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BENTUANG KARIMUN NATIONAL PARK 49 IX. Bentuang Karimun National Park: integrated conservation and developmentin Indonesia H. Soedjito WWF Indonesia Programme, Jl. Budi Pontianak 78122, Karya West No. BPD 7, Kompleks Waduk - Permai, Kalimantan, Indonesia (e-mail: [email protected]) Summary The International National Park 93 Rev. 1 tive is to will Tropical (BKNP) It started (F)]. develop a the socio-economic 1) the 2) to initiate tic a and is management through of local the and Indonesia and Park National a Park accommodate the by conserving and tourism was between and to September, although Schmidt & ranges from and has Based a on good 173-198 even West Kalimantan covers area an hilly to lies between of it can be classified mountainous with an with a The step high very relatively little disturbance. An where land photos. tane near now region. areas c. 8,000 sq.km, dry mm season re- a type A area. it 112° 1/5 the c. and the num- is between June The According topography 1,960 diversity are the BKNP is is two clearly due high to m altitude moss forest with Within the Mount patches slightly possibly vegetation disturbed is part of the the land for their slash and burn agri- forests in various stages of villages, Nanga Bungan agriculture. and many and These activities species appear was through the to are suc- Tanjung are not en- moderate. be undescrib- interpretation of Dipterocarp forest, wet-hill forest, aerial mon- of limestone outcrops in the south-eastern Condong complex (1,244 m) and this type of forest ecosystem January 1997, the many ecosystem types present. The first These showed the presence of lowland and that is secondary the 1996 and May of the BKNP because the disturbances biological diversity species opened consists of find the different types of ecosystems forest, of this the Minister by types. The condition of the area the river is used for biological diversity of to and touris- approximately elevation between 200 and number of ecosystem cession. The other 'disturbed' ed. This as field surveys that have been conducted between the of the area interesting geological history. very culture in the 1970s. This dangering per year. The days Embaloh watershed where the PARAKU Lokang, status 1995 September area as and Sarawak. then rainfall is still above 100 mm per month. Ferguson (1951) the BKNP has was is between only such No.467/Kpts-II/1995. Administratively River District. The 15-114° 10' E and 0° 40-1° 35' N and days values biodiversity size of Brunei. The average annual rainfall is between 4,400-4,620 ber of rain that not purposes include: in West Kalimantan. The area established on 5 26/ objec- of the area; potential Malaysia, particularly PD The main system other Karimun Karimun promote economic, scientific, educational, cultural, and the Ministerial Decree Upper Kapuas also Bentuang WWF Indonesia. communities. This will regional conservation largest but will for the project [Project Bentuang implemented by ecosystems, National Park. It Forestry through to forest and regional development is that of belongs of natural species 1995 has funded a of Indonesia Forestry of the BKNP as a National cooperationbetween serve November of research, educational, recreation The BKNP is the of of Organization (ITTO) Department development development and that of on model conservation serve Timber of the there is present in other are some areas as swamp forests well. The Dipte- 50 FLORA rocarp forest has a MALESIANA BULLETIN high species diversity. Genera commonly found very terocarpus, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Parashorea, Shorea, 10 x 50 woody plant species m each least 551 at of 68 families. 50 a species are New records a are relative of also There is The high 280 no doubt that floristic species a Myrmeconauclea at interesting species the genus and Nepenthes, to orange The flowers species diversity cording to of fauna in the MacKinnon bon, 'kelampiau/kawot' (1996). Of the (Hylobales langur, 'kelasi/mopuan' from the BKNP. the by high. The primates sp., pitcher plants (1,152 m) mals in Sanctuary The seen. layer Begonia 'kepuh/hout' (Presbytis rubicunda), area is the are 7 Biodiversity species diversity species ac- gib- (Macaca (Presbytis frontata), (Tekelang). a Tarsius ( The on the west of Mount area part of Betung and the ani- Entimau Wildlife Lanjak the trans-frontier maroon bancanus). The high population density Conservation Area' is species, of e. Entimau- 'Lanjak reserve extremely opportunate, partic- of other mammals in the BKNP is also g. sambar deer (Cervus muntjak (Muntiacus muntjak an otter ( Lutra sumatrana) cies is considered as unicolor), leopard and M. nebulosa), mousedeer ( Tragulus napu), atherodes), and sunbear interesting. cat observed during (Rodentia) recent torquatus) the IIJCN. Even the number spiderhunter, field surveys. (Chiroptera). yielded according the BKNP could rise Among at 2 leopard ( Neofelis (Helarctos malayanus). In addi- it has been though occur Small mammals include 17 Of the latter the beetle-eating reported here, none species that were of rodents naked bat (Cheiro- is of note, which has become extinct in Java. Observation of birds nomenclature is are has been found in the Mendalan watershed. This spe- endangered by and 19 bats There ( Felis bengalensis), clouded Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) would still meles high yellow Bornean species: macaque, 'kera' and tarsier that borders one of for orangutan conservation. least 48 tion, has Condong (1,244 m) This to a (Macaca nemestrina), orangutan, 'mayas' Sarawak, Malaysia. Therefore Karimun Bentuang ularly and Mount easily are has Zoological nomenclature is there muelleri), long-tailed in the Embaloh watershed park, particularly are other together with the distribution of the orangutan is of interest because it is concentrated in the the There trees. occupied by especi- are trees parasite Rafflesia is also very area Aquilaria, cauliflorus, epiphytic. white-fronted langur, pygmaeus), p. or genera Saraca declinata, and Schefflera sp., sp., the macaque, 'beruk' fascicularis), pig-tailed (Pongo al. et wood': their wide colour variation from white either terrestrial grow expected of Saurauia. In the herb species diversity. Rhododendrons with of Neouvaria acuminatissima and Shorea pel- least 30. The river banks (Ixora sp.), Dip- plots 175 to Chisocheton under the canopy of those growing 'soka' as belonging of the BKNP is for instance shown diversity and Shorea alone has e.g. pluricormis, representing 'kayu gaharu' ('aloe records may be more new ally Dipterocarpus oblongifolius, Pinanga with recorded Castanopsis inermis, Eugenia spicata, Lithocarpus philippinensis, tata. are and Vatica. Within 23 endemic to Borneo, e.g Amyxa endemic genus and monotypic Thymelaeaceae). were 1997 12(2), to so up to to 234 species Smythies (1981). It is expected 300 when the mountains and far observed, there Arachnothera from lowland forest habitats. The are affinis everetti, 6 new following that the number of bird in plateaux have been surveyed. records for Indonesia: the Kinabalu Whitehead's spiderhunter, A. juliae, white- BENTUANG browed shama, KARIMUN NATIONAL PARK 51 Copsychus malabaricus stricklandi, Whitehead's trogon, Harpactes whiteheadi, golden naped barbet, Megalaima pulcherrima, and the brown-chested jungle brunneata. flycather, Rhinomyias 54 bird under Indonesian Wildlife laws have been found in the species protected BKNP e.g. the State Bird of West Kalimantan kong gading' (Rhinoplax also listed in rouloul) cies endemic There the and locally in the is species be to there are 2 taxa caught. zon the Three potential to are endemic the There Osteochilus are at and a of populations. Exceptions the insects the 170 species A leporinus. are At least frog a only 1 that is one of the smallest long. Leptolalax cm M. Matsui. Several hamidi tree frogs Sphenomorphus (Sauria, Scincidae), ever collected. In addition, it has been Crocodilus raninus Tomistoma and that reported (formerly included in the middle part of the Si- schlegeli, high diversity of fishes. Garra Kalimantan, ornamentals or for In the Sibau watershed there an economic T. 'kebali' is a new King source of food, Brook there are many hymeno- ( Tor (Osphro- 'tengadak' (Puntius colling- of Crossochilus and made of the a are, 'ulanguli' 'kaloi' Schimatorhynchus, each. Bogoriense (MZB). butterfly ( Trogonoptera brookiana) was B. e.g. 'semah' tambroides), gurami, and have export commodity. There an record for the Museum Zoologicum special study collected, as are are were P. everetti, P. tetrazona 'pasik' (Botia hymenophysa), and T. species species ('ulanguli'), ('ikan umpan'), (Osteochilus hasselti), two new species Possible ornamentals consumption. potential tambra, least 76 At least 25 Botia macrantha The at the sucker fish Gastromi- borneensis, 'berbaju' (jPuntius tetrazona) soro, least pleurotenia colourful species. Sumatra by One collection from Mount Lawit of Stoliczkaia and Rasbora dusuniensis. septemfasciatus), Among was Japanese expert species a gavial, to as many fishes that have woodi). in small An adult is the carps Puntius binotatus douronensis, 'kulir'; T. is a beautifully Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera). Among interesting things, new for Borneo appear to Apththonoides, Clavicornaltica, Gastrolinoides, Lipromorpha, Micrantipha, Niasia, and Pachenephorus. a collection Acanthopsis dialuzona ('ikan pasir'), nemus shared species tupai', Gyrinocheilus pustulosus. developed (Botia macrocantha), the as (Rollolus least 17 spe- Jabun, which, unfortunately, is outside the borders of the BKNP. and 'ikan be ('berbaju'), be by specimen and the false Bengkal physa ('pasik'), are 3 of 34 genera and 16 families. In the Embaloh watershed fasciatus, e.g., Reptiles crocodiles, the freshwater crocodile, porosus), River, Islands, at 3 tortoises, and 18 snakes have been collected dur- Colubridae). The National Park also has 81 and interesting well as borneensis is the third in C. geckos, be described species, new the surveys, During consumed Limnonectes ibanorum and L. An Calamaria (Serpentes, bau the Sunda to hornbill, 'rang- partridge, 'engayan' limited distribution have been identified world, Leptobrachella mjoerbergi. a new might a 19 this first field survey. a Amphibians many are 44 different amphibians, ing with species also were common 'Red Data Book of IUCN'. Borneo, 2 endemic to and Borneo, and 9 the helmeted Province, and the crested wood vigil) Dryopidae At present and undescribed doubt, many more are Myrmhopla, and during a 2-year the BKNP has a in present. There Polyrhachis. survey 17 wealth of genera have been two new species For species were 25 species of comparison, of ants biodiversity. detected, Bruneixellus, Ischalia, were ants of and a Dermestidae and Psephenoides. No Hagiomyrma, Myrma, in the Lambir National Park, detected. This small sample Sarawak, proves that 52 FLORA The BKNP also has long to villages to the BKNP Desa Toba are to 381 persons, and in the only with may well be might into a be out to healthy constraint a on the when area at This number is considered of the Park. development the time same (Tan- with 796. Within the BKNP itself vicinity 1,935. field guides insufficient number of experienced an ecotourist with 518 in- Bungan Jaya (Belatung be under the threat limit to the BKNP. On the contrary, this small turn 1997 Dayak Iban, Desa Sibau Hulu 535, and Desa 367, Lokang) near (2), and Taman Sibau. The (Kelayam+Madang+Sadap) with +Nanga Bungan+Nanga Lapung+Tanjung are Tamambaloh, (Belimbis+Pinjawan) jung Lasa+Tanjung Pandan/Nanga Potan) there 12 Bukat Mendalam, Bukat Metelunai, Dayak peoples: Desa Pulau Manak habitants, BULLETIN cultures. Autochthonous inhabitants be- unique assembly of an Mendalam, Punan Hovongan, Kantu', Kayan nearest of variety a MALESIANA amount of to the Park develop craftsmen to make capable people For instance, there qualita- tive handicrafts for souvenirs will be much in demand. These different groups generally live by hunting, gathering and swidden farming for their subsistence. However, The place. becoming during gathering the botanical surveys of the of rehabilitation is as obvious areas and Koheng large area, it has particularly along decreasing fish is worsened outsiders. population local inhabitants It is to products as know exactly privilege in how the locals we work resources can be Illegal gold mining River both in the Kadoes cover not downstream. This a open already causing a This situation is unfortunate and gold products miners are mostly and minerals from products from envisaged: a core to collect, In and and harvest the non-wood estimate the impact cooperation to distributions and data design zoning systems used zone, Foundation, a with the local communi- Tanjung Lokang, already zone, a of their activi- with the Pancur Kasih and other on have been regen- mapped for the Park. Three zones in the National system. It is on is be- 'gaharu' However, 'gaharu' of soil erosion prepared showing and the information obtained will be used Park that harvest and mine these together participation mapping. villages, Nanga Bungan zones are water collectors and use, forests and surrounding information, ties, maps of natural types of intensity ( Tor spp.). sin- but the actual fact is different. experience eration. Two and illegal 'gaharu' these have the only from the ties. To collect this NGO with speed census. gold mining river on a within the Sibau and Embaloh this Although is of worry is that watershed, only not mean total the outsiders should buy minor forest habitats, important forest a beccariana) for extinction is the meth- the upper Kapuas impact of e.g. 'semah' the fact that these by Legally, their natural significant negative will accelerate the mining system were not A. point for rehabilitation zones. proposed watersheds. Bungan a be cause This observation does these surveys A and Embaloh found. The main requirement, particularly will is present within the BKNP sustainability. also takes products (Aquilaria malaccensis, Bungan, Sibau, was uprooting. extinct an watersheds. These 'gaharu' total collecting by coming completely puas wood, 'gaharu' intensive and may disturb its more gle living specimens od of commercialextraction of forest some of aloe important development that in this demarcation research and to provide the opportunities a included to maintain continuing study succession, dynamics, and BKNP for permanent stations. At least three sites are appropriate biodiversity of areas are for tropical ecosystems. of the a check ecology, Several parts of the seem suitable: the BENTUANG KARIMUN Tekelan site of the Embaloh watershed, the the site of the Bungan The first is geologically within ecosystems ranging from lowland Dipterocarp Condong and Mount Betung with human for slash and bum ance sion is stages humans. In also excellent (KTe) which mation The third ous rock the (Ten), Tekelan River there is The has different within The of interaction with it is orangutan whereby can panoramic also to histories groups volcanic rocks on Mount Kerihun views with great area is ideal an function as Sarawak compared of composed to takes two The are days, one panoramic day of views (Tml), the BKNP to nature to as and along this day route are of On the other hand tourists with route sive along in rapids mists of the Upper Kapuas the Bungan tropical ample and as a a an to be re- The short cut to to use are the Emin trans- great pos- Sarawak it only walking. vast and a high sense dangerous rapids navigated rain forest of the Miiller Range, route Long Apari to can three and the trail leads down experience. of adventure River into East Kalimantan. In this River have the Along ecotourism permanent Jenait Nanga beautiful and time and Sintang diptero- It is also the traditional way well From Putussibau routes. one previ- volcanic the 'Sibau track'. secure area. Kanyau River, of ecotourism boating and lovers. into for the location of place 'post guard' a to developed absent, therefore it is ideal for tourists with limited time and low field the to (1,960 m). appeal (Bintulu River), of the Sibau River, development the Nyaan baloh River in the West and the Mendalam River in the East. Beside this portation, segments rain it also is within the Embaloh for- of its ecosystems ranges from lowland Sibau River is the easiest gate of access travelers from Putussibau tropical forest ecosystem Dipterocarp beautiful segment that could be a of undisturbed study geological complex more diversity Nanga Menyakan search station that sibilities in the ac- about 85% of the BKNP geological history. Kapuas complex (JKlk), Lapung (Toms). The BKNP has beautiful area. is intended for the forest and limestone forest to moss carp covers geologically Intrusion rock Mount at forests with different succes- high population a (1,767 m). Geologically station, Bungan, It is two. with (KTe) This consisted of forest clear- secondary The ecosystems range from lowland Mount Lawit at specificity. sub-montane forest to forest succession and its studying the site has said, forest and watershed, own the Embaloh formation activity history. existence of station, Menyakan, dynamics. forest moss for place as has its area study their behaviour. to The second forest ideal an addition, resulting 53 the PARAKU in the 1970s. Since then these agriculture by tivities have ceased. The PARK site of the Sibau Menyakan watershed. Each Kapuas Koheng station, Tekelan, NATIONAL use impres- through on a the the Upper Mahakam River, East Kalimantan. this Historically, Dutch explorer route was used for the first trans-Bornean and botanist Anton W. expedition Nieuwenhuis, attended by his wife, lead by the Ms. M. J.T. Nieuwenhuis-Uexkiill Giildenband in 1894. REFERENCES MacKinnon, K., F. H. Schmidt, nesia G. Halim & A. Mangalik. Ferguson. 1951. Rainfall Hatta, & J. H. A. H. and western New Guinea. Smythies, B. E. Verh. Djawatan 1981. Birds of Borneo, ed. 3: 473 1996. The types Met. pp. based ecology on wet Geofisik, of Kalimantan: and dry period Jakarta 42: 1-77. 41-54. ratios for Indo-