredadesert. •Principle5g: Therearedeepoceanecosystemsthatareindependentofenergyfromsunlight andphotosyntheticorganisms.Hydrothermalvents,submarinehotsprings,and methanecoldseepsrelyonlyonchemicalenergyandchemosyntheticorganisms tosupportlife. 6of9 Preparation WhatYou’llNeed MaterialsYouProvide Pencils RequiredTechnology InternetAccess:Required TechSetup:1computerperclassroom,Projector,Speakers Plug-Ins:Flash PhysicalSpace Classroom Grouping Large-groupinstruction OtherNotes Beforestartingtheactivity,downloadandqueueupallofthevideos. ResourcesProvided:undefined FishThievesTakeRareSeals'Prey CaribbeanCleaners GivingFishaBath ClownfishandSeaAnemonePartnership 7of9 ResourcesProvided:Handouts&Worksheets SymbioticInteractions SymbioticInteractionsAnswerKey ResourcesProvided:Images LemonShark Background&Vocabulary BackgroundInformation Symbiosisisanecologicalrelationshipbetweentwospeciesthatliveinclose proximitytoeachother.Organismsinsymbioticrelationshipshaveevolvedto exploitauniquenichethatanotherorganismprovides.Theserelationshipsare basedontheadvantagesthatcanbegainedbyfindingandusingapreviously unexploitedniche.Competitionandpredationareecologicalrelationshipsbutare notsymbiotic.Predationdoesnotoccuroveralongperiodoftime,and competitionisanindirectinteractionoverresources. PriorKnowledge [] RecommendedPriorActivities CreateanImaginaryMarineEcosystem MarineEcologyVideoScavengerHunt Vocabulary Term Partof Definition Speech 8of9 Term Partof Speech commensalismnoun mutualism noun parasitism noun predator prey noun noun symbiosis noun Definition relationshipbetweenorganismswhereoneorganism benefitsfromtheassociationwhilenotharmingtheother. relationshipbetweenorganismsofdifferentspecies,in whichbothorganismsbenefitfromtheassociation. relationshipbetweenorganismswhereoneorganism(a parasite)livesorfeedsontheother,usuallycausingharm. animalthathuntsotheranimalsforfood. animalthatishuntedandeatenbyotheranimals. twoormoredistinctorganismslivingtogetherforthe benefitofoneorboth. ForFurtherExploration Websites NationalGeographicEducation:NationalTeacherLeadershipAcademy(NTLA) Funder ©1996–2016NationalGeographicSociety.Allrightsreserved. 9of9