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I CAN… …locate major bones in the human skeleton …explain why there are 4 curves in the human vertebral column …compare and contrast bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton …explain why the bones of the foot are held together by ligaments …describe the differences between True Ribs, False Ribs, and Floating Ribs …describe the unique structure of the human skull I. The Two Divisions of the Human Skeleton A. The human skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton Axial Skeleton – the bones of the head, neck and torso Appendicular Skeleton – the bones of the upper and lower extremities of the body B. The bones of the axial skeleton are found in the: skull (head), spine, chest, and the neck (hyoid bone) The bones of the appendicular skeleton are found in the: upper extremities (arms, elbow, wrists, & hands) and lower extremities (legs, knee, ankle, & feet) The Axial Skeleton II. A. The skull is made up of 29 bones: (14.1% of total skeleton) 8 bones form the cranium, 14 bones form the face, and 6 tiny bones (3 in each ear) form the middle ear 1. When people complain about their sinuses they are complaining about: the spaces or cavities in the cranial bones. SINUSITIS – inflammation of the membranes of the sinuses. Sinuses – a space or cavity inside the cranial bone Paranasal sinuses – the four pairs of sinuses that have openings into the nose a. Frontal sinusitis occurs when the membranes lining the frontal sinuses become inflammed (usually due to a cold, allergies, environmental irritants, or bacterial infection) b. Mastoiditis occurs when bacterial cells from middle ear infections find their way into the air spaces around the mastoid process. It can lead to severe medical problems if not treated because the infection can spread to the brain (inflammatory exudate cannot drain out of the nose) 2. The different joints between the bones of the skull are called sutures. a. The sutures are located between the parietal bone (which forms the characteristic bulge in the skull topside) and the other bones of the skull Lamboidal Suture between the parietal bone and occipital bone Squamous Suture between the parietal bone and the temporal bone Coronal Suture between the parietal bone and the frontal bone When a baby is born they have “ soft” spots on their head from the areas where ossification in the skull is incomplete after childbirth *These soft spots will become ossified by the time the baby is 2 yrs. old 3. B. The spine is also called the vertebral column and is made up of 26 bones: (12.6% of the skeleton) 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx 1. The vertebral column is formed by a series of individual irregular bones held in a series to form a flexible curved rod. 2. The sections of the spine are named according to the region of the body it is found in. 3. There are 4 prominent curves in the human spine: the cervical curvature, thoracic curvature, lumbar curvature, and pelvic (sacral) curvature. When a newborn baby is born its spine is completely convex. As it develops it learns to hold up its head (cervical curve) and then learns to sit up (thoracic curve) and then learns to stand (lumbar curve) b. Throughout childhood, poor posture or disease may cause the spine to curve abnormally. Sometimes these abnormal curvatures may affect the permanent posture of the individual. Lordosis – abnormally exaggerated lumbar curvature of the vertebral column Kyphosis – abnormally exaggerated thoracic curvature of the vertebral column Scoliosis –abnormal LATERAL curvature of the vertebral column a. 1) Treatments of scoliosis include: 1. Milwaukee Brace: worn every day for 23 hours. Treatment may last several years. The brace has pads that push against the curves in the spine to prevent further curvature. 2. Transcutaneous Muscle Stimulation: muscles are electrically stimulated on one side to contract and straighten the muscles supporting the vertebral column 3. Surgery: chips of bone are grafted to the curved vertebrae to hold them in a normal position. C. The thorax is made up of 25 bones: (12.1% of the skeleton) 14 true ribs, 10 False Ribs, and 1 sternum 1. True Ribs: The 1st 7 pairs of ribs are attached posteriorly and anteriorly to the sternum by costal cartilage. False Ribs: The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs are attached to the cartilage of the 7th pair. Floating Ribs: The 11th and 12th pairs are not attached to anything anteriorly. III. A. B. Appendicular Skeleton Out of the 206 bones in the human body 126 are found in the appendicular subdivision. (61.1% of the skeleton) The upper extremities are attached to the axial skeleton at the pectoral girdle. (the pectoral girdle is made up of the scapula and clavicle) Sternoclavicular joint – the direct point of attachment between the bones of the upper extremity and the axial skeleton The Sternoclavicular joint is part of the appendicular subdivision C. The bones of the arm are: the humerus (upper arm), the radius, and the ulna Humerus – the second largest bone in the body; the long bone of the arm Radius – one of the two bones of the forearm; located on the thumb side of the forearm Ulna – one of the two bones in the forearm; located on the little finger side of the forearm 1. The radius and the ulna 1. articulate w/ each other and the humerus at the elbow 2. articulate w/ each other and the bones in the wrist. D. The many bones of the hand and wrist make the human hand highly maneuverable (makes humans more advanced than other creatures) E. The bones of the leg are attached to the axial skeleton at the hip/pelvic girdle. The pelvic girdle is a part of the appendicular subdivison 1. The different bones of the leg are: femur, tibia, and the fibula F. Femur – the thigh bone, which is the longest bone in the human body Fibula – the slender non-weight bearing bone located on the lateral aspect of the leg Tibia – shin bone The bones in the feet are named using similar names as the bones in the hands fingers/toes = phalanges/phalanges hands(wrists)/feet(ankle) = metacarpals(carpals)/metatarsals(tarsals) 1. Differences between the hand and feet include: Foot only has 7 tarsals, the hand has 8 carpals Hand has more movement at the wrist Saddle joint at the distal trapezium (where the 1st metacarpal meets the carpal) allows the hand to grip objects 2. The foot bones are held together so that they can support the body’s weight. The bones form “springy” lengthwise and crosswise arches. Strong ligaments and tendons hold the bones in the arched position. If the ligaments and tendons weaken the arches can fall = “fallen arches” Medial longitudinal arch – lengthwise arch that lies along the inside part of the foot Lateral longitudinal arch – lengthwise arch that lies along the outer edge of the foot Transverse (metatarsal) arch – crosswise arch that extends across the ball of the foot