Download conceptos generales y vocabulario básico de la electricidad

CONCEPTOS GENERALES Y VOCABULARIO
BÁSICO DE LA ELECTRICIDAD
Inglés Técnico
Ejercicios de Traducción,
Comprensión y Asociación Visual
V. M. Ortega
Departamento de Estudios Generales y Básicos
Vice-Rectorado Barquisimeto, Unexpo
Barquisimeto, 2006
Dibujos: Jimmy Salcedo
Tabla de Contenidos
PREFACIO...............................................................................................................................................III
INSTRUCCIONES PARA EL ALUMNO.............................................................................................IV
I. ELECTRONS.........................................................................................................................................VI
II. ATTRACTION AND REPULSION...................................................................................................10
III. CONNECTIONS AND EXTENSION...............................................................................................13
IV. POTENTIAL........................................................................................................................................19
V. CIRCUITS.............................................................................................................................................22
VI. VARIETIES OF CIRCUITS..............................................................................................................29
VII. OHM’S LAW.....................................................................................................................................38
VIII. ELECTRICAL WAVES..................................................................................................................46
IX. WAVE WORDS...................................................................................................................................51
X. MAGNETISM.......................................................................................................................................59
XI. COMPONENTS..................................................................................................................................71
ii
PREFACIO
Este folleto práctico ha sido elaborado primordialmente para el estudiante de
Electricidad que ya tiene un conocimiento más o menos sólido de los elementos básicos
del inglés escrito, y que desea o se ve obligado a consultar con cierta frecuencia
revistas, manuales, textos, etc. relacionados con su carrera. El objeto del mismo es
enseñarle el idioma tal como se usa en las disciplinas mencionadas, es decir, en los
conceptos o tópicos fundamentales de este campo en particular. Es obvio, por lo tanto,
que no se trata de enseñarle Electricidad, sino más bien entrenarle en la comprensión
escrita del inglés a través de temas que él ya conoce en su propio idioma, evitando así
que estos temas se conviertan en obstáculos para el aprendizaje lingüístico y al mismo
tiempo reforzando esos mismos conocimientos al verlos ahora bajo una perspectiva
diferente.
El folleto es, como ya asomamos, eminentemente práctico. De hecho es un constante
ejercicio de comprensión en diversas facetas, desde la primera página hasta la última.
En él se incluye gran variedad de ítems para auto-evaluación, tanto escritos como
gráficos, ya que se pretende establecer el mayor número posible de alternativas que
ayuden al alumno a retener mejor ciertos conceptos y ciertos términos. La idea
fundamental es darle al estudiante toda la laxitud posible para que pueda a su vez
desarrollar su propio estilo o su propio modo de aprender.
En cuanto a los contenidos, los mismos han sido revisados cuidadosamente por el Ing.
Luis Roberti,
del Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica del Vice-Rectorado
Barquisimeto de la Unexpo, quien encontró que los contextos de Electricidad utilizados
en este folleto se ajustan a la verdad científica tal y como se conoce actualmente en
dicha área.
iii
INSTRUCCIONES PARA EL ALUMNO
La mayoría de los ejercicios de los cuales consta este folleto se explican al comienzo de
cada uno de ellos, sin embargo es bueno detallar uno poco más los procedimientos
involucrados en los mismos. Vamos a hacerlo por partes, es decir, con cada tipo de
ejercicio.
Tipos de Ejercicio
Colocar la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado (Técnica
Cloze). Este ejercicio pretende evaluar su habilidad para hilvanar las ideas y vocablos
de un trozo cualquiera. Por ello se espera que Ud., luego de analizar y estudiar cada uno
de los términos dejados afuera, pueda colocarlos en el lugar más preciso de acuerdo al
trozo. En los casos que presenten dificultades de una u otra índole, el profesor le
ayudará a aclarar cualquier duda. De cualquier forma tiene a su disposición la grabación
en cinta magnética de todos los temas del folleto, en dos velocidades: normal y lenta,
con las cuales podrá comprobar la veracidad de lo hecho por Ud.
Seleccionar la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los enunciados. En este
tipo de ejercicio, que se denomina de alternativa o selección múltiple, Ud. tiene que
escoger la alternativa que al unirse al enunciado dado, expresa una idea, concepto o
afirmación válida o correcta. Se supone que las restantes alternativas son “falsas” y sólo
están allí como distracciones para aquellos que no han entendido bien y/o tratan de
adivinar la solución correcta.
Marque verdadero (V) o falso (F). Es evidente que de lo que se trata es que Ud.
determine si un enunciado equis dado es correcto o válido o si por el contrario es una
falsedad o es parcialmente falso. Es decir que Ud. debe marcar como falso cualquier
enunciado que no sea totalmente verdadero.
Seleccionar la alternativa correcta que corresponde con el gráfico o dibujo dado. Este
es parecido al anterior sólo que en vez de un enunciado al alumno se le da un dibujo o
gráfico que representa un proceso, un esquema o cualquier concepto y debe escoger
entre las cuatro alternativas cuál es la que corresponde con el dibujo o gráfico.
Seleccionar la palabra o palabras que completan un enunciado. Este tipo de ejercicio
también es de alternativa múltiple pero en él se han sacado una o dos palabras las cuales
lo completan. El alumno debe determinar cuál(es) son esa(s) palabra(s)
seleccionándola(s) de entre las alternativas dadas.
Aparear definiciones de conceptos con el concepto mismo. Es decir, que el alumno
debe “ponerle nombre” (de los dados en el ejercicio) a cada una de las definiciones o
descripciones que se listan en el ejercicio. Este ejercicio es un poco más complicado ya
que el alumno además de entender el inglés, debe también conocer los conceptos, o por
lo menos debe investigarlos para así poder resolver el ejercicio satisfactoriamente.
Traducir y/o definir vocablos. Este es otro ejercicio que tiene por objeto el que el
alumno investigue más o menos con cierta profundidad sobre ciertos términos o
iv
vocablos, en diccionarios especializados, de manera que logre una mejor retención de lo
que ellos significan y de su equivalencia en nuestra lengua.
Ordenar frases y oraciones en su secuencia gramatical y retórica más adecuada, para
formar párrafos coherentes. Este es un ejercicio que se puede hacer muy complicado. Se
trata de ordenar frases u oraciones “desordenadas”, es decir, que se ha tomado un texto
cualquiera y se ha cambiado el orden lógico de algunas oraciones, o se ha cambiado la
secuencia, para que el alumno demuestre su habilidad de coherencia al reordenarlas tal
como debe ser. Aquí el alumno debe recordar que las palabras escritas con mayúscula
por lo general siempre comienzan una oración o frase, mientras que las palabras escritas
en minúscula no. He allí un dato que puede servirle mucho en este tipo de ejercicio.
Ponerle el nombre en español o en inglés a partes de aparatos, procesos, esquemas, etc.
En este tipo de ejercicio se da un dibujo más o menos detallado de algo que tenga que
ver con los temas tratados y se le pide al alumno que en la parte de abajo coloque el
equivalente castellano de las partes numeradas en el dibujo o que determine el nombre
en inglés de lo que el gráfico describe.
Hay otros ejercicios, pero los mismos o son muy parecidos a algunos de los ya
detallados aquí o se explican por sí solos.
v
I. ELECTRONS
A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado (si
es necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).
plus
made up
most
hovers
subatomic
each other
protons
minus
atom
there
What is an electron? First and (1) ___________________ important, an electron is
a (2) ____________________ particle. It is one of the constituents of matter, one of
the constituents of the (3) __________________. The others, remember, are the
proton and the neutron. An electron (4) _________________ around the nucleus of
an atom, and the nucleus is (5) _____________________ of a cluster of all the
protons and neutrons of that atom. The protons have a positive, or (6)
_____________________, neutrons of that atom. The electrons have a negative, or
(7) _____________________, electrical charge. (8) ____________________ is
always the same number of electrons as (9) ____________________ in an atom, so
the electrical charges balance (10) _____________________, one plus for each
minus.
which
outermost
another
may
together
but
them
tightly
few
none
When many atoms get (11) _______________________ they form a material
substance. This substance (12) _______________________ be crystalline or
amorphous. In any material, (13) _______________________ more usually in one
that is composed of crystals (as any metal is), the electrons (14) _____________
hover around the nucleus in the (15) _______________________ orbits, or shells,
are not held very (16) _______________________, and they can move from one
atom to (17) _______________________. These “loose” electrons are “available”.
When there are a lot of (18) _______________________ in a material it is a
conductor, when there are (19) _______________________ the material is an
insulator, and when there are only a (20) _______________________, the material
is a semi-conductor.
vi
slowly
than
beaters
having
on
take
jumpy
one
ever
out
Electrons are very nervous and (21) _______________________ and they move
around all the time. They move quickly or (22) _______________________, but as
they move they make lights go (23) _______________________, engines run,
photographs play and egg (24) _______________________ beat eggs. They make
more remarkable inventions work than Edison (25)_______________________
dreamt about, and they solve more mathematical problems (of certain sorts) (26)
_______________________
the
wisest
mathematician
could
(27)
_______________________ on in a million years. Electrons are always (28)
_______________________
adventures,
and
they
always
come
(29)
_______________________ of adventures completely unchanged and ready for the
next (30) _______________________.
plugs
than
such
tubes
found
circuit
which
middle
through
bulbs
Electrons are (31) _______________________ in crystals, in chemical solutions, in
the (32) _______________________ of the air, in vacuum, in conductors, resistors,
semiconductors, capacitors, vacuum (33) ________________, transistors, rectifiers,
thyratrons, transformers, motors, switches, relays, oscillators, , amplifiers,
generators, inductors, coils, dynamos, spark (34) __________________, radios,
television sets, dictaphones, computers, light (35) _____________________,
photocells, phonographs, and many others.
An electric current is nothing more (36) _______________________ the movement
of a stream of electrons. We can make (37) _______________________ stream
move in many kinds of gadgets, as we have seen. A system through
(38)___________________ electrons move is called a (39)____________________.
Basically, electronics is the study of the movements of electronic currents
(40)_______________________ electric circuits.
B. Determine si los enunciados siguientes son verdaderos (V) o falsos (F).
1
1. Electrons are also called negatrons. ______
2. Electrons have approximately 1/1840th. the mass of a hydrogen atom. ______
3. Electrons surround the positively charged nucleus but do not determine the
chemical properties of the atom. ______
4. Electrons are the smallest electric charge that can exist. ______
5. Since by definition electrons only carry negative charges, positive electrons, or
“positrons” are a theoretical impossibility. ______
6. Electrons form the outer shell of an atom. ______
7. However, electrons are not responsible for the bonds between atoms. _____
8. An electron can attach itself to a neutral molecule to form a negative ion. ______
9. Nevertheless, electrons are difficult to handle. That is why they cannot be used to
weld or shape a piece of material. _____
C. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los siguientes
enunciados:
1. Materials can be said to be insulators when…
a. their electrons are “loose”.
b. they do not have any electrons it all.
c. their electrons are held very tight.
d. they are crystalline or amorphous.
2. Electrons can move form one atom to another because they…
a. are tightly held.
b. hover around the nucleus.
c. are “loose”.
d. are composed of crystals.
2
3. Electric current can be briefly defined as
a. nothing more than movement.
b. new and old electrons flowing in one direction.
c. a system of circuits.
d. a stream of electrons moving.
4. Electrons are much more mobile that protons because
a. they maintain an electrical balance.
b. protons are 1840 times more massive.
c. of their negative charge.
d. they cause all the electrical effects.
5. A body said to contain an excess of electrons
a. when it is negatively charged.
b. when it is positively charged.
c. when they are “loose”.
d. when the electron content is lacking.
6. Charges of electricity are __________________ generated by frictional
processes and the like.
a. never
b. sometimes
c. quite often
d. always
7. The force of gravity and electrical forces are
a. just about the same principle.
b. similar in certain aspects.
c. totally different things.
d. both due to electrical charges.
8. Electron affinity is the work needed in removing an electron from a
negative ion, thus _______________________ the neutrality of an atom or
molecule.
a. unbalancing
b. dividing
c. upsetting
d. restoring
3
9. An electron has a spin of
a. one half
b. one fourth
c. one sixth
d. one eighth
10. Electron diffraction is a phenomenon associated with the interference
processes which occur ____________________ electrons are scattered by
atoms in crystals to forms diffraction patterns.
a. because
b. when
c. before
d. after
B. Cada uno de estos conceptos
electron beam
electron flow
electron band
electron coupling
electron emission
electron charge
electron drift
electron avalanche
electron gun
Corresponde con una de las definiciones dadas a continuación. Coloque el
nombre adecuado en cada uno de los espacios en blanco numerados, de acuerdo
con la definición, por supuesto.
1. ___________________________________
The chain reaction started when one free electron collides with one or
more orbiting electrons and frees them. The free electrons then free others
in the same manner, and so on.
2. ___________________________________
A spectrum space composed of molecules that is usually found in the
visible or the ultraviolet because of the electron transition taking place
within the molecule.
3. ___________________________________
A narrow system of electrons moving in the same direction under the
influence of an electric or magnetic field.
4. ___________________________________
4
Also called elementary charge. The charge of a single electron. Its value is
1,60219 x 10-19 coulomb, the fundamental unit of electrical charge.
5. ___________________________________
In vacuum (principally multigrid) tubes, the transfer of energy between
electrodes as electrons leave one and go to the other.
6. ___________________________________
The movement of electrons in a definite direction through a conductor, as
opposed to the haphazard transfer of energy from one electron to another
by collision.
7. ___________________________________
The freeing of electrons into space from the surface of a body under the
influence of heat, light, impact, chemical, disintegration, or a potential
difference.
8. ___________________________________
The movement of electrons from a negative or a positive point in a metal
or other conductor, or form a negative to a positive electrode through a
liquid, gas or vacuum.
9. ___________________________________
An electrode structure which produces and may control focus and may
deflect and converge one or more electron beams.
(1) Alkaline Cell ______________________________
5
(2) Cap ________________________
(3) Insulator ________________________
(4) Anode ________________________
(5) Anode Collector ____________________________________
(6) Metal Bottom ______________________________________
(7) Insulator ____________________________
(8) Cathode ___________________________
(9) Mix ________________________
6
(1) _____________________________
(7) _____________________________
(2) _____________________________
(8) _____________________________
(3) _____________________________
(9) _____________________________
(4) _____________________________
(10) ____________________________
(5) _____________________________
(11) ____________________________
(6) _____________________________
7
(1) Lead-acid cell ______________________________
(2) Seal Nut _________________________________
(3) Post ____________________________________
(4) Vent Plug _______________________________
(5) Filling tube ______________________________
(6) Post gasket ______________________________
(7) Negative strap ____________________________
(8) Level of electrolyte ___________________________
(9) Negative plate ________________________________
(10) Sediment space ____________________________
(11) Rib ________________________________
(12) Case ___________________________
(13) Wood separator __________________________________________
(14) Rubber separator _________________________________________
(15) Positive Plate ______________________________________
(16) Positive Strap ______________________________________
8
(1) _____________________________
(7) _____________________________
(2) _____________________________
(8) _____________________________
(3) _____________________________
(9) _____________________________
(4) _____________________________
(10) ____________________________
(5) _____________________________
(11) ____________________________
(6) _____________________________
(12) ____________________________
9
II. ATTRACTION AND REPULSION
A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado.
carry
some
toward
makes
done
called
that
since
Here are some things that can be (1) ______________________ with
electrons. We know that electrons (2) ______________________ a negative charge
(3) _________________________ opposites attract, if the negative electricity sees
(4) ___________________ positive electricity in the neighbourhood, it will be
attracted by it and move (5) __________________ it. We know already that this
movement of electrons is (6) ___________________ an electric current. The
important fact now is (7) __________________ it is the presence of positive charge
that (8) ____________________ the electrons move.
Making
chemically
As
Expose
all
electrodes
pile up
attach
One way to (9) _________________ electrons to positive electricity is to
(10) ___________________ a conductor (which is full of loose electrons) to a
battery. A battery, (11) _____________ you know, is a device that “makes
electricity” (12) _____________________.
FIG. 1: THE BATTERY
10
It has a way of (13) ______________________ positive chemical ions
congregate at one side of it and negative chemical ions (14) ___________________
at the other side. These two sides are contacts, or terminals, or connections, or
(15)____________________ (in electronics these words (16) __________________
have the same meaning), and there is a positive electrode and a negative electrode
(see Fig. 1).
pulling
any
than
while
through
end
such as
named
when
gather
if
force
If a typical conductor of electricity (17) ________________ a copper wire is
attached to the positive (18) ________________ of a battery, there is a “rush” of
free electrons (19) ______________________ the conductor to the positive
electrode of the battery (20) _____________________ it is a strong battery, it will
(21) __________________ a great number of loose electrons (22) ______________
if it is a wak battery. This electrical (23) ____________________ “force” is called
voltage, (24) _____________ after the Italian Count Alessandro Volta. Voltage
“pulls” electrons. (25) __________________ you pull a weight with a rope you are
pulling a mechanical (26) ____________________: when you pull electrons with a
positive electricity you are pulling with an electrical force (27) _______________ a
mechanical force can pull (28) _______________ object, an electrical force can
only pull something that is charged electrically.
B. Determine si los enunciados siguientes son verdaderos (V) o falsos (F).
1. In electricity, a battery can be defined as a series of distillation columns
or other processing equipment operated as a single unit. _____________
2. Voltage is the potential difference or electromotive force measured in
volts. ________________
3. Electrons travelling through an isolating wire form an electric current.
_______________
4. Electrons move because voltage from a battery or a wall outlet has been
applied to the ends of the wire. _______________
5. An isolator has to be full of electrons to be able to isolate. ____________
6. Contacts and terminals, in electricity, are not the same thing. _________
C. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los siguientes
enunciados:
11
1. If two electrodes of different metals such as copper and zinc are dipped
into a solution such as sulphuric acid which attacks the zinc, chemical
action
a. maintains the potential balanced
b. jeeps the potential from changing
c. step up a difference potential
d. remains neutral
2. When two points, between which a difference of potential is maintained,
are connected by an electrical conductor,
a. electrical charges are established
b. electrical charges are neutralized
c. the potential changes immediately
d. nothing new really happens
3. If the two electrodes in a battery are connected externally a current of
electricity is established through the wire _________________ through
the battery.
a. but not
b. and also
c. as well as
d. going
12
III. CONNECTIONS AND EXTENSION
A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado (si es
necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).
pulled
as though
at
has
makes
become
happens
was
less
Something very interesting (1) _______________ to the battery when the
conducting wire is attached (2) ________________ the positive electrode. Because
electrons are (3) __________________ toward the positive electrode of the battery,
the rest of the wire, all the way to the end, now he haves (4) ___________________
it is a positive as the battery electrode (5) __________________ at the point of
attachment. Since the end of the wire (6) _________________ been robbed of some
of its electrons, it has (7) _______________ negative electrical charge in it than it
had previously. That (8) _________________ it positive, the end of the wire has
thus (9) ___________________ an extension of the terminal of the battery.
loose
will
anyone
as far
as
said
been
conducting
When an electrician attaches a wire an electrode that has voltage in it, the
wire is (10) _________________________ to become “live”. The live voltage has
(11) ___________________ brought to a new place, the end of the wire. If
(12)____________________ then touches the wire he will “feel” the voltage: he
(13) ___________________ get an electric shock. In the same way, you can attach
the (14) ________________ wire to the other side of the battery, the negative side,
(15) _________________ in Fig. 2. Then the negative terminal of the battery will
“push” the (16) _______________ electrons in the conductor away from the battery,
(17) __________________ as they can go into the wire.
13
FIG. 2: THE BATTERY
take on
Repel
as
previous
before
added
The phenomenon described in the (18) ____________________ paragraph
happens because similar (19) ___________________ each other. Then the end of
the wire will (20) _____________________ the same electrical charge that the
battery terminal has (21) ___________________ the wire was attached. Again the
conducting wire (22) _____________________ to a battery terminal has acted
(23)___________________ an extension of the terminal.
B. Determine si los enunciados siguientes son verdaderos (V) o falsos (F).
1. A connector is a coupling device. _____________
2. A connector provides an electrical and/or mechanical junction between
two cables but not between a cable and a chassis or enclosure.
______________
3. A connector is a device that provides rapid connection and disconnection
of electrical cable and wire terminations. _______________
4. A connector can also be described as a plug or receptable which can be
easily joined to or separated from its mate. ______________
14
5. Multiple contact connectors join two or more conductors with others in
one mechanical assembly. ______________
6. The combination of a mated plug and a receptable is called connector
France. ________________
7. A connector assembly is a projection that extends from or around the
periphery of a connector and incorporates provisions for mounting the
connector to a panel. __________________
C. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que corresponde con la gráfica dada:
1.
a. Armstrong oscillator
b. Center-tap connection
c. Audio-amplifier
d. Cage antenna
2.
a. Diplexer circuit
b. Anderson bridge
c. Parallel-connected resistor
d. Capacitance divider
3.
a. Open-circuit jack
b. Commutation capacitor
c. ATR tube
d. Cathode follower
4.
a. Coincidence circuit
b. Synchronous vibrator
c. Transformer
d. Pad
15
(1) _____________________________
(6) _____________________________
(2) _____________________________
(7) _____________________________
(3) _____________________________
(8) _____________________________
(4) _____________________________
(9) _____________________________
(5) _____________________________
16
(1) _____________________________
(6) _____________________________
(2) _____________________________
(7) _____________________________
(3) _____________________________
(8) _____________________________
(4) _____________________________
(9) _____________________________
(5) _____________________________
17
What kind of capacitor is this? (In English)
_________________________________
(1) _____________________________
(7) _____________________________
(2) _____________________________
(8) _____________________________
(3) _____________________________
(9) _____________________________
(4) _____________________________
(10) ____________________________
(5) _____________________________
(11) ____________________________
(6) _____________________________
18
IV. POTENTIAL
A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado.
moving
readiness
it
at
where
becomes
Shock
Into
just like
If you put your fingers at a point (1) ___________________ there is voltage,
you will get a (2) ___________________. In other words, the voltage at the end of a
battery terminal (or (3) ___________________ the end of a wire connected to it) is
“sitting there” in (4) _________________ to be used. But until you touch it
(5)_________________ is not being used it is potential.
Potential is an important word to the electrical engineer. It is his way of
saying “static”, not (6) ___________________ but ready to move. When it does
move, it (7) ________________ “dynamic”. In fact, electricity (8) ______________
mechanics and hydraulics, can be divided (9) ___________________ statics and
dynamics: electrostatics and electrodynamics.
acting
often
once
back
when
becomes
used as
over
means
Coming (10) _________________ to the word potential, the electrical
engineer will (11) ___________________ say things like “a pint has potential of
200 volts” what he (12) ___________________ is that there is a voltage ready to act
at that point, potentially ready (13) ___________________ it acts, it will move
electrons through wires, (14) ___________________ distances. Now remember,
motion is caused by force, and force (15) ________________________ over
distance is energy. (16) ________________________ the energy is set free to act it
(17) ___________________ kinetic, dynamic or active, energy. Do not forget then
that the word “potential” can be (18) ___________________ a noun to mean
“voltage”, poised and ready to leap.
19
B. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the net result when one electrode pushes an electron and the
other pulls it?
The net result is ___________________ to the right
2. In the case of spherical conductor the charges arrange themselves
uniformly, but if the conductor displays an irregularly shaped surface,
such as the one shown in the picture, the charges tend to crow at pointed
protection. To what is this due?
It is due to ________________________________
C. Cada uno de estos conceptos:
potential transforms
potential gradient
potential barrier
potential drop
potential coil
potential difference
potential divider
potential wells
potential energy
Corresponde con una de las definiciones dadas a continuación. Coloque el
número adecuado en cada uno de los espacios en blanco numerados, de
acuerdo con la definición.
20
1. ___________________________
The difference in potential between the two ends of a resistance with a
current flowing through it.
2. ___________________________
A voltage placed on MIS capacitor electrodes causes a voltage gradient
zone to be formed under the electrode so as to collect minority carriers.
3. ___________________________
Force due to the position of one body with respect to another or to the
relative parts of the same body.
4. ___________________________
A voltage existing between two points (e.g. the voltage drop across an
impendence, from one end to another).
5. ___________________________
A semiconductor region through which electric charges attempting to
pass will encounter opposition and may be turned back.
6. ___________________________
The shunt winding in a measuring instrument or other device having
series and shunt windings - i.e. the winding connected across the circuit and
affected by changes in voltage.
7. ___________________________
An instrument whose primary winding is connected in parallel with the
circuit whose voltage is to be measured or controlled.
8. ___________________________
The rate of change of potential with distance. Units such as volts per
meter or kilovolts per centimeter may be used.
9. ___________________________
A resistor or reactor connected across a voltage and tapped to make fixed
or variable fraction of the applied voltage available. Also known under other
names.
21
V. CIRCUITS
A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado
(si es necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).
pushes
out
into
both
in
moving
each
as
are
There is one more thing we can do with a wire and a battery. We can attach
(1) ________________ ends of the wire to the battery, one for (2) ______________
terminal. What happens now? If the positive electrode of the battery is pulling the
electrons (3) ______________________ and the negative electrode of the battery is
pushing them (4) ____________________ from the other end, then the push and the
pull (5) _____________________ both in the same direction and the net result is
motion. Figure 3 shows the total effect when the wire is attached to both terminals
of the battery (6) _________________ the positive terminal pull and the negative
terminal (7) _____________________, the electrons move through the wire, go
inside the battery (where they keep (8) ________________________ and then go
back out of the negative terminal and (9) ________________________ the
conductor again.
FIG. 3
22
pilling up
as long
just go
Always
lasts
most
ends up
himself
When connected in this way, the electrons (10) ____________________
around and around. This is the opposite of electrons (11) ____________________
in the wires. That was static, this is dynamics. This keeps happening.
(12) ____________________ as the connection hold and as long as the battery
(13) ____________________, the electrons move as an electric current, round and
round and round and round again, (14) ____________________ in the same path.
This path has a name that is (15) ____________________ important it is a circuit
(which means a path that (16) ____________________ where to started). The
electrical engineer who specializes in circuits calls (17) ____________________ a
circuit engineer and the work he is doing is circuitry.
falls across
why
such a
Different
circuits
have
burns up
if
together
different
melting
loop
which
names.
The
short
little
loop
(18)__________________ connects the terminals in Fig. 3 is called just that, a loop.
It is sol easy for electrons to travel in a (19) __________________ that they may go
in so much of a rush that the wire of the loop (20) __________________. When a
circuit burns up we say that it is a short circuit or a short. (21)
__________________ a wire (22) __________________ two points in an electrical
appliance that are not usually connected (23) __________________ there may be a
rush of current through the short circuit (or short cut) overheating and
(24)________________ of the wire (burnout) is the result. There is one of the
reasons
(25)
_________________
a
toaster
or
a
broiler
or
radio
(26)__________________ not work. On the other hand, a circuit can be very
complicated with all kind of long parallel or series (27) _________________ and
branches and loops and alternate paths; it may (28) _________________ be called a
network. Sometimes even networks have networks; (29) __________________
system may be called a mesh. Both most circuits are just called circuits.
This is the cross section of an interrupter typical for a
__________________________________________
23
or if
as they
and so
such as
break in
so that
go back
move through
heat up
keep going
run by
back into
As electrons move from one terminal of a battery, (or other source of
electrons, (30) ___________________ wall outlets) through a conducting wire, and
(31) ________________ the terminal at the other end, over and over again,
(32)__________________ pass certain points they may make certain useful things
happen. What can the electrons do “in passing”? Well, as they (33) _____________
a toaster they (34) _________________ there in the toaster and they make toast;
after have completed this task, they just (35) _________________ to the place they
started, (36) _________________ they can (37) _________________ round and
round some more. In fact if you do not eventually “open”, or make a
(38)______________, the circuit (39) _________________ the toaster doesn’t turn
itself off the toast burns. In the same way, other circuits create heat for electric
bankers and electric stoves. Electrons can also move through an electric motor and
causer a shaft to run around (40) _________________ you have electric fans,
electric subway trains, electric elevators, electric mixers, electric washing machines,
and all kinds of electric appliances (41) _________________ motors.
still going
as waves
they do
as electrons
to them
for more
24
as they
spread out
out of
Electrons
also
can
move
through
radio
tubes
and
transistors
(42)________________ move through these elements they are bunched up and then
(43) __________________ thin that is they move (44) ____________________ the
results are sound out of radios and pictures (45) ___________________ television.
These motions of electrons are very complex, (46) ____________________
complex than any motion in an electric blanket or in a toaster. But no matter how
complicated a job (47) ____________________ the electrons in your radio or
television set are (48) ____________________ round and round in circuits.
(49) ____________________ move in circuits they also get certain jobs
done they toast bread an run radios. They also have thing done (50) _____________
they go into an amplifier circuit at low potential and come out at high potential.
Electrons can “switch” too with an electric switch.
B. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los
siguientes enunciados:
1. In order to form an electric current electrons have to travel through…
a. an isolating wire
b. a conducting wire
c. a dividing wire
d. a switching wire
2. Electrons move because voltage from a battery or a wall outlet has
been…
a. applied to the ends of the wire
b. taken from the ends of the wire
c. isolated from the ends of the wire
d. switched from the ends to middle of the wire
3. If you touch a pint where there is a rather high voltage you…
a. might get a shock
b. could get a shock
c. should get a shock
d. will get a shock
4. Electrons travel only in continuous that end up…
25
a. just above anywhere
b. at the other end of the path
c. just where they start
d. just about halfway from the start
5. The continuous paths through which electrons travel are called…
a. conductors
b. inductors
c. circuits
d. isolators
6. The science of connecting sources of voltage and net works of wires to
from useful circuits is called…
a. electricity
b. network technology
c. circuitry
d. electrotechnics
7. Circuits, in order to function properly, should be formed
a. only in simple loops
b. only in complex networks
c. either in loops, networks or meshes
d. only in horizontal lines
8. If there is break in a circuit (an open circuit), there is potential (another
word for voltage) at the point of the break but…
a. no current flows
b. current keeps flowing
c. some current flows
d. there is also a current overflow
26
9. In the following list circle the appliance or instrument that does not
function as a result of current flow…
a. light bulb
b. radio sot
c. hand fan
d. car engine
C. Marque verdadero (V) o falso (F)
1. Each type of circuit performs a job that is in some way different from all
others. _________
2. The most important fact about a circuit is that when current flows, useful
results may be obtained. _________
3. If you touch a point where there is voltage you could get a shock.
_________
4. Electrons travel only in continuous paths that not necessarily end up
where they start. _________
5. These continuous paths are called conductors. _________
6. A circuit can be very simple, like a loop, or very complex, like a network
or mesh. _________
7. Circuitry is the science of connecting sources of voltage and networks of
wires to form useful circuits. _________
8. If there is a break in a circuit (an open circuit), there is potential (another
word for voltage) at the point of the break, but no current flows.
_________
27
D. Responda las siguientes interrogantes de acuerdo con la representación
anterior:
1. How is this type of graphic representation called in circuitry?
It is called a ______________________________________
2. What does it represent?
It represents a _____________________________________
28
VI. VARIETIES OF CIRCUITS
As might be expected, certain combinations of circuit components are more
common than others, and have come to be known by characteristics names - names that
either describes something that the circuits do or immortalized the names of circuits’
inventors. Here is a list of some circuits that you probably have met in your work or in
your studies in the electronic field. The list does not include every possible circuit
known, only the more common ones.
We are going to group these different types of circuits according to certain
grammatical characteristics in order to facilitate their apprehending by the student.
Group 1, for instance, includes all those terms that are the same or very similar
orthographically to the corresponding terms in terms in Spanish. For that reason we don
not think it is necessary to do any kind of exercises regarding them.
Integrator
Oscillator
Detector
comparator
demodulator
diferenciator
multivibrator
discriminator
modulator
accumulator
avalanche
binary
memory
series
regenerative
degenerative
resonant
stabilization
parallel
equivalent
armstrong
miller
eccle-jordan
hartley
colpitts
franklin
Group 2 includes all those terms that end in - ing. That is to say those are active
participles modifying the word circuit.
limiting
chopping
clipping
clamping
squaring
counting
switching
multiplying
dividing
generating
29
rectifying
adding
gating
regulating
synchronizing
Group 3 includes those terms that end in -er, that is nouns that modify the word
circuit.
doubler
amplifier
mixer
trigger
inverter
limiter
scaler
filter
trippler
A. Determine la función de cada uno de los circuitos listados en los grupos 2 y 3.
Para esto determine primero el verbo (forma infinitivo) del cual se deriva cada
uno de los términos. Ejemplo:
Término: clipping circuit
Verbo: to clip (forma infinitiva)
Significado: recortar (en electrónica)
Por lo tanto el clipping circuit tiene como función específica recortar
y se puede traducir como circuitos de recorte.
Grupo 2
1. limiting _________________________________________________
2. chopping ________________________________________________
3. clipping recortar; circuito de recorte
.
4. clamping ________________________________________________
5. squaring ________________________________________________
6. counting ________________________________________________
7. switching _______________________________________________
8. multiplying _____________________________________________
9. dividing ________________________________________________
10. generating ______________________________________________
11. rectifying _______________________________________________
12. adding _________________________________________________
13. gating __________________________________________________
14. regulating _______________________________________________
15. synchronizing ____________________________________________
30
Grupo 3
16. doubler _________________________________________________
17. amplifier ________________________________________________
18. mixer __________________________________________________
19. trigger __________________________________________________
20. inverter _________________________________________________
21. limiter __________________________________________________
22. scaler __________________________________________________
23. filter ___________________________________________________
24. trippler _________________________________________________
In group 4 we are going to include those terms that are simple nouns functioning
as adjectives modifying the word circuit.
star
tank
cascade
delay
delta
storage
screen
synch
loop
network
bridge
decade
sweep
wye
B. Determine la función específica de cada uno de los circuitos listados en el grupo
4 y su traducción al castellano.
25. star ____________________________________________________
26. tank ____________________________________________________
27. cascade _________________________________________________
28. delay ___________________________________________________
29. delta ___________________________________________________
30. storage _________________________________________________
31. screen __________________________________________________
32. synch __________________________________________________
33. loop ____________________________________________________
34. network _________________________________________________
35. bridge __________________________________________________
36. decade __________________________________________________
37. sweep __________________________________________________
31
38. wye ____________________________________________________
Group 5 includes all those circuits varieties whose names are formed by two or
name words.
feedback
push-pull
delta- star
stagger-tuned
delay line
flip-flop
relation oscillator
phase shifter
delta-wye
blocking oscillator
direct-coupled
saw-tooth generator
delta-zig-zag
remote cutoff
transmission line
video amplifier
audio amplifier
superheterodyne
cathode follower
C. Describa la función específica de cada uno de los circuitos listados en el grupo 5
y traduzca los términos al castellano.
39. feedback ________________________________________________
40. push-pull ________________________________________________
41. delta- star _______________________________________________
42. stagger-tuned ____________________________________________
43. delay line _______________________________________________
44. flip-flop ________________________________________________
45. relation oscillator _________________________________________
46. phase shifter _____________________________________________
47. delta-wye _______________________________________________
48. direct-coupled ____________________________________________
49. saw-tooth generator _______________________________________
50. delta-zig-zag _____________________________________________
51. remote cutoff ____________________________________________
52. transmission line _________________________________________
53. video amplifier ___________________________________________
54. audio amplifier ___________________________________________
55. superheterodyne __________________________________________
56. cathode follower __________________________________________
57. blocking oscillator ________________________________________
32
D. Seleccione el tipo correcto de circuito representado en cada uno de los siguientes
gráficos:
1.
a. flip-flop
b. delta-zig-zag
c. capacitance-coupled
d. Franklin
2.
a. push-pull
b. demodulator
c. gating
d. inductance-coupled
3.
a. direct-coupled
b. bridged-t-network
c. saw-tooth generator
d. capacitance-coupled
4.
a. attenuator network
b. Hartley
c. inductance-coupled
d. video amplifier
5.
a. Miller
b. delta-zig-zag
c. Darlington amplifier
d. binary
6.
a. full-wave rectifier
b. relation oscillator
c. mixer
d. delay line
33
7.
a. Eccles-Jordan
b. Cascade
c. Rectifying
d. H-network
8.
a. colpitts
b. integrating
c. scaler
d. limiting
9.
a. comparator
b. Franklin
c. memory
d. inverter
10.
a. o-network
b. squaring
c. doubler
d. feedback
11.
a. parallel-resonant
b. phase shifter
c. parallel-t network
d. multivibrator
34
12.
a. remote cutoff
b. trigger
c. tuned
d. Pi network
13.
a. sweep
b. series
c. storage
d. transmission line
a. wye
14.
b. triac
c. delta
d. simple switch
a. T-network
15.
b. Loop
c. counting
d. accumulator
16.
a. Anderson bridge
b. blocking oscillator
c. wheatstone bridge
d. differentiator
17.
a. clipping
b. capacitance-divider
c. equivalent
d. integrator
18.
a. video amplifier
b. sample and hold
c. stabilization
d. chopping
What is the name in English for this device?
________________________________________
35
(1) _____________________________
(8) _____________________________
(2) _____________________________
(9) _____________________________
(3) _____________________________
(10) ____________________________
(4) _____________________________
(11) ____________________________
(5) _____________________________
(12) ____________________________
(6) _____________________________
(13) ____________________________
(7) _____________________________
(14) ____________________________
36
(1) _____________________________
(6) _____________________________
(2) _____________________________
(7) _____________________________
(3) _____________________________
(8) _____________________________
(4) _____________________________
(9) _____________________________
(5) _____________________________
37
VII. OHM’S LAW
A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado (si
es necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).
get an idea
A narrow one
If you think
that lead to
A measure of
named after
as you know
who contributed
specific
what is meant
flows more easily
dealing with
he did much
quite a few
four-lane road
(1) ____________________, some words that you will encounter over and
over again in material (2) ____________________ electricity are derived from the
of four physicists (3) ____________________ to the study of various aspects of
electricity. The coulomb (4) ____________________ the Frenchman Charles
Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806), is a (5) ____________________ of electrons
actually, it is (6) ____________________ billion electrons.
An abcoulomb is ten coulombs. An ohm is (7) ____________________ the
resistance that something offers to the flow of electric current. It is named after the
German physicist George Simon Ohm (1787-1854). You will (8) _______________
of (9) ________________________________________ by electrical resistance
(10)____________________ about cars moving on a crowded highway. Cars can
flow faster on a highway with four lanes that on one with only one lane. The
(11)____________________ offers less “resistance” than the one-lane road does.
Similarly, an electric current (12) ____________________ through a wire that
through (13) ____________________ current (12) ____________________ through
a wide wire than through (13) ____________________ current. The unit of
resistance is named after Ohm because (14) ____________________ of the
fundamental experimental work (15) ____________________ the understanding of
the concept.
38
also known as
past a point
spelled backwards
bound together
named after
it turns out
for example
and so on
we said that
a unit for
a concept with
also given in
As (16) ____________________, the opposite (or inverse, as the physicist
would say) of resistance also is (17) ____________________ physical significance.
It called conductance and is measured in MHOS (that as you already know, is OHM
(18) ____________________). Mathematically,
xohm 
1
mhos
x
So (19) ___________________, anything that has 0.1 mhos of conductance
has 10 ohms of resistance.
An ampere is (20) ____________________ current flow. When 1 coulomb
of electrons flows (21) ____________________ in one second, you have an electric
current of 1 ampere. The ampere is (22) ____________________ André Marie
Ampére, who was a French physicist (1775-1836).
From the last section you may remember the volt (named after the Italian
ount Alessandro Volta, 1745-1827). There “voltage” in a battery. Voltage is
(24)____________________ electromotive force or emf or EMF or e.m.f., so these
are (25) ____________________ volts. This international quartet of physicists is
(26) ____________________ by law which is named Ohm: Ohm’s law. It says that:
A coulomb per second - that is, an ampere - will flow through a
conducting wire of resistance of the one ohm, when pushed with a force
of one volt.
Then, if there are 2 volts, there will be 2 amperes, and if there are 3 volts
there will be “amps”, (27) ____________________.
39
B. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa cada uno de los enunciados
siguientes:
1. If there are 2 ohms there will be ____________________ the
resistance that there was to start and the flow will be
____________________ of what it was at first, or half an ampere.
a. half, twice
b. half, half
c. twice, half
d. twice, twice
2. If you plug a toaster into an electrical socket and the toaster has ten
ohms of resistance, the amount of current “drawn” or pulled from the
socket so that the voltage be 110 should be.
a. one ampere
b. eleven amperes
c. one hundred ampere
d. one hundred-twenty amperes
3. A coulomb is a unit that represents a certain number of:
a. Volts
b. Amperes
c. Ohms
d. Electrons
4. The unit that describes the resistance to current flow offered by a
conductor is the:
a. Ohm
b. Ampere
c. Volt
d. Mho
C. Marque verdadero (V) o falso (F)
1. An ampere is a unit that describes the rate of flow of electrons.
_________
2. A volt measures electromotive force but this force is not equivalent to
voltage. _________
40
3. Resistance to the flow of electrical current is also measured in mhos.
_________
4. Resistance is a property of substances that results in the dissipation of
power in the form of heat. _________
5. The resistance of conductors depends not on their dimensions, material
and temperature but on their availability. _________
6. Resistance is also the name given to a circuit element designed to offer a
predetermined resistance to current. _________
7. Voltage can be said to be electrical pressure. _________
D. Cada uno de estos conceptos:
conductance
ohmic
ampere-turn
resistance box
voltage amplifier
conducted heat
voltage attenuation
resistance coupling
resistance balance
conduction current
resistance furnace
voltage gradient
Corresponde con una de las definiciones dadas a continuación. Coloque el
número adecuado en cada uno de los espacios en blanco numerados, de
acuerdo con la definición.
1. ___________________________
A device used specifically to increase voltage. It is usually capable of
delivering only a small current.
2. ___________________________
Ratio of the voltage across the input of a transducer, to the voltage
delivered to a specified load impendence connected to the transducer.
3. ___________________________
The amount of resistance which is required to null the output of certain
transducers or input systems.
4. ___________________________
An assembly of resistors and the necessary switching or other means for
changing the resistance connected across its input terminals by known, fixed
amounts.
41
5. ___________________________
The association of circuits with one another by means of the mutual
resistance between circuits.
6. ___________________________
The voltage per unit length along a resistor or other conductive path.
7. ___________________________
An electric device in with the heat is developed by the passage of current
through a suitable resistor, which may be charge itself or a resistor imbedded
in or surrounding the charge.
8. ___________________________
A measure of magnetomotive force, especially as developed by an
electrician, defined as magnetomotive force developed by a coil of one turn
through which a current of one ampere flows; that is, 1.26 Gilberts.
9. ___________________________
In an element device, branch, network or system, the physical property
that is the factor by which the square of an instantaneous voltage must be
multiplied to give the corresponding energy lost by dissipation as heat or
other permanent radiation or by loss of electromagnetic energy from the
circuit.
10. ___________________________
Thermal energy transferred by thermal conduction.
11. ___________________________
The power flow parallel to the direction of propagation, expressed in
mhos/meter.
12. ___________________________
The energy imparted to charged particles as they respond to an electric
field and make collisions with other particles.
42
E. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que corresponde con la representación
gráfica dada:
1.
a. voltage-regulator tube
b. tube socket
c. tube tester
d. tube shield
2.
a. double-pole switch
b. simple switch
c. vacuum tube switch
d. torac switch
3.
a. owen bridge
b. wheatstone bridge
c. Anderson bridge
d. Kelvin bridge
4.
a. coupling capacitor
b. RC coupling
c. RC circuit
d. RC amplifier
43
(1) ___________________________
(6) ___________________________
(2) ___________________________
(7) ___________________________
(3) ___________________________
(8) ___________________________
(4) ___________________________
(9) ___________________________
(5) ___________________________
(10) __________________________
44
(1) ___________________________
(8) ___________________________
(2) ___________________________
(9) ___________________________
(3) ___________________________
(10) __________________________
(4) ___________________________
(11) __________________________
(5) ___________________________
(12) __________________________
(6) ___________________________
(13) __________________________
(7) ___________________________
(14) __________________________
45
VIII. ELECTRICAL WAVES
A. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado
(si es necesario escuche las grabaciones del tema).
may be called
flows out
and which one
back to plus
it is as though
wave phenomenon
voltage supplying it
changing its mind
like those of
words of waves
comes out of
do minus and back
do the terms…
straightforward surge
indeed they do
Electricity is a (1) _____________________. But is does not need to be all
the time. Electricity from a battery is not a wave. It (2) _____________________ of
a battery in a simple, (3) _____________________ or flow-in a direct current. But
most of our electricity (4) _____________________ well plugs, and is not direct
current. It is alternating current. And alternating current alternates in waves.
What
is
alternating
current?
A
current
alternates
when
the
(5)_____________________ is alternating. This means that the voltage keeps
changing from plus to minus, (6) _____________________ again, and so on. These
changes from plus (7) _____________________ are known as changes of polarity.
(8) _____________________ the battery pictured if Fig. 3 were to keep
(9)_____________________ about which terminal should be the positive terminal
(10) _____________________ should be the negative terminal, and was changing
its mind very quickly, and regularly. That is, repeated and periodic changes of
direction (11) _____________________ the pendulum. So each periodic change of
polarity may be called a cycle, or an oscillation, and the time of each cycle
(12)_____________________
a
period.
These
are
the
familiar
(13)_____________________ the same words you meet in acoustics, mechanics,
optics and heat. (14) _____________________, amplitude, wavelength, phase,
frequency and other related terms apply here too? (15) _____________________.
The universe keeps the same patterns over and over and over again.
46
One of the oldest
carried from
From plus to minus
when you want
set up
There
is
still
that is why
if direct current
driven by water
roughly explain
that are used
one
very
important
making-electricity
loop of wire
how large
so that as
who even heard
question
to
be
answered:
(16)_____________________ of battery that keeps changing its terminals
(17)_____________________ and minus to plus? There is not such a battery; but
there is something else; the dynamo or generator. A dynamo or generator is another
way (19) _____________________ to make large quantities of electricity.
Before we (20) __________________________ what a generator is, let’s
first point out that most of the machines invented by man go round and round. (21)
_____________________ the wheel is considered the greatest of our inventions. It
is so much a part of so many things.
Probably
(22)_____________________
ways to get wheels to go round and round is
by using water power. In Fig. 4 we can see
how a waterwheel, that is, a wheel
(23)_____________________ power, works.
No matter (24)_____________________ a
waterwheel
is
(and
some
(25)_________________ in modern power
stations are truly enormous), it always works in a similar way.
A waterwheel may be attached to a (26) _____________________ (or, if it
is a large wheel, to many loops of wire). If the loops are arranged
(27)_____________________ they turn they move past a magnet, an electric current
is (28) _____________________ in the wire. A generator, then ordinarily produces
alternating current. The current is (29) _____________________ by electrical
contacts called brushes. (30) _____________________ is desired; it can be obtained
from the same generator by inserting a commutator.
47
as a result
leads us
if we want
one of which
put into
may not want
and so on
for each one
what if
phase changing
works backwards
of both
that is what
the one
out of the other
which may be
in order to
when compared
That last paragraph in the previous section brings us to electric motors.
Motors are everywhere. Most ordinary modern homes certain do tens of motors: in
refrigerators, electrics fans, electric mixers, hair dyers, phonograph turntables, can
openers, washing machines, (31) _____________________. What is a motor? It is a
generator or dynamo that (32) _____________________ if we turn a wheel (with
water power) we can get electricity out; in the same way if electricity is
(33)_____________________ a wheel, it turns. And (34) _____________________
all motors do. They round and round and round and do useful work
(35)_____________________ of our feeding electricity to them.
This (36) _____________________ into rectification. What is this?
Electrical engineers and physicists make good use (37) _____________________
direct
current
and
alternating
current.
There
are
special
uses
(38)_____________________ and the engineer uses (39) _____________________
he needs for particular job. He has invented many ways to make one
(40)_____________________, for example, your automobile has a battery and that
gives direct current but your car radio (41) _____________________ direct current.
So your car may have an alternator or a converter or a vibrator, any
(42)_____________________ can convert direct current into alternating current.
(43) _____________________ the engineer has alternating current and he wants to
convert
it
into
a
direct
current?
He
may
use
a
rectifier,
(44)_____________________ part of a power supply. We even have devices
(circuits) that can make alternating waves alternate “too late” or “too soon”
(45)_____________________ with other electrical waves. These waves are “out of
phase” or, like some music, out of tune. (46) _____________________ waves to be
out of phase on purpose, a (47) _____________________ circuit or network or a
delay line, may be used (48) _____________________ make the waves lead or lag.
48
the greater
on the ones
how high
faster set
A higher set
so far
so fast
can ever
faster and faster
are now used
that is how
how fast
which simple
another set
(49) _______________________ we have talked about alternating current,
but we have said nothing about (50) _______________________ it may alternate.
The fact is that the frequency of alternation can be (51) _______________________
that no river turning a waterwheel (52) _______________________ cause electrical
oscillations even one-billionth the speed (53) _______________________ used in
the most modern electrical systems, there fore it is good to make electrical waves
that alternate at (54) _______________________ frequencies. (Since, the higher
frequencies, (55) _______________________ number of television stations you can
have for example). But engineers never predicted (56) _______________________
the frequencies would actually become as new equipment was invented and
developed. (57) _______________________ they got into trouble with names. They
ran out of names for the different classifications of high frequencies, and the
frequency ranges they did names, they named badly.
Start with audio frequency (af), (58) _______________________ means a
frequency our ears can hear. The next (59) _______________________ of
frequencies (those used in radio) was called the radio frequencies (RF).
When
stations
were
added
and
communications
increased
(60)_______________________ of frequency band, called the high frequencies (hf)
was added. The next extension of frequency was called very high frequency (vhf),
and for television (611) _______________________ of frequencies, ultra-high
frequencies (uhf). Since this sort of classification could not be used for higher
frequencies, letters (62) _______________________ to name the various frequency
ranges. So we now have S band, X band, K band, KU band and L band, besides
those already mentioned.
that can
The longest ones
If the number
that are
given time
who work
49
become higher
which is just
are known as
As frequencies (63) ______________________, many more waves are
crowded into (64) ______________________ interval (like a second). In fact,
kilocycle waves (RF) vibrate on the order of thousands of times in a second.
(65)______________________ of vibrations in one second is high, then for one
wave to pass is very short. So shortwave radio works on waves of short wavelength,
(66) ______________________ another way of saying “very-high frequency”.
All electrical waves have wavelengths (67) ______________________
measurable; (68) ______________________ (shortest frequency) are meter waves
and we go right through metric system of length measurement to centimetre waves,
millimetre waves, and micron waves. Frequencies that are in the higher ranges
(69)______________________
wavelengths
associated
microwave
with
them
frequencies,
are
very
to
show
small.
that
the
Engineers
(70)______________________ with waves of these frequencies are called
microwave engineers. The electrical components (71) ______________________
handle these frequencies are called microwave components, the circuits are called
microwave circuits, and the whole field is called microwave engineering.
50
IX. WAVE WORDS
The following lists of words are words that pertain to the wave nature of
electricity, and because some are not exclusive to this field, here will also find
words related to voltage and circuits and several units used throughout electricity.
As we did with the section on varieties of circuits we are going to divide these
words according to certain orthographic characteristics so that they will be more
easily assimilated by the student.
Group 1. Includes all those terms that are orthographically analogous to the
corresponding terms in Spanish, therefore facilitating a faster understanding of the
term. “Amplitude”, for instance, can be easily related to the Spanish equivalent
“amplitude”.
Cicle
Sinusoidal
Potential
ARC
Interference
Alternator
Period
Phase
Watt
Interodyne
Harmonic
Vibrator
Oscillation
Frequency
Corona
Superheterodyne
ERG
Synchronism
Amplitude
Polarity
Selectivity
Pulse
Band
Joule
Group 2. Includes one-syllable nouns common in the field.
A. Find the Spanish equivalent of these words:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
spark ___________________________
signal ___________________________
scan ____________________________
wave ____________________________
charge ___________________________
lobe _____________________________
lead _____________________________
8. lag ______________________________
9. field _____________________________
10. noise ____________________________
11. delay ____________________________
12. pip ______________________________
13. switch ___________________________
14. flux _____________________________
51
Group 3. Includes compound verbs.
B. Find the Spanish equivalent:
1. wavelength _________________________________________________
2. root-mean-square (rms) _______________________________________
3. bandwidth _________________________________________________
4. pulse width ________________________________________________
5. readout ____________________________________________________
6. side-lobe ___________________________________________________
7. microwave __________________________________________________
8. shortwave __________________________________________________
9. longwave ___________________________________________________
10. waveguide __________________________________________________
Group 4. Includes compound verbs.
C. Find the Spanish equivalent:
1. carrier wave _________________________________________________
2. carrier frequency _____________________________________________
3. signal envelope ______________________________________________
4. locking frequency ____________________________________________
5. sum frequency _______________________________________________
6. difference frequency __________________________________________
7. alternating current ____________________________________________
8. direct current ________________________________________________
9. lines or force ________________________________________________
10. eddy current ________________________________________________
11. mean free path ______________________________________________
12. time free path _______________________________________________
13. cross talk __________________________________________________
14. square wave ________________________________________________
15. sawtooth wave ______________________________________________
16. leading edge ________________________________________________
17. trailing edge ________________________________________________
18. side band ___________________________________________________
19. signal-to-noise radio __________________________________________
52
20. intermediate frequency ________________________________________
21. microwave plumbing __________________________________________
22. meter waves _________________________________________________
23. centimetres waves ____________________________________________
24. power supply ________________________________________________
25. delay line ____________________________________________________
D. Responda a la pregunta siguiente: What kind of waves are these?
a. sine wave
1.
b. saw tooth wave
c. standing wave
d. spherical wave
a. long wave
2.
b. longitudinal wave
c. transverse wave
d. square wave
E. Seleccione la palabra o palabras correctas que completan el enunciado.
1.
An alternating current moves first in one direction and then
_____________________________________
a. in another
b. the opposite way
c. diagonally
d. parallel to that direction
2. Alternating current is produced by a source of voltage which
_____________________ its polarity, that is, which ____________________
from positive to negative and then back over and over again.
a. alters, charges
b. keeps, remains
c. maintains, holds
d. changes, switches
53
3. Since an alternating voltage switches its direction in a regular, repeated
pattern,
it
is
a
wave
___________________
and
has
such
wave
____________________ as frequency, period, wavelength, amplitude, and
phase.
a. current, changes
b. phenomenom, properties
c. vibration, alterations
d. band, turns
4. Generators in which mechanical power, usually _______________________
powers, turns ______________________ which are connected to loops of wires,
are source of alternating current.
a. water, wheels
b. man, networks
c. atomic, reactors
d. electric, alternators
5. Motors work like generators ____________________________
a. that turn
b. in reverse
c. but straightforward
d. with no real differences
6. Instead of _______________________ wheels producing alternating current,
alternating current is used to make wheels turn.
a. charging
b. turning
c. making
d. mechanical
7. Alternating current may be turned into direct current in a _______________,
and direct current may be turned into alternating current in a ________________
or alternator.
a. alternator, rectifier
b. converter, alternator
c. rectifier, converter
d. alternator, converter
54
8. The phase of an alternating current wave may be made to _______________
or _____________________ another wave:
a. turn, cause
b. slow, deter
c. break, change
d. lag, lead
9. Electric waves are grouped into frequency
a. lanes
b. channels
c. bands
d. lines
55
(1) ___________________________
(6) ___________________________
(2) ___________________________
(7) ___________________________
(3) ___________________________
(8) ___________________________
(4) ___________________________
(9) ___________________________
(5) ___________________________
56
(1) ___________________________
(8) ___________________________
(2) ___________________________
(9) ___________________________
(3) ___________________________
(10) __________________________
(4) ___________________________
(11) __________________________
(5) ___________________________
(12) __________________________
(6) ___________________________
(13) __________________________
(7) ___________________________
(14) __________________________
57
(1) ___________________________
(7) ___________________________
(2) ___________________________
(8) ___________________________
(3) ___________________________
(9) ___________________________
(4) ___________________________
(10) __________________________
(5) ___________________________
(11) __________________________
(6) ___________________________
(12) __________________________
58
X. MAGNETISM
A. Ordene las siguientes frases y oraciones en su secuencia gramatical y retórica
más adecuada, para formar párrafos coherentes (si es necesario escuche las
grabaciones del tema).
Nº 1:
a. Magnetism is also an attraction of opposites.
b. Magnetism is attraction.
c. That was the attraction (or pull) of positive electrical charge for
negative electrical charge.
d. We have already met attraction in electricity, static electricity.
e. In order to feel magnetic pull you have to be magnetic too.
f. But there are several differences.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Nº 2:
a. Its modern, more descriptive name, is magnetite.
b. Some minerals are magnetic.
c. Magnetite is mined out of the ground and put into blast furnaces
together with a few other ingredients.
d. Lodestone was known to people of ancient times.
e. It finally comes out as iron.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
59
Nº 3:
a. These three are a family that can get into the magnetic fraternity.
b. Iron is the metal from which steel is made.
c. All three, magnetite, iron and steel are magnetic.
d. This fraternity is limited mainly to iron, nickel and cobalt.
e. Certain minerals, like magnetite, which contain iron, also belong in
this group.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Nº 4:
a. Everything else is out of the group and is called nonmagnetic or
diamagnetic.
b. Since iron is the best of the magnetic materials,
c. When a material is weakly magnetic it is given the name
paramagnetic.
d. That prefix “ferro” means pertaining to iron.
e. The word ferromagnetic means very magnetic.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
60
Nº 5:
a. What is does is move around without actually pulling it over.
b. The way it does this is described by the left-hand rule.
c. A magnet will not attract an electron, but it will divert it.
d. Objects that are not magnetic.
e. But that bear an electric charge may be affected by magnets.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Nº 6:
a. Then an electron will get a push in the direction of the thumb.
b. So that they all point in different directions.
c. The rule says that when an electron is moving as an electric current.
d. The left-hand rule is one of the oddest rules in all science.
e. In the direction of the forefinger and the magnetism is in direction of
the middle finger.
f. So, as can you see, the
electron gets a push from a
magnet.
g. It instructs the scientist to
spread the thumb and first
two fingers of his left hand.
h. As shown in figure 5,
i. But
in
an
unexpected
direction.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
61
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
B. Coloque la expresión correspondiente en el espacio en blanco numerado:
has
other
any
as
does
ends
at
each
like
that
its
which
How (1) _____________ a magnet work? A magnet works (2) ___________
tadpoles look. A tadpole (3) _____________ two ends and the important thing about
a tadpole is (4) ____________ one end is a head and the (5) __________________
end is a tail; the two (6) _________________ of a magnet are (7) _______________
north pole and south pole. Now (8) __________ object that is one way (9) ________
one end and the opposite way at the other end is known (10) ___________ a dipole,
(11) ________________ means “two ends”. So a magnet is a dipole, and opposite
poles attract (12) __________________ other while similar poles repel each other.
like
then
arrays
also
how
from
up
all
addition
You already know that (13) ____________________ the atoms that make
(14) ____________________ materials contain electrical charges. Magnetic
materials, in (15) ____________________ contain magnetic dipoles. You
(16)____________________ know (17) ____________________ physics that in
crystalline materials atoms “line up” in regular (18) ____________________ or
patterns. (19) ____________________ are these facts related? Sometimes little
crystals (crystallites) are magnetized (20) ____________________ dipoles. Groups
of these little crystals are (21) ____________________ called magnetic domains.
but
if
do
out
up
other
all
which
must
62
like
still
for
It is possible to have a material made (22) _________________of magnetic
domains (23) _________________ the material may (24) _________________ not
be magnetic - it may only magnetizable. (25) _________________ all the domains
are
pointing
every
(26)
_________________ way, they tend to
cancel
each
instead
of
(27)_______________
working
together
(28)
______________ the forces working in
figure,
they
may
be
working
in
opposition to each (29) _____________.
In order (30) _________________ the
material to become magnetic all of the
domains (31) _________________ be
made to point in the same direction.
How (32) _________________ you
make magnetic domains in a magnetizable material (33) _________________ point
in the same direction?
but
just
wrong
away
known
toward
between
all
at
as
so that
such
Well, you place the material in a region (34) _______________ two
magnetic poles (35) ________________ in a figure 6. The region between the poles
is a very magnetic place. (36) ________________ a place is (37) _______________
as a magnetic field and we say that he field is full of a flux os (imaginary) lines of
magnetic force. The magnetic field cause (38) __________________ the domains
that are pointing the (39) _____________________ way to rotate around
(40)__________________ enough (41) ________________ they are all pointing in
the right way. All the magnetic domains turn and point so that the north poles of the
little domain magnets are all pointing (42) __________________ the south pole of
the magnetic field imposed from outside. (That makes all the south poles of the little
domains point (43) ____________________ the north pole of the imposed magnet
63
too). (44) ______________________________, when the big magnet is taken
(45)_______________________ the domains remain pointing all the same way.
has
itself
each
too
was
with
them
why
act
into
out
other
The (46) __________________ of putting a potentially magnetic material
(47) _____________________ a magnetic field is called magnetization. Now the
piece that (48) ___________________ treated in this way (49) _________________
become a magnet (50) ______________________ and it can magnetize other
objects (provided of course, that they (51) ____________________ belong to the
group of materials that can be magnetized). (52) ___________________ is the
material now a magnet? Remember, (53) ___________________ little domain was
a magnet to begin (54) __________________. Making them all point the same way
has caused (55) ___________________ all to reinforce each (56) ______________.
Before some of then were canceling each other (57) ___________________, now
they are acting together.
known
after
around
if
as
smallest
actually
up
have
might
each
into
You (58) _____________________ be interested to know too, that the
rotation of little domains can (59) ___________________ be detected with a
loudspeaker (60) ____________________ you turn the wire from the loudspeaker.
(61) ___________________ a piece of metal (62) _________________ it is being
magnetized it is possible to “pick (63) ________________” the sound of the
domains rotating - as (64) ___________________ one flips (65) _______________
position it makes a little clicking noise. (66) _________________ you heard it? It
sounds like the popping of the (67) ___________________ popcorn. This effect was
named (68) _________________ the first man to define it; it is (69) _____________
as the Barkhausen effect.
lasts
depends on
taken away
these are
other’s
will
64
out
their
begin
all up
long
but
(70) __________________________ a magnet stay a magnet? If so, how
(71) _____________________ the answer (72) ______________________ the
material. Some materials stay magnetic years, for lifetimes. (73) _______________
sometimes called permanent magnets. (74) ____________________ very little done
in this world by men (75) _________________ forever. Usually magnets gradually
lose (76) ____________________ magnetic qualities. Little by little, the magnetic
domains discover that the magnet that lines them (77) ___________________
(magnetized them) has been (78) ______________________, then they slowly
(79)_____________________ to revert to their previous unmagnetized state,
canceling (80) _________________________ each (81) ______________________
magnetism. The magnet demagnetizes.
be said to
is said to
seem to
used to
paired to
the first to
to being
to them
one with
When physicists talk about magnetic materials they (82) ________________
attribute almost human qualities (83) _______________________. A material
(84)___________________ have a certain susceptibility (85) __________________
magnetized, and a magnetic retentivity after the field that was (86) ______________
magnetize it is removed. It is also (87) ___________________ process an amount of
coercivity
and
a
magnetic
reluctance.
These
qualities
of
magnets
(88)_______________________ magnetic field intensity, magnetic flux, magnetic
flux
density,
permeability,
magnetomotive
force
and
permeance
area
(89)___________________ their corresponding symbols and units in which they are
measured in the following section. These units have their names after the physicist
Gilbert,
Maxwell,
Weber,
Oersted,
Gauss
and
Bakhausen
who
were
(90)_____________________ discovered these particular phenomena.
C. Aparee las palabras que describen las cualidades magnéticas con su
correspondiente símbolo y/o unidad (es). Si no tienen símbolo o unidad
expréselo con una raya .
a. Susceptibility, _______________________, ___________________
65
b. Reluctance, _______________________, _____________________
c. Coercivity, __________________________, ___________________
d. Retentivity, _________________________, ___________________
e. Permeance, ______________________, _______________________
f. Magnetic flux, _______________________, ___________________
g. Magnetic flux intensity, ___________________, ________________
h. Magnetic flux density, _________________, ___________________
i. Permeability, _______________________, ____________________
j. Magnetomotive force, _________________, ___________________
SYMBOLS: P, F, H, X, Z, Ø, B, M
UNITS: GAUSS, WEBER, MAXWELL, GILBERT, OERSTED
D. Seleccione la alternativa correcta que completa o responde a los siguientes
enunciados o preguntas:
1. Which of the following is not magnetic material:
a. Copper
b. Ferries
c. Cobalt
d. Nickel
e. Magnetite
2. Alnico is the trade name of an alloy which is derived from:
a. Iron, steel and nickel
b. Iron, nickel and cobalt
c. Aluminium, nickel and cobalt
d. Ferries
3. Which two words best describe the group of magnetic materials
known as the ferrites?
a. Natural, ferrous
b. Alloyed, attractionless
c. Mined, nonferrous
d. Artificial, synthetic
4. Magnetism is an attraction. ____________________ materials are
attracted magnetically.
66
a. Many
b. Only certain
c. Only iron
d. All kinds of
5. Magnetic materials are known as ferromagnetic and paramagnetic
materials.
All
other
materials
are
nonmagnetic,
or
_______________________.
a. Dipolar
b. Static
c. Diamagnetic
d. Synthetic
6. Although materials that are changed electrically are not necessarily
attracted by magnets, they are _________________________
diverted by them.
a. Sometimes
b. Quite often
c. Always
d. Never
7. The way that an object with negative charge is diverted is
________________________ by the left-hand rule; the effect on a
positive charge is _____________________ by the right-hand rule.
a. Given
b. Caused
c. Changed
d. Charged
8. A material is magnetic when it is made up of crystallites (little
crystals) that are themselves magnetic. These crystallites are called
magnetic _____________________
a. Forces
b. Domains
c. Fluxes
d. Fields
9. A crystallite is magnetic if it is a magnetic ________________ that
is, if it has north pole at one and a south pole at the other end.
67
a. Force
b. Field
c. Dipole
d. Flux
10. A magnetic material may be magnetized if it is placed in a magnetic
region (a magnetic field). This causes all the magnetic domains that it
contains to line up and ____________________ each other.
a. Cancel
b. Reinforce
c. Destroy
d. Balance
68
(1) ____________________________
(11) ___________________________
(2) ____________________________
(12) ___________________________
(3) ____________________________
(13) ___________________________
(4) ____________________________
(14) ___________________________
(5) ____________________________
(15) ___________________________
(6) ____________________________
(16) ___________________________
(7) ____________________________
(17) ___________________________
(8) ____________________________
(18) ___________________________
(9) ____________________________
(19) ___________________________
(10) ___________________________
(20) ___________________________
69
(1) Charactron ______________________________
(2) Mu-Metal Shield _______________________________
(3) Coil adjusters_______________________________
(4) Yoke adjuster _______________________________
(5) Helical accelerator _______________________________
(6) Viewing screen _______________________________
(7) Electron gun _______________________________
(8) Selection plates _______________________________
(9) Matrix _______________________________
(10) Convergence coil _______________________________
(11) Reference plates _______________________________
(12) Deflection yoke _______________________________
(13)
Displayed
character
(dotted
line
indicates
path
___________________________________________________
70
of
electron
beam)
XI. COMPONENTS
A. Ordene las siguientes frases y oraciones en su esencia gramatical y retórica
más adecuada, para formar ideas o párrafos coherentes (si es necesario
escuche las grabaciones del tema).
Nº 1:
a. And active components, such as radio tubes and solid state devices.
b. These can be divided into “passive” components.
c. This section and the next two will deal with the devices that the
electrons move in.
d. Such as resistors and capacitors, which we will describe in this section.
e. Which we will go into in the next two sections.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Nº 2:
a. The components these symbols represent are the building blocks of
circuits.
b. All components are represented by symbols.
c. But components is the word conventionally used by electrical
engineers.
d. These building blocks can be called building blocks, ingredients, parts,
constituents, elements or components of circuits.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
71
Nº 3:
a. Emphasizing the words you will meet in discussions of components.
b. From the point of view of the English students.
c. And considerer some variations on it.
d. Start with the word resistor.
e. This section will discuss these symbols.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Nº 4:
a. (Or clogging, like a clogged drain)
b. The amount of resistance it has may be large or small.
c. A resistor is gadget that offers resistance.
d. To the flow of electrons (current).
e. But whatever its size it is measured in ohms.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
72
Nº 5:
a. That is a resistor.
b. When he buys a resistor he picks out one with just as many ohms as he
wants.
c. Or ten million ohms of resistance (also called ten megaohms).
d. An engineer may want a certain amount of resistance at certain point in
a circuit he is building.
e. A resistor can have one ohm of resistance.
f. He can buy a little cylindrical device with a wire sticking out of each
end, as shown in the picture.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
73
Nº 6:
a. For example, the resistance of a cube of copper that is one centimetre
long on each side.
b. The suffix “ivity” means that a unit amount of a quality is being
described.
c. Is at the same time the resistivity of the copper
d. Anything that has resistance also is resistive and has resistivity.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Nº 7:
a. So in the same way.
b. You remember that we can talk about conductance (measured in
mhos).
c. We can form the nouns conductor and conductivity and the adjective
conductive.
d. From our discussion on ohm’s law.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
74
Nº 8:
a. And an inductor has inductive reactance (symbol XL).
b. That you will encounter almost as frequently as resistors are capacitors
and inductors.
c. Resistance and reactances are often grouped together as inductances
(z).
d. Two other types of circuit components.
e. As a resistors has resistance a capacitor has capacitive reactance
(symbol Xc).
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Nº 9:
a. There are meters which measure only the smallest quantities of volts or
amperes, like the microvolt meter and the microammeter.
b. A meter then, turns out to be “a measurer”
c. All electrical units are measured with meters.
d. And meters which, like the megohmmeter, measure millions of ohms.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
75
B. Escriba el nombre apropiado en Inglés y en Español de los “componentes”
representados aquí gráficamente:
76
(1) ___________________________
(8) ___________________________
(2) ___________________________
(9) ___________________________
(3) ___________________________
(10) __________________________
(4) ___________________________
(11) __________________________
(5) ___________________________
(12) __________________________
(6) ___________________________
(13) __________________________
(7) ___________________________
(14) __________________________
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(1) Carbon microphone _________________________________
(2) Rubber Mount _________________________________
(3) Stretched metal diaphragm ______________________________________
(4) Carbon granules ____________________________
(5) 12 V Battery ____________________________
(6) Rheostat ____________________________
(7) Step-up transformer ____________________________
(8) Output ____________________________
(9) Rubber Mount ________________________________
(10) Carbon Granules ___________________________________
(11) Buttons ____________________________
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(1) Optical Sound Recorder _________________________________
(2) Condenser lens _________________________________
(3) Light valve ______________________________________
(4) Electromagnetic field coil _________________________________________
(5) Film ____________________________
(6) Recording Sprocket ________________________________________
(7) Scanning beam ______________________________________
(8) Objective lens _______________________________________
(9) Light valve ribbons ________________________________________
(10) Exciter lamp _______________________________________
(11) Optical center __________________________________
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C. Seleccione la(s) expresión(es) que completa(n) cada uno de los siguientes
enunciados:
1. The building block of circuits are called circuit components. The
names of the different components serve as ______________________
for other words that describe features of the components. For example,
resistance is the _____________________ for resistivity, resistive and
resistor.
a. Derivatives, derivative
b. Models, pattern
c. Root words, root
d. Standards, norm
2. Most components also may be represented by a symbol. There are
also usually abbreviations for the electrical ______________________
of a component and the ________________________ used to measure
it. (So resistance is R and the number of ohms of resistance is).
a. Force, symbols
b. Conductance, conductor
c. Symbols, force
d. Quality, units
3. The capacity of an electrical components is ____________________
with an electrical meter. There is different meter for every kind of
component. For example the number of ohms of resistance of a resistor
is _________________________ with an ohmmeter.
a. Measured
b. Extended
c. Expanded
d. Enlarged
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4. We will see now what these components are, some words, derived
from them and what they do, since each one does something useful
______________________ the way that electric current flows through
it.
a. By maintaining
b. By modifying
c. By restoring
d. By totally changing
5. The end result of the combination of many circuits (each
___________________ of many components) are the modern electrical
devices that we see around us everywhere; the radio, the TV set, the
Dictaphone, the electric typewriter, and so on.
a. Derived
b. Part
c. Made up
d. A network
6. A resistor (R, r) _______________________ the flow of electric
current. Resistance is measured by the ohmmeter.
a. Resistors
b. Changes
c. Keeps
d. Impedes
7. A capacitor _____________________ voltage. Capacitance is
measured by the capacitance meter.
a. Stores
b. Produces
c. Restores
d. Maintains
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8. A ______________________ (L, E) stores magnetic energy.
Inductance is measured by the capacitance meter.
a. Battery
b. Capacitor
c. Circuit
d. Coil
9. A
transformer
(Xfmr)
makes
voltage
and
currents
__________________________.
a. Remains constant
b. Increase or decrease
c. Gradually increase
d. Gradually decrease
10. A battery (batt) ___________________________ electrical energy
chemically. The voltage is measured by the voltmeter.
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Obtains
d. Generates
D. Determine la traducción correcta al español de los siguientes términos:
1. Shunt __________________________________________________
2. Filter capacitor __________________________________________
3. Troid __________________________________________________
4. Choke __________________________________________________
5. Filter Coil _______________________________________________
6. Turns __________________________________________________
7. Turns-ratio ______________________________________________
8. Core ___________________________________________________
9. Step-down transformer ____________________________________
10. Step-up transformer _______________________________________
11. Cell ____________________________________________________
12. Self-induction ___________________________________________
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E. Aparee los términos siguientes con la descripción que le corresponde:
Antenna
Switch
Ground
Loudspeaker
Battery
1. ___________________________________
Converts electrical energy into sound
2. ___________________________________
A place in the circuit where the voltage is zero
3. ___________________________________
Opens and closes a circuit. When it is “open”, no current flows, when
it is “thrown” or “closed”, current flows
4. ___________________________________
“Picks up” electrical energy “out of the air”
5. ___________________________________
Generates electrical energy chemically
F. Determine el nombre en inglés de estos conmutadores o interruptores de
acuerdo con su representación gráfica:
1.
___________________________________
2.
___________________________________
3.
___________________________________
4.
___________________________________
G. Determine la equivalencia en español de los términos siguientes:
1. SPST switch ____________________________________________
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2. DPDT switch ____________________________________________
3. DPST switch ____________________________________________
4. SPDT switch ____________________________________________
(1) Tape Recording ________________________________________
(2) Signal to be recorder _________________________________________
(3) Recording head _____________________________________________
(4) Magnetic fields _____________________________________________
(5) Playback head ______________________________________________
(6) Signal to be played back ______________________________________
(7) Tape base __________________________________________________
(8) Tape travel _________________________________________________
(9) Magnetized areas ____________________________________________
(10) Iron oxide coating ___________________________________________
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This device dissects images, so it is called an
______________________________________
(1) _________________________________
(2) Photosensitive cathode _________________________________________
(3) Deflection coil _______________________________________________
(4) Focusing coil _________________________________________________
(5) Multiplier housing _____________________________________________
(6) Window ____________________________
(7) Lens _______________________________
(8) Aperture ____________________________
(9) Segments ____________________________
(10) Anode (with coating) __________________________________
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(1) ____________________________
(6) ____________________________
(2) ____________________________
(7) ____________________________
(3) ____________________________
(8) ____________________________
(4) ____________________________
(9) ____________________________
(5) ____________________________
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(1) _____________________________
(6) _____________________________
(2) _____________________________
(7) _____________________________
(3) _____________________________
(8) _____________________________
(4) _____________________________
(9) _____________________________
(5) _____________________________
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(1) ____________________________
(6) ____________________________
(2) ____________________________
(7) ____________________________
(3) ____________________________
(8) ____________________________
(4) ____________________________
(9) ____________________________
(5) ____________________________
(10) ___________________________
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