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BENTUANG
KARIMUN
NATIONAL
PARK
49
IX. Bentuang Karimun National Park:
integrated conservation
and developmentin
Indonesia
H. Soedjito
WWF Indonesia
Programme,
Jl. Budi
Pontianak
78122,
Karya
West
No.
BPD
7, Kompleks
Waduk
-
Permai,
Kalimantan, Indonesia
(e-mail: [email protected])
Summary
The International
National Park
93 Rev.
1
tive is to
will
Tropical
(BKNP)
It started
(F)].
develop
a
the socio-economic
1)
the
2)
to initiate
tic
a
and is
management through
of local
the
and
Indonesia
and
Park
National
a
Park
accommodate
the
by conserving
and tourism
was
between
and
to
September, although
Schmidt &
ranges from
and has
Based
a
on
good
173-198
even
West Kalimantan
covers
area
an
hilly
to
lies between
of
it
can
be classified
mountainous with
an
with
a
The
step
high
very
relatively
little disturbance. An
where land
photos.
tane
near
now
region.
areas
c.
8,000 sq.km,
dry
mm
season
re-
a
type A
area.
it
112°
1/5 the
c.
and the
num-
is between June
The
According
topography
1,960
diversity
are
the BKNP is
is
two
clearly
due
high
to
m
altitude
moss
forest with
Within the Mount
patches
slightly
possibly
vegetation
disturbed is part of the
the land for their slash and burn
agri-
forests in various stages of
villages, Nanga Bungan
agriculture.
and many
and
These activities
species
appear
was
through
the
to
are
suc-
Tanjung
are
not en-
moderate.
be undescrib-
interpretation of
Dipterocarp forest,
wet-hill forest,
aerial
mon-
of limestone outcrops in the south-eastern
Condong complex (1,244 m)
and this type of forest
ecosystem
January 1997,
the many
ecosystem types present. The first
These showed the presence of lowland
and
that is
secondary
the
1996 and
May
of the BKNP because the disturbances
biological diversity
species
opened
consists of
find the different types of ecosystems
forest,
of this
the Minister
by
types. The condition of the
area
the river is used for
biological diversity of
to
and touris-
approximately
elevation between 200 and
number of ecosystem
cession. The other 'disturbed'
ed. This
as
field surveys that have been conducted between
the
of the area
interesting geological history.
very
culture in the 1970s. This
dangering
per year. The
days
Embaloh watershed where the PARAKU
Lokang,
status
1995
September
area
as
and Sarawak.
then rainfall is still above 100 mm per month.
Ferguson (1951)
the BKNP has
was
is between
only
such
No.467/Kpts-II/1995. Administratively
River District. The
15-114° 10' E and 0° 40-1° 35' N and
days
values
biodiversity
size of Brunei. The average annual rainfall is between 4,400-4,620
ber of rain
that not
purposes
include:
in West Kalimantan. The
area
established on 5
26/
objec-
of the area;
potential
Malaysia, particularly
PD
The main
system
other
Karimun
Karimun
promote economic, scientific, educational, cultural,
and
the Ministerial Decree
Upper Kapuas
also
Bentuang
WWF Indonesia.
communities. This will
regional
conservation
largest
but will
for the
project
[Project Bentuang
implemented by
ecosystems,
National Park. It
Forestry through
to
forest
and
regional development
is that of
belongs
of natural
species
1995
has funded a
of Indonesia
Forestry
of the BKNP as a National
cooperationbetween
serve
November
of
research, educational, recreation
The BKNP is the
of
of
Organization (ITTO)
Department
development
development
and that of
on
model
conservation
serve
Timber
of the
there
is present in other
are
some
areas
as
swamp forests
well. The
Dipte-
50
FLORA
rocarp forest has
a
MALESIANA
BULLETIN
high species diversity. Genera commonly found
very
terocarpus, Dryobalanops,
Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea,
10 x 50
woody plant species
m
each
least 551
at
of 68 families. 50
a
species
are
New records
a
are
relative of
also
There is
The
high
280
no
doubt that
floristic
species
a
Myrmeconauclea
at
interesting species
the genus
and
Nepenthes,
to
orange
The
flowers
species
diversity
cording
to
of fauna in the
MacKinnon
bon, 'kelampiau/kawot'
(1996).
Of the
(Hylobales
langur, 'kelasi/mopuan'
from the BKNP.
the
by
high.
The
primates
sp.,
pitcher plants
(1,152 m)
mals
in
Sanctuary
The
seen.
layer Begonia
'kepuh/hout'
(Presbytis rubicunda),
area
is the
are
7
Biodiversity
species diversity
species
ac-
gib-
(Macaca
(Presbytis frontata),
(Tekelang).
a
Tarsius
(
The
on
the
west
of Mount
area
part of
Betung
and the ani-
Entimau Wildlife
Lanjak
the trans-frontier
maroon
bancanus). The
high population density
Conservation Area' is
species,
of
e.
Entimau-
'Lanjak
reserve
extremely opportunate, partic-
of other mammals in the BKNP is also
g. sambar deer (Cervus
muntjak (Muntiacus muntjak
an otter
( Lutra sumatrana)
cies is considered
as
unicolor), leopard
and M.
nebulosa), mousedeer ( Tragulus napu),
atherodes),
and sunbear
interesting.
cat
observed
during
(Rodentia)
recent
torquatus)
the IIJCN. Even
the number
spiderhunter,
field surveys.
(Chiroptera).
yielded
according
the BKNP could rise
Among
at
2
leopard ( Neofelis
(Helarctos malayanus).
In addi-
it has been
though
occur
Small mammals include 17
Of the latter the
beetle-eating
reported
here,
none
species
that
were
of rodents
naked bat
(Cheiro-
is of note, which has become extinct in Java.
Observation of birds
nomenclature is
are
has been found in the Mendalan watershed. This spe-
endangered by
and 19 bats
There
( Felis bengalensis),
clouded
Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) would still
meles
high
yellow
Bornean
species:
macaque, 'kera'
and tarsier
that borders
one
of
for orangutan conservation.
least 48
tion,
has
Condong (1,244 m)
This
to
a
(Macaca nemestrina), orangutan, 'mayas'
Sarawak, Malaysia. Therefore
Karimun
Bentuang
ularly
and Mount
easily
are
has
Zoological nomenclature is
there
muelleri), long-tailed
in the Embaloh watershed
park, particularly
are
other
together with
the
distribution of the orangutan is of interest because it is concentrated in the
the
There
trees.
occupied by especi-
are
trees
parasite Rafflesia
is also very
area
Aquilaria,
cauliflorus,
epiphytic.
white-fronted langur,
pygmaeus),
p.
or
genera
Saraca declinata, and Schefflera sp.,
sp.,
the
macaque, 'beruk'
fascicularis), pig-tailed
(Pongo
al.
et
wood':
their wide colour variation from white
either terrestrial
grow
expected
of Saurauia. In the herb
species diversity. Rhododendrons with
of
Neouvaria acuminatissima and Shorea pel-
least 30. The river banks
(Ixora sp.),
Dip-
plots
175
to
Chisocheton
under the canopy of those
growing
'soka'
as
belonging
of the BKNP is for instance shown
diversity
and Shorea alone has
e.g.
pluricormis, representing
'kayu gaharu' ('aloe
records may be
more new
ally Dipterocarpus oblongifolius, Pinanga
with
recorded
Castanopsis inermis,
Eugenia spicata, Lithocarpus philippinensis,
tata.
are
and Vatica. Within 23
endemic to Borneo, e.g Amyxa
endemic genus and
monotypic
Thymelaeaceae).
were
1997
12(2),
to
so
up
to
to
234
species
Smythies (1981).
It is
expected
300 when the mountains and
far observed, there
Arachnothera
from lowland forest habitats. The
are
affinis everetti,
6
new
following
that the number of bird in
plateaux
have been
surveyed.
records for Indonesia: the Kinabalu
Whitehead's
spiderhunter,
A.
juliae,
white-
BENTUANG
browed shama,
KARIMUN
NATIONAL PARK
51
Copsychus malabaricus stricklandi, Whitehead's trogon, Harpactes
whiteheadi, golden naped barbet, Megalaima pulcherrima, and the brown-chested jungle
brunneata.
flycather, Rhinomyias
54 bird
under Indonesian Wildlife laws have been found in the
species protected
BKNP e.g. the State Bird of West Kalimantan
kong gading' (Rhinoplax
also listed in
rouloul)
cies endemic
There
the
and
locally
in the
is
species
be
to
there are 2
taxa
caught.
zon
the
Three
potential
to
are
endemic
the
There
Osteochilus
are at
and
a
of
populations. Exceptions
the insects the
170 species
A
leporinus.
are
At least
frog
a
only
1
that is
one
of the smallest
long. Leptolalax
cm
M. Matsui. Several
hamidi
tree
frogs
Sphenomorphus (Sauria, Scincidae),
ever
collected. In addition, it has been
Crocodilus raninus
Tomistoma
and
that
reported
(formerly
included
in the middle part of the Si-
schlegeli,
high diversity of fishes.
Garra
Kalimantan,
ornamentals or for
In the Sibau watershed there
an
economic
T.
'kebali'
is
a new
King
source
of
food,
Brook
there are many
hymeno-
( Tor
(Osphro-
'tengadak' (Puntius colling-
of Crossochilus and
made of the
a
are,
'ulanguli'
'kaloi'
Schimatorhynchus,
each.
Bogoriense (MZB).
butterfly ( Trogonoptera brookiana)
was
B.
e.g. 'semah'
tambroides), gurami,
and
have
export commodity. There
an
record for the Museum Zoologicum
special study
collected,
as
are
are
were
P. everetti, P. tetrazona
'pasik' (Botia hymenophysa),
and T.
species
species
('ulanguli'),
('ikan umpan'),
(Osteochilus hasselti),
two new
species
Possible ornamentals
consumption.
potential
tambra,
least 76
At least 25
Botia macrantha
The
at
the sucker fish Gastromi-
borneensis,
'berbaju' (jPuntius tetrazona)
soro,
least
pleurotenia
colourful species.
Sumatra
by
One collection from Mount Lawit of Stoliczkaia
and Rasbora dusuniensis.
septemfasciatus),
Among
was
Japanese expert
species
a
gavial,
to
as
many fishes that have
woodi).
in small
An adult is
the carps Puntius binotatus
douronensis, 'kulir'; T.
is
a
beautifully
Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). Among
interesting things,
new
for Borneo appear
to
Apththonoides, Clavicornaltica, Gastrolinoides, Lipromorpha, Micrantipha, Niasia,
and Pachenephorus.
a
collection
Acanthopsis dialuzona ('ikan pasir'),
nemus
shared
species
tupai', Gyrinocheilus pustulosus.
developed
(Botia macrocantha),
the
as
(Rollolus
least 17 spe-
Jabun, which, unfortunately, is outside the borders of the BKNP.
and 'ikan
be
('berbaju'),
be
by
specimen
and the false
Bengkal
physa ('pasik'),
are
3
of 34 genera and 16 families. In the Embaloh watershed
fasciatus,
e.g.,
Reptiles
crocodiles, the freshwater crocodile,
porosus),
River,
Islands,
at
3 tortoises, and 18 snakes have been collected dur-
Colubridae).
The National Park also has
81
and
interesting
well
as
borneensis is the third
in C.
geckos,
be described
species,
new
the surveys,
During
consumed
Limnonectes ibanorum and L.
An
Calamaria (Serpentes,
bau
the Sunda
to
hornbill, 'rang-
partridge, 'engayan'
limited distribution have been identified
world, Leptobrachella mjoerbergi.
a new
might
a
19
this first field survey.
a
Amphibians
many
are
44 different amphibians,
ing
with
species
also
were
common
'Red Data Book of IUCN'.
Borneo, 2 endemic
to
and Borneo, and 9
the helmeted
Province,
and the crested wood
vigil)
Dryopidae
At present
and undescribed
doubt, many
more are
Myrmhopla,
and
during
a
2-year
the BKNP has
a
in
present. There
Polyrhachis.
survey
17
wealth of
genera have been
two new
species
For
species
were
25
species of
comparison,
of
ants
biodiversity.
detected,
Bruneixellus, Ischalia,
were
ants
of
and
a
Dermestidae and
Psephenoides.
No
Hagiomyrma, Myrma,
in the Lambir National Park,
detected. This small
sample
Sarawak,
proves that
52
FLORA
The BKNP also has
long
to
villages
to
the BKNP
Desa Toba
are
to
381 persons, and in the
only
with
may
well be
might
into
a
be
out to
healthy
constraint
a
on
the
when
area
at
This number is considered
of the Park.
development
the
time
same
(Tan-
with 796. Within the BKNP itself
vicinity 1,935.
field guides
insufficient number of experienced
an
ecotourist
with 518 in-
Bungan Jaya (Belatung
be under the threat limit to the BKNP. On the contrary, this small
turn
1997
Dayak Iban,
Desa Sibau Hulu
535,
and Desa
367,
Lokang)
near
(2),
and Taman Sibau. The
(Kelayam+Madang+Sadap)
with
+Nanga Bungan+Nanga Lapung+Tanjung
are
Tamambaloh,
(Belimbis+Pinjawan)
jung Lasa+Tanjung Pandan/Nanga Potan)
there
12
Bukat Mendalam, Bukat Metelunai,
Dayak peoples:
Desa Pulau Manak
habitants,
BULLETIN
cultures. Autochthonous inhabitants be-
unique assembly of
an
Mendalam, Punan Hovongan,
Kantu', Kayan
nearest
of
variety
a
MALESIANA
amount
of
to
the Park
develop
craftsmen to make
capable
people
For instance, there
qualita-
tive handicrafts for souvenirs will be much in demand.
These different groups generally live by hunting, gathering and swidden farming for
their subsistence. However,
The
place.
becoming
during
gathering
the botanical surveys of the
of
rehabilitation is
as
obvious
areas
and
Koheng
large
area,
it has
particularly along
decreasing
fish
is worsened
outsiders.
population
local inhabitants
It is
to
products
as
know
exactly
privilege
in
how the locals
we
work
resources
can
be
Illegal gold mining
River both in the Kadoes
cover
not
downstream. This
a
open
already causing
a
This situation is unfortunate and
gold
products
miners
are
mostly
and minerals from
products
from
envisaged:
a
core
to
collect,
In
and
and harvest the non-wood
estimate the
impact
cooperation
to
distributions and data
design zoning systems
used
zone,
Foundation,
a
with the local communi-
Tanjung Lokang, already
zone, a
of their activi-
with the Pancur Kasih
and other
on
have been
regen-
mapped
for the Park. Three
zones
in the National
system.
It is
on
is be-
'gaharu'
However, 'gaharu'
of soil erosion
prepared showing
and the information obtained will be used
Park
that
harvest and mine these
together
participation mapping.
villages, Nanga Bungan
zones are
water
collectors and
use,
forests and
surrounding
information,
ties, maps of natural
types of
intensity
( Tor spp.).
sin-
but the actual fact is different.
experience
eration. Two
and
illegal 'gaharu'
these have the
only
from the
ties. To collect this
NGO with
speed
census.
gold mining
river
on
a
within the Sibau and Embaloh
this
Although
is
of worry is that
watershed, only
not mean
total
the outsiders should buy minor forest
habitats,
important
forest
a
beccariana)
for extinction is the meth-
the upper Kapuas
impact
of e.g. 'semah'
the fact that these
by
Legally,
their natural
significant negative
will accelerate the
mining system
were not
A.
point
for rehabilitation zones.
proposed
watersheds.
Bungan
a
be
cause
This observation does
these surveys
A
and Embaloh
found. The main
requirement, particularly
will
is present within the BKNP
sustainability.
also takes
products
(Aquilaria malaccensis,
Bungan, Sibau,
was
uprooting.
extinct
an
watersheds. These
'gaharu'
total
collecting by
coming completely
puas
wood, 'gaharu'
intensive and may disturb its
more
gle living specimens
od of
commercialextraction of forest
some
of aloe
important
development
that in this demarcation research
and
to
provide
the
opportunities
a
included to maintain
continuing study
succession, dynamics,
and
BKNP
for permanent stations. At least three sites
are
appropriate
biodiversity
of
areas are
for
tropical ecosystems.
of the
a
check
ecology,
Several parts of the
seem
suitable: the
BENTUANG
KARIMUN
Tekelan site of the Embaloh watershed, the
the
site of the
Bungan
The first
is
geologically within
ecosystems ranging from lowland Dipterocarp
Condong
and Mount Betung with human
for slash and bum
ance
sion
is
stages
humans. In
also excellent
(KTe) which
mation
The third
ous
rock
the
(Ten),
Tekelan River there is
The
has different
within
The
of
interaction with
it is
orangutan whereby
can
panoramic
also
to
histories
groups
volcanic rocks
on
Mount Kerihun
views with great
area
is
ideal
an
function
as
Sarawak
compared
of
composed
to
takes
two
The
are
days,
one
panoramic
day
of
views
(Tml),
the BKNP
to
nature
to
as
and
along
this
day
route
are
of
On the other hand tourists with
route
sive
along
in
rapids
mists of the
Upper Kapuas
the
Bungan
tropical
ample
and
as
a
a
an
to
be
re-
The
short
cut to
to
use
are
the Emin
trans-
great pos-
Sarawak it
only
walking.
vast
and
a
high
sense
dangerous rapids
navigated
rain forest of the Miiller Range,
route
Long Apari
to
can
three
and the trail leads
down
experience.
of adventure
River into East Kalimantan. In this
River have
the
Along
ecotourism
permanent
Jenait
Nanga
beautiful and
time and
Sintang
diptero-
It is also the traditional way
well
From Putussibau
routes.
one
previ-
volcanic
the 'Sibau track'.
secure
area.
Kanyau River,
of ecotourism
boating
and
lovers.
into
for the location of
place
'post guard'
a
to
developed
absent, therefore it is ideal for tourists with limited time and low field
the
to
(1,960 m).
appeal
(Bintulu River),
of the Sibau River,
development
the
Nyaan
baloh River in the West and the Mendalam River in the East. Beside this
portation, segments
rain
it also is within the Embaloh for-
of its ecosystems ranges from lowland
Sibau River is the easiest gate of access
travelers from Putussibau
tropical
forest ecosystem
Dipterocarp
beautiful segment that could be
a
of undisturbed
study
geological
complex
more
diversity
Nanga Menyakan
search station that
sibilities in the
ac-
about 85% of the BKNP geological history.
Kapuas complex (JKlk), Lapung
(Toms).
The BKNP has beautiful
area.
is intended for the
forest and limestone forest
to moss
carp
covers
geologically
Intrusion rock
Mount
at
forests with different succes-
high population
a
(1,767 m). Geologically
station, Bungan,
It is
two.
with
(KTe)
This consisted of forest clear-
secondary
The ecosystems range from lowland
Mount Lawit
at
specificity.
sub-montane forest
to
forest succession and its
studying
the site has
said,
forest
and
watershed,
own
the Embaloh formation
activity history.
existence of
station, Menyakan,
dynamics.
forest
moss
for
place
as
has its
area
study their behaviour.
to
The second
forest
ideal
an
addition,
resulting
53
the PARAKU in the 1970s. Since then these
agriculture by
tivities have ceased. The
PARK
site of the Sibau
Menyakan
watershed. Each
Kapuas Koheng
station, Tekelan,
NATIONAL
use
impres-
through
on
a
the
the
Upper
Mahakam River, East Kalimantan.
this
Historically,
Dutch
explorer
route
was
used for the first trans-Bornean
and botanist Anton W.
expedition
Nieuwenhuis, attended by
his
wife,
lead
by
the
Ms. M. J.T.
Nieuwenhuis-Uexkiill Giildenband in 1894.
REFERENCES
MacKinnon, K.,
F. H.
Schmidt,
nesia
G.
Halim
& A.
Mangalik.
Ferguson.
1951.
Rainfall
Hatta,
& J. H. A.
H.
and western New Guinea.
Smythies,
B.
E.
Verh.
Djawatan
1981. Birds of Borneo, ed. 3:
473
1996. The
types
Met.
pp.
based
ecology
on wet
Geofisik,
of Kalimantan:
and
dry period
Jakarta 42:
1-77.
41-54.
ratios
for
Indo-