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PARTS OF THE UNIVERSE State Objectives 2e. and 4.f. ARE WE ALONE? Not all of our telescopes are orbiting the Earth or Sun and taking cool pictures of radiation emitted from astronomical objects. Kepler Telescope PARTS OF THE UNIVERSE v The universe is all space, matter, and energy that exists v The exact size is unknown, but it is believed to still be expanding. v Stars group together in clusters. v Clusters group together in galaxies. v Galaxies group together in groups. v Galaxy groups group together in super-clusters. GALAXIES • Huge collection of stars, gas, & dust held together by gravity • 3 types of galaxies: elliptical, spiral, & irregular SPIRAL GALAXY ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES IRREGULAR GALAXIES GALAXY GROUPS v The Milky Way (our galaxy) is located in the Local Group. v The Local Group contains 36 galaxies. v The Local Group is part of the Virgo Supercluster (at least 100 galaxies). Atlas of the Universe OUR GALAXY - THE MILKY WAY • From the side, the Milky Way appears to be a narrow disk with a bulge in the middle. The galaxy’s spiral structure is visible only from above or below. STARS v Stars are objects made of gases which produce light and heat from fusion reactions inside the star. v Smaller stars fuse hydrogen into helium. Larger stars form heavier elements. v Stars begin & end their life in nebulae. NEBULAE v Nebulae are large clouds of gas, plasma & dust within a galaxy v Typically a few light-years wide. v Light-year is the distance light travels in one year (about 9.5 trillion km) NEBULAE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR HOW FAR AWAY ARE STARS? v Parallax: apparent shift in the position of an object when view from two different locations. v Parallax Example v Can be used to measure the distance of stars from Earth that are relatively close. v Proxima Centauri: closest star to earth v (4.3 light years away – 40 trillion km) THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE • All distant galaxies are moving rapidly away from our galaxy and from each other. THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE • Red Shift: occurs when a star or other object is moving away from Earth • Blue Shift: occurs when a star or other object is moving toward Earth THE EXPANDING UNIVERSE MOVING AWAY OR TOWARD US? ORIGINS OF THE UNIVERSE v Big Bang Theory: states that all matter and energy were once packed into a tiny particle smaller than a speck of dust. v The particle began to expand and matter and energy moved rapidly outward in all directions. v The matter cooled and collected to form stars, galaxies, nebulae, and planets. v Most scientists believe the universe is about 13.7 billion years old. v http://www.history.com/shows/the-universe/videos/what-putthe-bang-in-the-big-bang#what-put-the-bang-in-the-big-bang