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Human Osteology • • • • • • Study of the Skeleton Systematic Anatomy Regional Anatomy Cartilage Bones Ligaments Normal Anatomical Position • The skeleton is positioned as it would be in a living person who is standing on two feet, eyes and head forward, hands at the side with the palms turned outward. The skeleton s right side is your right side etc. Anatomical Planes • FRONTAL (or coronal) separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts HORIZONTAL separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane 1 Anatomical Terms • Superior: above • Inferior: below • Anterior: toward/from front (ventral: toward belly) • Posterior: toward/from back (dorsal: quadrupeds) • Medial: toward midline • Lateral: toward/from the side (way from midline) Proximal/Distal • proximal: nearest axial skeleton ; end of the bone is the closest to the skull or its attachment to the trunk or axial skeleton • distal: farther away from axial skeleton; the end that is furthest away from the skull and axial skeleton 2 Skeleton • Axial Skeleton • Appendicular Skeleton Parts of Skeleton • Skull • Infracranial or Postcranial skeletons The Skull • thinking, speaking, hearing, seeing, breathing, smelling, eating (mastication), and tasting … 3 Parts of the Skull • Skull • Cranium (skull minus mandible) • Calvarium (vault) • Calotte (skull cap) • Mandible (lower jaw) 22 Skull Bones • • • • 6 unpaired and 8 paired 8 Cranial 14 Facial + 6 ear bones (incus, stapes, malleous) Frankfurt Horizontal Plane • The line from inferior edge of the left eye socket to the top of the bony ear hole (external auditory meatus) parallel to a level surface 4 Frontal Left Lateral Basal or Inferior Posterior Superior Major Cranial Sutures Basal Suture • Spheno-occipital synchrondrosis: betweem sphenoid and occipital bone 5 Bones of the Vault • • • • • Frontal Bone (1) Parietal bone (2) Occipital bone (1) Temporal bone (2) Sphenoid bone (1) Bones of the Face/Eye Socket • • • • • • Maxilla (2) Nasal bone (2) Zygomatic bone (2) Mandible (1) Ethmoid bone (1) Lacrimal bone (2) Bones of the Skull • Palatine bone (2) • Zygomatic bone (2) 6 More Bones of the Skull • Inferior nasal concha (2) • Vomer (1) Ear Ossicles • Incus • Malleous • Stapes 7 Features • External Auditory Meatus • Zygomatic arch • Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Basal View • Foramen magnum • Occipital condyles Mandibular Anatomy • • • • Body Ramus Head of condyle Coronoid process 8 Special Features • Superciliary arches (brow ridges) • Galbella • Nasion • Canine fossa • Anterior nasal spine Other features • Temporal Line • Mastoid process • Supraorbitial notch/foramen Superior nuchal line • External occipital protuberance Teeth • Part of the digestive system • Homodont • Heterodont 9 Teeth • Deciduous (primary) • Permanent (secondary) Deciduous Teeth • Incisors (2) • Canines (1) • Molars (2) • Total = 20 Deciduous Dental formula: 2102 2 1 0 2 = X 2 = 20 Permanent (Adult) Teeth • Incisors (2) • Canines (1) • Premolars (2) • Molars (3) • Total teeth: 32 Permanent dental formula: 2123 2 1 2 3 = 16 X 2 = 32 10 Tooth Anatomy • • • • Enamel Dentin Pulp Cementum Forensic Sex Names these Bones? 11 Names these Bones? 12