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AS91202 (Int.) 4 Credits (Int.) Name: Teacher Code: GTV | KRP | MCG LEVEL 2 CLASSICAL STUDIES 2.3 Demonstrate understanding of a significant event in the Classical World. THE BATTLE OF MARATHON “Let Battle Commence” In this unit we prepare for the 2.3 Classical Studies internal assessment. We will learn the necessary skills through studying the Persian Wars and analysing primary source accounts of the Battle of Marathon 490BC. This internal is worth 4 UE Reading Credits and NCEA Literacy Credits. Table of Contents Timeline: Greek History – Dates Relevant to the Persian Wars Background to the Persian Wars Archaic Greece A Brief Introduction 1 2 2 2 The Persian Empire Documentary: The Persian Empire Darius I The Ionian Revolt What happened after the First Persian War - Xerxes I 3 4 5 6 7 Military Life for a Greek 9 Prezi The Battle of Marathon 490 BC Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC Battle of Artemisium 480 BC The Decisive Greek Victories 480-479 BC 10 12 12 12 Herodotus on the Persian Wars and the Battle of Marathon Book 6 ERATO Herodotus Notes 13 14 21 Other Primary Source Accounts of the Battle of Marathon Aristophanes (Wasps, Acharnians, Thesmophoriazusae, The Knights) Limitations of Aristophanes Aeschylus (Persians, Epitaph) Thucydides (Histories) Simonides of Ceos Archaeological Evidence (Artefacts and Artwork) 23 23 25 26 27 27 28 Internal Assessment Instructions Marking Schedule Authenticity Certificate 33 43 44 Introduction The purpose of this unit is to prepare you for this Classical Studies internal. The internal is Achievement Standard 91202 – demonstrate understanding of a significant event of the classical world. We will be examining the significance of the Battle of Marathon using provided ancient Greek primary sources such as Herodotus, Aristophanes, Aeschylus and Thucydides plus relevant archaeological evidence to examine the battle’s importance to Athenian and Greek society. We will start the internal in class in Week 7 of Term 1 when we study the overview of the Persian Wars with a focus on the Battle of Marathon. The internal is due Monday 3rd April Resources Most of the resources that you will need for this unit and for your internal are provided in this booklet. They are a mixture of primary and secondary sources. If you intend on taking Classical Studies in Year 13, this unit and course book will also be very useful for you. Timeline: Greek History – Dates relevant to the Persian Wars You will want to add to this timeline throughout the unit. 480-479BC The Second Persian Invasion of Greece. 522 – 485 BC Reign of King Darius I. Height of Persian Empire 550 BC King Cyrus II founds Achaemenid Dynasty. 480 BC The Battle of Thermopylae and Naval Battle of Salamis 429 BC The Death of Pericles 499 – 493 BC The Ionian Revolt THE GOLDEN AGE OF GREECE (500 – 300 BC) Archaic Greece (800 BC to 480 BC) 550 BC 540 BC 530 BC 520 BC 510 BC 500 BC 490 BC 492 BC The First Persian Invasion of Greece. 490 BC Athens victory at Battle of Marathon Classical Greece (480 BC to 280 BC) 480 BC 470 BC 479 BC The Battles of Mycale and Plataea to defeat Persians 486-465 BC The Reign of Xerxes I 460 BC 450 BC 440 BC 430 BC 420 BC 410 BC 400 BC 431 – 404 BC The Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta 465- 330 BC Persian Empire declines until conquered by Alexander the Great 1|Page Background to the Persian Wars Archaic Greece The period leading up to the Persian Wars is also known as the Archaic Period. The Archaic Period began in 800 BC, around the time that Homer wrote the Odyssey (a text you have will study this year) and ended immediately after the Persian Wars. At the beginning of this period, there was a drastic increase in the population of Greece, and this lead to the creation of new settlements and the expansion of old settlements. These Greek settlements were split into several poleis, or city-states. These city states were autonomous units. It was during this time period the poleis began to colonise other poleis as well as foreign cities. Towards the end of the Archaic Period, the ‘superpower’ empires were Athens, Sparta and the Persian Empire. A Brief Introduction The Persian Wars were a particularly important part of Greek history for many reasons. Watch the first 6.5 mins of the YouTube clip The Persians & Greeks: Crash Course World History #5 NB: While John Green is interesting and some of his information is accurate, not everything is accurate. For example, the Persian Wars were fought during the 5th Century BC (not the 4th Century as John Green states). 1. The Persian Wars were fought between whom? 2. Most of the information about the Persians was written by a Greek, who is he? 3. Cyrus the Great founded the Persian Empire in 4. Describe what life under Persian rule was like: BC. 5. What are the two battles that are mentioned in the clip: i. ii. 6. What was the direct cause of the Persian Wars (it has something to do with Ionia): 7. Before the Persian Wars, the Greeks identified themselves with what (give three examples)? 8. Why did this change after the Persian Wars? 2|Page The Persian Empire By 490 BC, the Persian Empire covered most of Western Asia and parts of Europe and Africa. Persia itself is modern-day Iran. During the Archaic Period it was known as the Achmaemenid Empire or the First Persian Empire. It was founded in the 6th Century BC by Cyrus the Great. (pictured) During Cyrus’ rule, Persia began a period of expansion gaining control over the ancient Near East (civilisations like Mesopotamia (the Middle East), Egypt, Iran, Anatolia (Turkey and Armenia), the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan), Cyprus and the Arabian peninsulas), Western Asia and most of Central Asia. He ruled the Empire for approximately thirty years before dying and passing his rule over to his son Cambyses II. Cambyses II continued in his father’s footsteps by expanding the Empire further into Egypt. He ruled for eight years until he died in 522 BC. Cyrus the Great 3|Page For a history of the Persian Empire watch the following documentary THE PERSIAN EMPIRE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHW4uJdL8As How did the Persians and Greek forces first meet? What was the result? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Watch only until approx. 42 mins. What happened in 486 BC? What were the qualities that Cyrus the Great held that began the _______________________________________________________________ Achaemenid dynasty? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ What was the aim of Xerxes in invading Greece in 480BC? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ What was unique about how Cyrus the Great ruled towards his subjects? _______________________________________________________________ What were the major battles and personalities that occurred during the Persian Wars? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ How did Darius I gain power after Cyrus the Great’s death? _______________________________________________________________ What was the impact of the Wars on both Athens and Persia? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ What innovative engineering did Darius use during the Persian Wars? How did the Persian Empire end? _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4|Page Darius I – Persian King (521-486 BC) Darius I was one of Persia’s greatest leaders and it was during his rule that Persia was at its largest and strongest. After the death of Cambyses, an imposter king ruled for seven months before being overthrown in a revolution led by members of seven leading families, one of whom was Darius. From this group Darius was chosen as king in 521BC, but within a few months he faced revolt in many parts of his empire. The subduing of these uprisings – in Babylon, Elam, Media and Armenia – showed his cool and ruthless determination and his ability to rule. He consolidated his hold on the empire by marrying two daughters of Cyrus. He next organised his empire with such thoroughness and attention to detail that his arrangements lasted with little trouble for nearly 200 years, for example: Satrapies – A satrapy was a province ruled by a satrap (a governor). Darius increased the number of these and instituted a fixed yearly tribute. The satraps had great power and independence in their regions, although, the royal assent was needed for major decisions and even for minor wars of conquest. Sometimes the administrative and military commands were separated, to act as a check. Royal Road – to improve communications, he developed an efficient road and courier system throughout the Empire. There were many rest houses and guard posts along the road. The size of the Empire meant that it could take the King weeks and sometimes months before he received messages from his satrapies. In the long run, the unity and effectiveness of the empire was due to the autocracy of Darius and to his constant inspections, either directly or through trusted agents. The Persian Empire under Darius I In 513, after sending out an expedition to gain information about Greece and Italy, Darius marched an army through Thrace and into Scythia. Historians are still unsure what Darius’ intentions were, some say he wanted to subdue Thrace (a city state on the border of ancient Greece and Asia Minor) in order to further control Asia Minor, or a revenge attack on Scythia for a previous attack on Persia. He was unsuccessful in Scythia; however, he managed to form two satrapies in Europe and had secured control of the easy route through Thrace to the Strymon River. This route was of great strategic importance. Darius I 5|Page The Ionian Revolt, 499-493 BC Ionia or the Ionian League was a collection of Greek poleis in Anatolia (modernday Turkey) that became satrapies of the Persian Empire in the 6 th Century BC. The Ionians continued to have a considerable amount of autonomy, but were required to pay a yearly tribute to the King of the Persian Empire and considered themselves to be Greek not Persian. This made the Ionians very uncomfortable with their situation and trouble had been brewing in the area for years before the Ionians eventually revolted. The immediate cause of the Ionian Revolt was when a man named Aristagoras, was left in charge of Miletus, a Persian satrapy and a polis of the Ionian League. Aristagoras was a very ambitious leader and wanted to make himself the leader of a neighbouring city state called Naxos. His intention was to make Naxos a satrapy of the Persian Empire and rule it as the satrap under Darius. Aristagoras gained the support from other satrapies, including one ruled by Darius’ half-brother Artaphernes, which enabled Aristagoras to gain Darius’ consent. The plan, however, misfired as the Naxians were warned of the attack and were prepared for a long siege. Aristagoras was fearful of Darius’ reaction, so he decided to convince the Ionian satrapies to revolt against the Persian Empire instead of facing Darius I. Aristogoras went to mainland Greece to seek support from Sparta and Athens. The Spartans were not interested when they realised the distance of Susa (in Ionia) from the sea. Athens and Eretria agreed to send aid; Athens contributed twenty warships and Eretria five. Aristagoras and the Greeks were unsuccessful in their attempt to revolt against the Persians. There were two main reasons why the Ionians were defeated: The Persians had enough resources to maintain a prolonged war effort. The Ionians lacked unity and discipline. Darius sent troops to destroy Miletus and other parts of Ionia. The Ionians were forced to agree that any future conflicts needed to be settled through discussion rather than through war. He also surveyed their land to determine a fair land tax. The Ionians remained under Persian control until 479 BC, when they were liberated by the Athenians. While the Ionians were let off rather lightly, Darius was angered that the Athenians had involved themselves in Persian matters and so in 492 BC Darius made the decision to invade Greece. 6|Page What happened after the First Persian War? Xerxes I – Persian King (486 – 465 BC) Xerxes I of Persia, also known as Xerxes the Great, (519 BC-465 BC), was the fourth king of the Achaemenid Empire. Immediately after seizing the kingship, Darius I of Persia (son of Hystaspes) married Atossa (daughter of Cyrus the Great). Marrying a daughter of Cyrus strengthened Darius' position as king. (Shahanshah) and King of Nations (i.e. of the world). Even though Herodotus' report in the Histories has created certain problems concerning Xerxes' religious beliefs, modern scholars consider him a Zoroastrian. Darius died while in the process of preparing a second army to invade the Greek mainland, leaving to his son the task of punishing the Athenians, Naxians, and Eretrians for their interference in the Ionian Revolt, the burning of Sardis and their victory over the Persians at Marathon. From 483 BC Xerxes prepared his expedition: A channel was dug through the isthmus of the peninsula of Mount Athos, provisions were stored in the stations on the road through Thrace, two pontoon bridges later known as Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges were built across the Hellespont. Soldiers of many nationalities served in the armies of Xerxes, including the Assyrians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Egyptians and Jews. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Xerxes' first attempt to bridge the Hellespont ended in failure when a storm destroyed the flax and papyrus cables of the bridges; Xerxes ordered the Hellespont (the strait itself) whipped Darius was an active emperor, busy with building programs in Persepolis, Susa, three hundred times and had fetters thrown into the water. Xerxes' second Egypt, and elsewhere. Toward the end of his reign he moved to punish Athens, attempt to bridge the Hellespont was successful. Xerxes concluded an but a new revolt in Egypt (probably led by the Persian satrap) had to be alliance with Carthage, and thus deprived Greece of the support of the suppressed. powerful monarchs of Syracuse and Agrigentum. Many smaller Greek states, moreover, took the side of the Persians, especially Thessaly, Thebes and Argos. Xerxes was not the oldest son of Darius, and according to old Iranian traditions Xerxes set out in the spring of 480 BC from Sardis with a fleet and army which should not have succeeded the King. Xerxes was however the oldest son of Herodotus exaggerated to be more than two million strong with at least 10,000 Darius and Atossa hence descendent of Cyrus. This made Xerxes the chosen elite warriors named Persian Immortals. The actual Persian strength was around King of Persia. Xerxes was crowned and succeeded his father in Octobertwo to three hundred thousands. Xerxes was victorious during the initial battles. December 486 BC when he was about 36 years old. The transition of power to Xerxes was smooth due again in part to great authority of Atossa and his The Battle of Thermopylae, a small force of Greek warriors led by King Leonidas accession of royal power was not challenged by any person at court or in the of Sparta resisted the much larger Persian forces, but were ultimately Achaemenian family, or any subject nation. defeated. According to Herodotus, the Persians broke the Spartan phalanx after a Greek man called Ephialtes betrayed his country by telling the Persians Almost immediately, he suppressed the revolts in Egypt and Babylon that had of another pass around the mountains. After Thermopylae, Athens was broken out the year before, and appointed his brother Achaemenes as captured and the Athenians and Spartans were driven back to their last line of governor or satrap (Old Persian: khshathrapavan) over Egypt. In 484 BC, he defense at the Isthmus of Corinth and in the Saronic Gulf. outraged the Babylonians by violently confiscating and melting down the golden statue of Bel (Marduk, Merodach), the hands of which the rightful king What happened next is a matter of some controversy. According to of Babylon had to clasp each New Year's Day. This sacrilege led the Herodotus, upon encountering the deserted city, in an uncharacteristic fit of Babylonians to rebel in 484 BC and 482 BC, so that in contemporary rage particularly for Persian kings, Xerxes had Athens burned. He almost Babylonian documents, Xerxes refused his father's title of King of Babylon, immediately regretted this action and ordered it rebuilt the very next day. being named rather as King of Persia and Media, Great King, King of Kings 7|Page However, Persian scholars dispute this view as pan-Hellenic propaganda, arguing that Sparta, not Athens, was Xerxes' main foe in his Greek campaigns, and that Xerxes would have had nothing to gain by destroying a major centre of trade and commerce like Athens once he had already captured it. In August 465 BC, Xerxes was murdered by Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court with the help of a eunuch, Aspamitres. He put his seven sons in key positions and had a plan to dethrone the Achamenids. At that time, anti-Persian sentiment was high among many mainland Greeks, and the rumour that Xerxes had destroyed the city was a popular one, though it is equally likely the fire was started by accident as the Athenians were frantically fleeing the scene in pandemonium, or that it was an act of "scorched earth" warfare to deprive Xerxes' army of the spoils of the city. Greek historians give contradicting accounts of events. According to Ctesias (in Persica 20), Artabanus then accused the Crown Prince Darius, Xerxes' eldest son, of the murder and persuaded another of Xerxes' sons, Artaxerxes, to avenge the patricide by killing Darius. At Artemisium, large storms had destroyed ships from the Greek side and so the battle stopped prematurely as the Greeks received news of the defeat at Thermopylae and retreated. Xerxes was induced by the message of Themistocles (against the advice of Artemisia of Halicarnassus) to attack the Greek fleet under unfavourable conditions, rather than sending a part of his ships to the Peloponnesus and awaiting the dissolution of the Greek armies. The Battle of Salamis (September, 480 BC) was won by the Greek fleet, after which Xerxes set up a winter camp in Thessaly. But according to Aristotle (in Politics 5.1311b), Artabanus killed Darius first and then killed Xerxes. After Artaxerxes discovered the murder he killed Artabanus and his sons. Participating in these intrigues was the general Megabyzus, whose decision to switch sides probably saved the Achamenids from losing their control of the Persian throne Due to unrest in Babylon, Xerxes was forced to send his army home to prevent a revolt, leaving behind an army in Greece under Mardonius, who was defeated the following year at Plataea. The Greeks also attacked and burned the remaining Persian fleet anchored at Mycale. This cut off the Persians from the supplies they needed to sustain their massive army, and they had no choice but to retreat. Their withdrawal roused the Greek city-states of Asia. After the military blunders in Greece, Xerxes returned to Persia and completed the many construction projects left unfinished by his father at Susa and Persepolis. He built the Gate of all Nations and the Hall of a Hundred Columns at Persepolis, which are the largest and most imposing structures of the Xerxes' Tomb palace. He completed the Apadana, the Palace of Darius and the Treasury all started by Darius as well as building his own palace which was twice the size of Source: http://www.crystalinks.com/Achaemenid_Empire.html accessed his father's. He also maintained the Royal Road built by his father and 16/11/16 completed the Susa Gate and built a palace at Susa. 8|Page The Military Life of a Greek Read the information below to create a day in the life of a typical Athenian hoplite or cavalry warrior. Describe their life in the barracks, the training they underwent and what tactics were used in battles. (Source: Chisholm, J (ed.), The Greeks: The Usborne Illustrated World History, Usborne Publishing, 1990.) 9|Page The Battle of Marathon, 490 BC Watch the Prezi, (https://prezi.com/nhdg_mt7mmua/the-persian-wars/) to complete the activities below: What two city states were destroyed and why? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What distance is Marathon from Athens? _______________________________________________________ According to the Greek historian Herodotus, how many Persian soldiers landed at Marathon? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Why must we be cautious about this number? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ How many Greeks were there? ____________________________ How come Sparta did not join the fight? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ How many ships arrived at the Bay of Marathon in September 490 BC? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What happened in Athens in 510 BC? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What did the Greeks do to the Persian convoy that arrived in Athens and Sparta demanding earth and water? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What role did Hippias play in the Battle of Marathon? ________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ When Hippias lost his tooth, what did he think it meant? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What type of relationship did each Greek tribe that fought at Marathon have with Athens? _______________________________________________________________________________________ Why did the Greeks often use runners as messengers instead of horses? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What do we know about Miltiades? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What was the name of the type of soldier the Greeks were? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ How did they get this name? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ In what formation did they fight in? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe this formation: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe the shield that the Greeks carried: _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ How many generals did Miltiades have? _______________________________________________ 10 | P a g e What different ethnicities made up the Persian army? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ How many days did the armies face each other before fighting? Why is this? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe Datis’ battle strategy? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Describe what happened next? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ How did the Greeks deal with the archers? ________________________________________________________________________________________ List some of the reasons why the Greeks won even though they were outnumbered? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ How long did it take for the Greeks to beat the Persians? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What did the Greeks do immediately after the battle? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What happened to Pheidippides? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ What were the casualties for both sides? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Sparta and Athens were old rivals. Sparta was a very traditionalist and conservative society, whereas, Athens was a modern and liberal society. What type of impact do you think Sparta’s refusal to fight had on the already tense relationship between the Spartans and the Athenians? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 11 | P a g e Battle of Thermopylae, 480 BC Why was Thermopylae chosen as the site of a battle? What battle was to coincide with the Battle of Thermopylae and which group of Greek states would fight it? Who fought at Thermopylae? What was the result of Thermopylae? Battle of Artemisium, 480 BC What was the point of this battle? How many ships in total did Persia lose before the battle even started? Why did the Athenian navy retreat and where did they take refuge? The Destruction of Athens, 480 BC After Thermopylae, the Persians marched south to attack Athens. The Athenian leader, Themistocles, was still determined to fight the Persians at sea, so he withdrew most of his troops and allowed the Persians to seize the city. They murdered the few defending Athenians, burned the temples on the Acropolis and plundered the city. The Decisive Greek Victories, 480-479 BC Following the Battles of Artemisium and Thermopylae, the Greeks (led by the Athenians) defeated the Persians in two sea battles and one land battle. The sea battles were the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC and the Battle of Mycale in 479 BC and the land battle was the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC. The battles of 480 and 479 were the last major battles and it was very clear that the Greeks were the winners of the Persian Wars despite fights over various territories such as Egypt, Cyprus and Ionia continuing. The Persian Wars officially ended in 449 BC with a peace treaty being signed with Persia. This resulted in an economical, political and social boom in Greece. While most Greeks continued to dislike and fear the Persians, Athens emerged out of the Persian Wars as the superpower of Greece. Many Greeks believed that it was only a matter of time before the Persians tried to avenge their defeat. In order to be ready for this, many of the Greek states formed a league led by Athens (called the Delian League). Members of the Delian League contributed money and ships for the Athenian navy to defend them. Members met at Delos, where the common treasury was kept (hence the reason why it was called the Delian League). The period following 480 BC is known as the Classical Age of Greece and the Golden Age of Athens. Portrayals and depictions of the famous victories and ongoing attitudes towards the Persians developed in Athenian art and culture and in the writings of Herodutus, Aritsophanes and other famous poets, playwrights and historians in the years following the war. 12 | P a g e Herodotus on the Persian Wars and the Battle of Marathon One of the biggest issues we have when studying ancient societies is the lack of evidence. Most of the information we have about the Battle of Marathon comes from one man: Herodotus. Herodotus is often referred to as the ‘father of history’. Herodotus wrote about the Persian Wars in his text The Histories. Herodotus Herodotus was born c.484 BC (c. stands for circa which is the Latin word meaning around, it is used to show that the date is an approximate date) in Halicarnassus, Caria, in modern-day Turkey. His home town was a part of the Persian Empire and so he grew up hearing stories about life within the Empire as well as stories about the Persian preparations for their second invasion of Greece. His family was very influential. He was the first person to place his writings in a logical and systematic fashion and publish these in his text The Histories. Many authors who came after Herodotus often refer to his text. Not much is known about Herodotus’ personal history; though we do know he was about 60 when he died. Some of his writings are very unlikely and a lot of his facts are over exaggerated, however, Herodotus constantly reiterated the fact that his information came from eye-witnesses. It was a tradition for authors to ‘publish’ their works by reciting them at religious festivals and so upon finishing his work; Herodotus travelled to the Olympic Games in Greece and recited his Histories. A young Thucydides (an Athenian who would become a very famous historian, philosopher and a military general) was in the audience and burst into tears. Herodotus took Thucydides under his wing and the two were buried in the same tomb. Limitations of Ancient Sources As classicists all ancient sources need to be evaluated for any issues that may surround our ability to use them as evidence. While Herodotus is often seen as a primary source – he was not an eyewitness to the events of the Persian Wars himself, although he claims to have relied on eyewitnesses for his information. A lot of our information about him also comes from later and other ancient sources such as Thucydides, who while a contemporary was also a rival. Before the 21st century Herodotus was often considered a “charming but inaccurate and gullible historian”. This view has been shaped by these earlier commentators’ views. We need to be careful to look at his achievements for their own merits and not as a comparison to others and not for what or how we think a modern historian should write. Finding out the “historical truth” will always be elusive and difficult no matter what time period the author is writing about or writing within. Herodotus was careful to ensure that the historian must not accept the random informant’s version or what merely seems plausible to him, but must base his published account on eyewitness reports which are meticulously compared, since memory and allegiance (not to mention limited perspective on the battlefield) produce conflicting versions (1.22.2-3). We must ask ourselves how well he achieved this. What are the pros and cons of using Herodotus as an ancient source? Consider the following points: Heritage/background of Herodotus, timeliness of writing, aim/purpose of writing, accuracy of “facts” vs hearsay – can they even be fact checked? problems with memory and potential for bias or propaganda. 13 | P a g e Herodotus’ Histories, Book 6 ERATO While reading extracts from Book 6 of Herodotus’ Histories, highlight and make notes in the margins about what you are reading and why you think it is relevant information to know about the Battle of Marathon. Herodotus, The Histories, Book 6, http://www.parstimes.com/history/herodotus/persian_wars/erato.ht ml , accessed 16/11/16 6-18 Ionian preparations and battle of Lade; Miletus falls 6.12] These words prevailed with the Ionians, and forthwith they committed themselves to Dionysius; whereupon he proceeded every day to make the ships move in column, and the rowers ply their oars, and exercise themselves in breaking the line; while the marines were held under arms, and the vessels were kept, till evening fell, upon their anchors, so that the men had nothing but toil from morning even to night. Seven days did the Ionians continue obedient, and do whatsoever he bade them; but on the eighth day, worn out by the hardness of the work and the heat of the sun, and quite unaccustomed to such fatigues, they began to confer together, and to say one to another, "What god have we offended to bring upon ourselves such a punishment as this? Fools and distracted that we were, to put ourselves into the hands of this Phocaean braggart, who does but furnish three ships to the fleet! He, now that he has got us, plagues us in the most desperate fashion; many of us, in consequence, have fallen sick already - many more expect to follow. We had better suffer anything rather than these hardships; even the slavery with which we are threatened, however harsh, can be no worse than our present thraldom. Come, let us refuse him obedience." So saying, they forthwith ceased to obey his orders, and pitched their tents, as if they had been soldiers, upon the island, where they reposed under the shade all day, and refused to go aboard the ships and train themselves. [6.13] Now when the Samian captains perceived what was taking place, they were more inclined than before to accept the terms which Aeaces, the son of Syloson, had been authorised by the Persians to offer them, on condition of their deserting from the confederacy. For they saw that all was disorder among the Ionians, and they felt also that it was hopeless to contend with the power of the king; since if they defeated the fleet which had been sent against them, they knew that another would come five times as great. So they took advantage of the occasion which now offered, and as soon as ever they saw the Ionians refuse to work, hastened gladly to provide for the safety of their temples and their properties. This Aeaces, who made the overtures to the Samians, was the son of Syloson, and grandson of the earlier Aeaces. He had formerly been tyrant of Samos, but was ousted from his government by Aristagoras the Milesian, at the same time with the other tyrants of the Ionians. [6.14] The Phoenicians soon afterwards sailed to the attack; and the Ionians likewise put themselves in line, and went out to meet them. When they had now neared one another, and joined battle, which of the Ionians fought like brave men and which like cowards, I cannot declare with any certainty, for charges are brought on all sides; but the tale goes that the Samians, according to the agreement which they had made with Aeaces, hoisted sail, and quitting their post bore away for Samos, except eleven ships, whose captains gave no heed to the orders of the commanders, but remained and took part in the battle. The state of Samos, in consideration of this action, granted to these men, as an acknowledgment if their bravery, the honour of having their names, and the names of their fathers, inscribed upon a pillar, which still stands in the market-place. The Lesbians also, when they saw the Samians, who were drawn up next them, begin to flee, themselves did the like; and the example, once set, was followed by the greater number of the Ionians. [6.15] Of those who remained and fought, none were so rudely handled as the Chians, who displayed prodigies of valour, and disdained to play the part of cowards. They furnished to the common fleet, as I mentioned above, one hundred ships, having each of them forty armed citizens, and those picked men, on board; and when they saw the greater portion of the allies betraying the common cause, they for their part, scorning to imitate the base conduct of these traitors, although they were left almost alone and unsupported, a very few friends continuing to stand by them, notwithstanding went on with the fight, and ofttimes cut the line of the 14 | P a g e enemy, until at last, after they had taken very many of their adversaries' ships, they ended by losing more than half of their own. Hereupon, with the remainder of their vessels, the Chians fled away to their own country. [6.16] As for such of their ships as were damaged and disabled, these, being pursued by the enemy, made straight for Mycale, where the crews ran them ashore, and abandoning them began their march along the continent. Happening in their way upon the territory of Ephesus, they essayed to cross it; but here a dire misfortune befell them. It was night, and the Ephesian women chanced to be engaged in celebrating the Thesmophoria - the previous calamity of the Chians had not been heard of - so when the Ephesians saw their country invaded by an armed band, they made no question of the new-comers being robbers who purposed to carry off their women; and accordingly they marched out against them in full force, and slew them all. Such were the misfortunes which befell them of Chios. [6.17] Dionysius, the Phocaean, when he perceived that all was lost, having first captured three ships from the enemy, himself took to flight. He would not, however, return to Phocaea, which he well knew must fall again, like the rest of Ionia, under the Persian yoke; but straightway, as he was, he set sail for Phoenicia, and there sunk a number of merchantmen, and gained a great booty; after which he directed his course to Sicily, where he established himself as a corsair, and plundered the Carthaginians and Tyrrhenians, but did no harm to the Greeks. Pretext to Marathon 43-45 Mardonius imposes democracies in Ionia; fleet wrecked on Athos and army destroyed by the Brygi [6.43] The next spring Darius superseded all the other generals, and sent down Mardonius, the son of Gobryas, to the coast, and with him a vast body of men, some fit for sea, others for land service. Mardonius was a youth at this time, and had only lately married Artazostra, the king's daughter. When Mardonius, accompanied by this numerous host, reached Cilicia, he took ship and proceeded along shore with his fleet, while the land army marched under other leaders towards the Hellespont. In the course of his voyage along the coast of Asia he came to Ionia; and here I have a marvel to relate which will greatly surprise those Greeks who cannot believe that Otanes advised the seven conspirators to make Persia a commonwealth. Mardonius put down all the despots throughout Ionia, and in lieu of them established democracies. Having so done, he hastened to the Hellespont, and when a vast multitude of ships had been brought together, and likewise a powerful land force, he conveyed his troops across the strait by means of his vessels, and proceeded through Europe against Eretria and Athens. [6.44] At least these towns served as a pretext for the expedition, the real purpose of which was to subjugate as great a number as possible of the Grecian cities; and this became plain when the Thasians, who did not even lift a hand in their defence, were reduced by the sea force, while the land army added the Macedonians to the former slaves of the king. All the tribes on the hither side of Macedonia had been reduced previously. From Thasos the fleet stood across to the mainland, and sailed along shore to Acanthus, whence an attempt was made to double Mount Athos. But here a violent north wind sprang up, against which nothing could contend, and handled a large number of the ships with much rudeness, shattering them and driving them aground upon Athos. 'Tis said the number of the ships destroyed was little short of three hundred; and the men who perished were more than twenty thousand. For the sea about Athos abounds in monsters beyond all others; and so a portion were seized and devoured by these animals, while others were dashed violently against the rocks; some, who did not know how to swim, were engulfed; and some died of the cold. [6.48] After this Darius resolved to prove the Greeks, and try the bent of their minds, whether they were inclined to resist him in arms or prepared to make their submission. He therefore sent out heralds in diverse directions round about Greece, with orders to demand everywhere earth and water for the king. At the same time he sent other heralds to the various seaport towns which paid him tribute, and required them to provide a number of ships of war and horse-transports. [6.49] These towns accordingly began their preparations; and the heralds who had been sent into Greece obtained what the king had bid them ask from a large number of the states upon the mainland, and likewise from all the islanders whom they visited. Among these last were included the Eginetans, who, equally with the rest, consented to give earth and water to the Persian king. 15 | P a g e [6.50] Hereupon Cleomenes, the son of Anaxandridas, who was then king of the Spartans, went in person to Egina, intending to seize those whose guilt was the greatest. As soon however as he tried to arrest them, a number of the Eginetins made resistance; a certain Crius, son of Polycritus, being the foremost in violence. This person told him "he should not carry off a single Eginetan without it costing him dear - the Athenians had bribed him to make this attack, for which he had no warrant from his own government - otherwise both the kings would have come together to make the seizure." This he said in consequence of instructions which he had received from Demaratus. Hereupon Cleomenes, finding that he must quit Egina, asked Crius his name; and when Crius told him, "Get thy horns tipped with brass with all speed, O Crius!" he said, "for thou wilt have to struggle with a great danger." [6.51] Meanwhile Demaratus, son of Ariston, was bringing charges against Cleomenes at Sparta. He too, like Cleomenes, was king of the Spartans, but he belonged to the lower house - not indeed that his house was of any lower origin than the other, for both houses are of one blood - but the house of Eurysthenes is the more honoured of the two, inasmuch as it is the elder branch. [6.56] The prerogatives which the Spartans have allowed their kings are the following. In the first place, two priesthoods, those (namely) of Lacedaemonian and of Celestial Jupiter; also the right of making war on what country soever they please, without hindrance from any of the other Spartans, under pain of outlawry; on service the privilege of marching first in the advance and last in the retreat, and of having a hundred picked men for their body guard while with the army; likewise the liberty of sacrificing as many cattle in their expeditions as it seems them good, and the right of having the skins and the chines of the slaughtered animals for their own use. 94-120 Preparation and Persian expedition to Marathon 94 Datis and Artaphernes replace Mardonius as commanders 95-101 Persian capture of Eretrians on Euboea 102 Persians go to Marathon 103-104 Background of Miltiades 105-106 Athenians send Pheidippides to Sparta; vision of Pan 107 Hippias' dream 108 Why Plataea had become an ally of Athens and came to help at Marathon 109-120 The battle and its aftermath; Spartans view the battlefield [6.94] … Meantime the Persian pursued his own design, from day to day exhorted by his servant to "remember the Athenians," and likewise urged continually by the Pisistratidae, who were ever accusing their countrymen. Moreover it pleased him well to have a pretext for carrying war into Greece, that so he might reduce all those who had refused to give him earth and water. As for Mardonius, since his expedition had succeeded so ill, Darius took the command of the troops from him, and appointed other generals in his stead, who were to lead the host against Eretria and Athens; to wit, Datis, who was by descent a Mede, and Artaphernes, the son of Artaphernes, his own nephew. These men received orders to carry Athens and Eretria away captive, and to bring the prisoners into his presence. [6.95] So the new commanders took their departure from the court and went down to Cilicia, to the Aleian plain, having with them a numerous and well-appointed land army. Encamping here, they were joined by the sea force which had been required of the several states, and at the same time by the horse transports which Darius had, the year before, commanded his tributaries to make ready. Aboard these the horses were embarked; and the troops were received by the ships of war; after which the whole fleet, amounting in all to six hundred triremes, made sail for Ionia. Thence, instead of proceeding with a straight course along the shore to the Hellespont and to Thrace, they loosed from Samos and voyaged across the Icarian sea through the midst of the islands; mainly, as I believe, because they feared the danger of doubling Mount Athos, where the year before they had suffered so grievously on their passage; but a constraining cause also was their former failure to take Naxos. 16 | P a g e [6.100] Meanwhile the Eretrians, understanding that the Persian armament was coming against them, besought the Athenians for assistance. Nor did the Athenians refuse their aid, but assigned to them as auxiliaries the four thousand landholders to whom they had allotted the estates of the Chalcidean Hippobatae. At Eretria, however, things were in no healthy state; for though they had called in the aid of the Athenians, yet they were not agreed among themselves how they should act; some of them were minded to leave the city and to take refuge in the heights of Euboea, while others, who looked to receiving a reward from the Persians, were making ready to betray their country. So when these things came to the ears of Aeschines, the son of Nothon, one of the first men in Eretria, he made known the whole state of affairs to the Athenians who were already arrived, and besought them to return home to their own land, and not perish with his countrymen. And the Athenians hearkened to his counsel, and, crossing over to Oropus, in this way escaped the danger. [6.101] The Persian fleet now drew near and anchored at Tamynae, Choereae, and Aegilia, three places in the territory of Eretria. Once masters of these posts, they proceeded forthwith to disembark their horses, and made ready to attack the enemy. But the Eretrians were not minded to sally forth and offer battle; their only care, after it had been resolved not to quit the city, was, if possible, to defend their walls. And now the fortress was assaulted in good earnest, and for six days there fell on both sides vast numbers, but on the seventh day Euphorbus, the son of Alcimachus, and Philagrus, the son of Cyneas, who were both citizens of good repute, betrayed the place to the Persians. These were no sooner entered within the walls than they plundered and burnt all the temples that there were in the town, in revenge for the burning of their own temples at Sardis; moreover, they did according to the orders of Darius, and carried away captive all the inhabitants. [6.102] The Persians, having thus brought Eretria into subjection after waiting a few days, made sail for Attica, greatly straitening the Athenians as they approached, and thinking to deal with them as they had dealt with the people of Eretria. And, because there was no Place in all Attica so convenient for their horse as Marathon, and it lay moreover quite close to Eretria, therefore Hippias, the son of Pisistratus, conducted them thither. [6.103] When intelligence of this reached the Athenians, they likewise marched their troops to Marathon, and there stood on the defensive, having at their head ten generals, of whom one was Miltiades. Now this man's father, Cimon, the son of Stesagoras, was banished from Athens by Pisistratus, the son of Hippocrates. In his banishment it was his fortune to win the four-horse chariot-race at Olympia, whereby he gained the very same honour which had before been carried off by Miltiades, his half-brother on the mother's side. At the next Olympiad he won the prize again with the same mares; upon which he caused Pisistratus to be proclaimed the winner, having made an agreement with him that on yielding him this honour he should be allowed to come back to his country. Afterwards, still with the same mares, he won the prize a third time; whereupon he was put to death by the sons of Pisistratus, whose father was no longer living. They set men to lie in wait for him secretly; and these men slew him near the government-house in the night-time. He was buried outside the city, beyond what is called the Valley Road; and right opposite his tomb were buried the mares which had won the three prizes. The same success had likewise been achieved once previously, to wit, by the mares of Evagoras the Lacedaemonian, but never except by them. At the time of Cimon's death Stesagoras, the elder of his two sons, was in the Chersonese, where he lived with Miltiades his uncle; the younger, who was called Miltiades after the founder of the Chersonesite colony, was with his father in Athens. [6.104] It was this Miltiades who now commanded the Athenians, after escaping from the Chersonese, and twice nearly losing his life. First he was chased as far as Imbrus by the Phoenicians, who had a great desire to take him and carry him up to the king; and when he had avoided this danger, and, having reached his own country, thought himself to be altogether in safety, he found his enemies waiting for him, and was cited by them before a court and impeached for his tyranny in the Chersonese. But he came off victorious here likewise, and was thereupon made general of the Athenians by the free choice of the people. [6.105] And first, before they left the city, the generals sent off to Sparta a herald, one Pheidippides, who was by birth an Athenian, and by profession and practice a trained runner. This man, according to the account which he gave to the Athenians on his return, when he was near Mount Parthenium, above Tegea, fell in with the god Pan, who called him by his 17 | P a g e name, and bade him ask the Athenians "wherefore they neglected him so entirely, when he was kindly disposed towards them, and had often helped them in times past, and would do so again in time to come?" The Athenians, entirely believing in the truth of this report, as soon as their affairs were once more in good order, set up a temple to Pan under the Acropolis, and, in return for the message which I have recorded, established in his honour yearly sacrifices and a torch-race. [6.106] On the occasion of which we speak when Pheidippides was sent by the Athenian generals, and, according to his own account, saw Pan on his journey, he reached Sparta on the very next day after quitting the city of Athens - Upon his arrival he went before the rulers, and said to them:"Men of Lacedaemon, the Athenians beseech you to hasten to their aid, and not allow that state, which is the most ancient in all Greece, to be enslaved by the barbarians. Eretria, look you, is already carried away captive; and Greece weakened by the loss of no mean city." Thus did Pheidippides deliver the message committed to him. And the Spartans wished to help the Athenians, but were unable to give them any present succour, as they did not like to break their established law. It was then the ninth day of the first decade; and they could not march out of Sparta on the ninth, when the moon had not reached the full. So they waited for the full of the moon. [6.107] The barbarians were conducted to Marathon by Hippias. the son of Pisistratus, who the night before had seen a strange vision in his sleep. He dreamt of lying in his mother's arms, and conjectured the dream to mean that he would be restored to Athens, recover the power which he had lost, and afterwards live to a good old age in his native country. Such was the sense in which he interpreted the vision. He now proceeded to act as guide to the Persians; and, in the first place, he landed the prisoners taken from Eretria upon the island that is called Aegileia, a tract belonging to the Styreans, after which he brought the fleet to anchor off Marathon, and marshalled the bands of the barbarians as they disembarked. As he was thus employed it chanced that he sneezed and at the same time coughed with more violence than was his wont. Now, as he was a man advanced in years, and the greater number of his teeth were loose, it so happened that one of them was driven out with the force of the cough, and fell down into the sand. Hippias took all the pains he could to find it; but the tooth was nowhere to be seen: whereupon he fetched a deep sigh, and said to the bystanders:"After all, the land is not ours; and we shall never be able to bring it under. All my share in it is the portion of which my tooth has possession." So Hippias believed that in this way his dream was fulfilled. [6.108] The Athenians were drawn up in order of battle in a sacred close belonging to Hercules, when they were joined by the Plataeans, who came in full force to their aid. Sometime before, the Plataeans had put themselves under the rule of the Athenians; and these last had already undertaken many labours on their behalf. The occasion of the surrender was the following. The Plataeans suffered grievous things at the hands of the men of Thebes; so, as it chanced that Cleomenes, the son of Anaxandridas, and the Lacedaemonians were in their neighbourhood, they first of all offered to surrender themselves to them. But the Lacedaemonians refused to receive them, and said:"We dwell too far off from you, and ours would be but chill succour. Ye might oftentimes be carried into slavery before one of us heard of it. We counsel you rather to give yourselves up to the Athenians, who are your next neighbours, and well able to shelter you." This they said, not so much out of good will towards the Plataeans as because they wished to involve the Athenians in trouble by engaging them in wars with the Boeotians. The Plataeans, however, when the Lacedaemonians gave them this counsel, complied at once; and when the sacrifice to the Twelve Gods was being offered at Athens, they came and sat as suppliants about the altar, and gave themselves up to the Athenians. The Thebans no sooner learnt what the Plataeans had done than instantly they marched out against them, while the Athenians sent troops to their aid. As the two armies were about to join battle, the Corinthians, who chanced to be at hand, would not allow them to engage; both sides consented to take them for arbitrators, whereupon they made up the quarrel, and fixed the boundary-line between the two states upon this condition: to wit, that if any of the Boeotians wished no longer to belong to Boeotia, the Thebans should allow them to follow their own inclinations. The Corinthians, when they had thus decreed, forthwith departed to their homes: the Athenians likewise set off on their return; but the Boeotians fell upon them during the march, and a battle was fought wherein they were worsted by the Athenians. Hereupon these last would not be bound by the line which the Corinthians had fixed, but 18 | P a g e advanced beyond those limits, and made the Asopus the boundary-line between the country of the Thebans and that of the Plataeans and Hysians. Under such circumstances did the Plataeans give themselves up to Athens; and now they were come to Marathon to bear the Athenians aid. Hereupon all those generals who had been desirous of hazarding a battle, when their turn came to command the army, gave up their right to Miltiades. He however, though he accepted their offers, nevertheless waited, and would not fight until his own day of command arrived in due course. [6.109] The Athenian generals were divided in their opinions; and some advised not to risk a battle, because they were too few to engage such a host as that of the Medes, while others were for fighting at once; and among these last was Miltiades. He therefore, seeing that opinions were thus divided, and that the less worthy counsel appeared likely to prevail, resolved to go to the Polemarch, and have a conference with him. For the man on whom the lot fell to be Polemarch at Athens was entitled to give his vote with the ten generals, since anciently the Athenians allowed him an equal right of voting with them. The Polemarch at this juncture was Callimachus of Aphidnae; to him therefore Miltiades went, and said:"With thee it rests, Callimachus, either to bring Athens to slavery, or, by securing her freedom, to leave behind thee to all future generations a memory beyond even Harmodius and Aristogeiton. For never since the time that the Athenians became a people were they in so great a danger as now. If they bow their necks beneath the yoke of the Medes, the woes which they will have to suffer when given into the power of Hippias are already determined on; if, on the other hand, they fight and overcome, Athens may rise to be the very first city in Greece. How it comes to pass that these things are likely to happen, and how the determining of them in some sort rests with thee, I will now proceed to make clear. We generals are ten in number, and our votes are divided; half of us wish to engage, half to avoid a combat. Now, if we do not fight, I look to see a great disturbance at Athens which will shake men's resolutions, and then I fear they will submit themselves; but if we fight the battle before any unsoundness show itself among our citizens, let the gods but give us fair play, and we are well able to overcome the enemy. On thee therefore we depend in this matter, which lies wholly in thine own power. Thou hast only to add thy vote to my side and thy country will be free, and not free only, but the first state in Greece. Or, if thou preferrest to give thy vote to them who would decline the combat, then the reverse will follow." [6.111] Then at length, when his own turn was come, the Athenian battle was set in array, and this was the order of it. Callimachus the Polemarch led the right wing; for it was at that time a rule with the Athenians to give the right wing to the Polemarch. After this followed the tribes, according as they were numbered, in an unbroken line; while last of all came the Plataeans, forming the left wing. And ever since that day it has been a custom with the Athenians, in the sacrifices and assemblies held each fifth year at Athens, for the Athenian herald to implore the blessing of the gods on the Plataeans conjointly with the Athenians. Now, as they marshalled the host upon the field of Marathon, in order that the Athenian front might he of equal length with the Median, the ranks of the centre were diminished, and it became the weakest part of the line, while the wings were both made strong with a depth of many ranks. [6.110] Miltiades by these words gained Callimachus; and the addition of the Polemarch's vote caused the decision to be in favour of fighting. [6.112] So when the battle was set in array, and the victims showed themselves favourable, instantly the Athenians, so soon as they were let go, charged the barbarians at a run. Now the distance between the two armies was little short of eight furlongs. The Persians, therefore, when they saw the Greeks coming on at speed, made ready to receive them, although it seemed to them that the Athenians were bereft of their senses, and bent upon their own destruction; for they saw a mere handful of men coming on at a run without either horsemen or archers. Such was the opinion of the barbarians; but the Athenians in close array fell upon them, and fought in a manner worthy of being recorded. They were the first of the Greeks, so far as I know, who introduced the custom of charging the enemy at a run, and they were likewise the first who dared to look upon the Median garb, and to face men clad in that fashion. Until this time the very name of the Medes had been a terror to the Greeks to hear. [6.113] The two armies fought together on the plain of Marathon for a length of time; and in the mid battle, where the Persians themselves and the Sacae had their place, the barbarians were victorious, and broke and pursued the Greeks into the inner country; but on the two wings the 19 | P a g e Athenians and the Plataeans defeated the enemy. Having so done, they suffered the routed barbarians to fly at their ease, and joining the two wings in one, fell upon those who had broken their own centre, and fought and conquered them. These likewise fled, and now the Athenians hung upon the runaways and cut them down, chasing them all the way to the shore, on reaching which they laid hold of the ships and called aloud for fire. with blindness, without blow of sword or dart; and this blindness continued thenceforth during the whole of his afterlife. The following is the account which he himself, as I have heard, gave of the matter: he said that a gigantic warrior, with a huge beard, which shaded all his shield, stood over against him; but the ghostly semblance passed him by, and slew the man at his side. Such, as I understand, was the tale which Epizelus told. [6.114] It was in the struggle here that Callimachus the Polemarch, after greatly distinguishing himself, lost his life; Stesilaus too, the son of Thrasilaus, one of the generals, was slain; and Cynaegirus, the son of Euphorion, having seized on a vessel of the enemy's by the ornament at the stern, had his hand cut off by the blow of an axe, and so perished; as likewise did many other Athenians of note and name. [6.118] Datis meanwhile was on his way back to Asia, and had reached Myconus, when he saw in his sleep a vision. What it was is not known; but no sooner was day come than he caused strict search to be made throughout the whole fleet, and finding on board a Phoenician vessel an image of Apollo overlaid with gold, he inquired from whence it had been taken, and learning to what temple it belonged, he took it with him in his own ship to Delos, and placed it in the temple there, enjoining the Delians, who had now come back to their island, to restore the image to the Theban Delium, which lies on the coast over against Chalcis. Having left these injunctions, he sailed away; but the Delians failed to restore the statue; and it was not till twenty years afterwards that the Thebans, warned by an oracle, themselves brought it back to Delium. [6.115] Nevertheless the Athenians secured in this way seven of the vessels; while with the remainder the barbarians pushed off, and taking aboard their Eretrian prisoners from the island where they had left them, doubled Cape Sunium, hoping to reach Athens before the return of the Athenians. The Alcmaeonidae were accused by their countrymen of suggesting this course to them; they had, it was said, an understanding with the Persians, and made a signal to them, by raising a shield, after they were embarked in their ships. [6.116] The Persians accordingly sailed round Sunium. But the Athenians with all possible speed marched away to the defence of their city, and succeeded in reaching Athens before the appearance of the barbarians: and as their camp at Marathon had been pitched in a precinct of Hercules, so now they encamped in another precinct of the same god at Cynosarges. The barbarian fleet arrived, and lay to off Phalerum, which was at that time the haven of Athens; but after resting awhile upon their oars, they departed and sailed away to Asia. [6.117] There fell in this battle of Marathon, on the side of the barbarians, about six thousand and four hundred men; on that of the Athenians, one hundred and ninety-two. Such was the number of the slain on the one side and the other. A strange prodigy likewise happened at this fight. Epizelus, the son of Cuphagoras, an Athenian, was in the thick of the fray, and behaving himself as a brave man should, when suddenly he was stricken [6.120] After the full of the moon two thousand Lacedaemonians came to Athens. So eager had they been to arrive in time, that they took but three days to reach Attica from Sparta. They came, however, too late for the battle; yet, as they had a longing to behold the Medes, they continued their march to Marathon and there viewed the slain. Then, after giving the Athenians all praise for their achievement, they departed and returned home. Book 5 of Herodotus covers the situation in Attica, the origins of the Ionian Revolt and the uprisings against Persia by the Ionian cities. He tells how Aristagoras arrived in Greece to enlist help from the Greek cities especially 5:97 for the Athenian Assembly Books 7-9 deal with the Second Persian Invasion by Xerxes I in 480BC. 20 | P a g e What key events took place in Ionia before the Battle of Marathon? How does this relate to the cultural expectations and codes of behaviour placed upon Athens? What actions did the Persian forces (fleet and land army) take as they invaded Greece before the battle at Marathon? Why was Marathon chosen as the site of battle? Think of strategic and physical reasons. 21 | P a g e The Battle Formation Who were the key Athenians involved? Who were the key Persians involved? Numbers of troops involved: Numbers of troops involved: List the different Greek allies who were also at Marathon? Describe the battle. Troop actions and movements during the course of the battle (include maps of battle) Events immediately after the Battle – Actions of the Athenian and Persian Commanders including actions of the Spartans. What are the limitations of this text? 22 | P a g e Other Primary Source Accounts of the Battle of Marathon Although we usually turn to Book 6 of Herodotus to read about the Battle of Marathon, there are other indirect accounts of the Battle or its impact on Athenian society. Aristophanes Aristophanes was alive between 446 and 386 BC. He was an Athenian playwright of comedic plays. He wrote approximately 40 comedies, of which only 11 survive. Many of them incorporate key attitudes and political events of the period and as a result they provide us an insight into what Athenian attitudes were towards war, peace, and the Persians. His two most famous plays are Wasps and Frogs. Wasps is of importance here as it includes a commentary on the survivors and victors of the Battle of Marathon and satirises the current political corruption within Athens in 422BC when the play was performed during the Peloponnesian War at a point when political corruption and questioning of the status quo were common. The main character’s father represents the generation of men who fought at Marathon: Wasps Should it strike you, dear spectators, as a somewhat curious thing / to find me thus embellished with a wasp-waist and a sting / a word will be sufficient to complete your education / and elucidate the meaning of our costume and formation / allow me, then, to mention that I feel a certain pride / in the very handy weapon that protrudes from my backside / for the warriors who possess it are of native Attic birth, as stubborn and as brave as ever trod the earth / it was we who served the city best when those barbarians came / to try to smoke us from our nests, and filled the streets with flame / inflamed with rage; we ran straight out with warlike spear and shield / our hearts were set on battle, and we faced them in the field / all day we went on fighting, but Athena’s owl had flown / above our ranks that morning, and we knew we weren’t alone / so thick with arrows was the air, we couldn’t see the sun / but when the shades of evening fell we had them on the run / we stung them in eyebrows and we stung them on the cheeks / we jabbed them in the buttocks through their baggy Persians breeks / and among barbarian nations we’re respected to this day / ‘there’s nothing more ferocious as an Attic Wasp,’ they say. Source: Aristophanes, Frogs and Other Plays, trans. David Barrett, Penguin Group, London, 1964. In his comic play Acharnians, produced in 425 BC, Aristophanes’ Chorus contrast the heroism of the Athenians who proved victorious at Marathon to current Athenians, whose valour was disregarded. “Heroes” were prey for those wishing to make a buck, by pushing false accusations and hoping the accused would settle instead of enduring a lengthy trial. 23 Acharnians How is this fair or right, ruining a greybeard in court beside the water-clock? He has borne his share of toil, he has wiped off manly sweat by the bucket when he fought for the city at Marathon. In our prime, at Marathon, we pursued the enemy. But nowadays evil men eagerly sue and pursue us. What can the shysters say to this? Lines 692-702 This theme of comparing the decline of contemporary Athens with the great heroes of the past is continued in the play Thesmophoriazusae translated as The Women Celebrating the Festival of the Thesmophoria or “The Poet and The Women” produced in 411BC during the Peloponnesian War against Sparta. It focuses on a parody of Athenian society and in particular the subversive role of women in the male dominated society. The women are planning to hold Euripides another famous playwright to account for how his misogynistic depiction of women in his plays. The reference to Marathon acts as an example, as well as a challenge, urging the Athenians to compete with their glorious past and beat the new Persian menace. (Persia was an ally of Sparta at this time in the war). The particular reference to Marathon is an appeal to this historical paradigm challenging the Athenian men to overcome the shortcomings of their recent military and political activity and a covert indication that dealing with the Persians is a betrayal of the Athenian tradition. Thesmophoriazusae Charminos is weaker than Nausimache (‘Naval Battle’) – the facts are evident – and Cleophon is in every aspect inferior to Salabaccho. As for Aristomache (‘Excellent Battle’), that one at Marathon, and Stratonice (‘Army Victory’), it has been a long time since any of you has even attempted to compete with either one of them Lines 805-806 Source: AS THREATENING AS THE PERSIANS: EURIPIDES IN ARISTOPHANES’ THESMOPHORIAZUSAE* IOANNA KARAMANOU https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254862505_'As_Threatening_as_the_Persians_Euripides_in_Aristophanes'_Thes mophoriazusae'_in_C_Carey_ed_Proceedings_of_the_International_Conference_on_the_Completion_of_2500_years_fro m_the_Battle_of_Marathon_BICS accessed 17/11/16 Aristophanes’ play The Knights, produced 424 BC at the Lenaia, won first prize. The play is a satire on political and social life in 5th Century BC Athens, and in particular a verbal attack against the pro-war populist politician, Cleon. In the play, a sausage-seller, Agoracritus, vies with Paphlagonian (representing Cleon) for the confidence and approval of Demos (an elderly man who symbolizes the Athenian citizenry) and Agoracritus emerges triumphant from a series of contests and miraculously restores Demos to his former youth and glory. Agoracritus returns to the stage, announcing a new development: he has rejuvenated Demos by boiling him down like a piece of meat, and the new Demos is introduced, wondrously restored to youth and vigour and dressed in the garb of the old Athenians of the times of the victory at Marathon. (Source: http://www.ancient-literature.com/greece_aristophanes_knights.html accessed 17/11/16) 24 The Knights CLEON Is it possible, Demos, to love you more than I do? And firstly, as long as you have governed with my consent, have I not filled your treasury, putting pressure on some, torturing others or begging of them, indifferent to the opinion of private individuals, and solely anxious to please you? AGORACRITUS There is nothing so wonderful in all that, Demos; I will do as much; I will thieve the bread of others to serve up to you. No, he has neither love for you nor kindly feeling; his only care is to warm himself with your wood, and I will prove it. You, who, sword in hand, saved Attica from the Median yoke at Marathon; you, whose glorious triumphs we love to extol unceasingly, look, he cares little whether he sees you seated uncomfortably upon a stone; whereas I, I bring you this cushion, which I have sewn with my own hands. Rise and try this nice soft seat. Did you not put enough strain on your bottom at Salamis? He gives DEMOS the cushion; DEMOS sits on it. Source http://classics.mit.edu/Aristophanes/knights.html accessed 17/11/16 What are some limitations of Aristophanes as a source? Consider the purpose of these plays – satire and political diatribes, the timeframe between the event and the production of this play, possible propaganda vs bias, factual accuracy, would members of the audience have been eyewitnesses to these events? To what extent is Aristophanes a reliable or useful source for modern classicists using him to gain information about the importance of the Battle of Marathon on Athenian society? How do these portrayals of the men who fought at Marathon show the cultural expectations and codes of behaviour held by Athenians towards military service and bravery? 25 Aeschylus Aeschylus was an early Athenian tragic playwright who fought at Marathon and Salamis, and possibly Plataea, whose brother died at Marathon. His most famous contribution to Greek plays was the introduction of a second actor. Today, only seven of Aeschylus’s plays survive, although he wrote more than 90. Some critics (including Aristotle) have interpreted “The Persians” as being sympathetic toward the defeated Persians, while others (such as Aristophanes) have seen it as a celebration of Greek victory within the context of an ongoing war. In fact, it can be argued that “The Persians” is not a tragedy at all in the true Greek sense, but that its real aim is the triumphant glorification of Athens and the exultation of the whole nation over the ruin of their foe. Source Luke Matson 2009 http://www.ancient-literature.com/greece_aeschylus_persians.html accessed 17/11/16 His play Persians provides words to Atossa, mother of King Xerxes, upon learning of the Persian defeat at Salamis. She bewails the Persians killed at Marathon, and attributes her son’s expedition against the Greeks as retribution for that battle. Aeschylus told the story of the battle from the viewpoint of the defeated Persians. In this play, Aeschylus included the first ghost scene in theatre. The Persians takes place in Susa, the capital of Persia. The time is 480 B.C.E., shortly after the battle of Salamis. The chorus of “trusted ones” have gathered near the tomb of Darius the Great to await news of King Xerxes' expedition against the Athenians. The chorus describes how King Darius, Xerxes’ father, created a vast empire but was unable to defeat the Greeks at Marathon. Naturally, when Xerxes inherited his father’s throne, he desired to be as great as his father was. Therefore, he launched this expedition to conquer the Greeks and rule the world. The entire Persian citizenry has been drafted and the capital city is vacant. Now, without word or report of the war’s progress, those on the home front are oppressed with worry. Wives, mothers and grandfathers watch as the realm is drained of its youth and splendour. In Aeschylus’ mind, as well as of most Athenians, to have fought in such an epic battle was more noteworthy than anything else one can accomplish. While Herodotus is known as the “Father of History”, Aeschylus is known as the “Father of Tragedy”. Persians On, sons of the Hellenes! Fight for the freedom of your country! Fight for the freedom of your children and of your wives, for the gods of your fathers and for the sepulchers of your ancestors! All are now staked upon the strife!” / O hateful divinity, how have you foiled the purpose of the Persians! Cruel was the vengeance which my son brought upon himself for his designs against illustrious Athens; the barbarians whom Marathon destroyed were not enough. It was in an effort to exact retribution for them that my son has drawn upon himself so great a multitude of woes. Even at the time of his death in 456 BC, 35 years after the Battle of Marathon, Aeschylus considers his participation at Marathon as indicative of his worth as a Greek, and he makes certain that it appears on the inscription on his gravestone which was written by himself before his death. Despite having won several prizes for his plays, Aeschylus refrains from showcasing his writing abilities and instead has chosen to commemorate only his military achievements. Epitaph of Aeschylus "This gravestone covers Aeschylus, son of Euphorion, from Athens, who died in fertile Gela. The field of Marathon will speak of his bravery, and so will the longhaired Mede who learnt it well." Source: http://www.crystalinks.com/aeschylus.html accessed 17/11/16 NOTE: The historical origins and thus accuracy of this epitaph is unknown and so it may not be the most reliable primary source evidence. 26 Thucydides Thucydides was the pupil and mentee of Herodotus. Thucydides heard Herodotus’ recital of his Histories at a festival and was so taken with Herodotus’ style he cried. Thucydides and Herodotus became so close to each other, that they were even buried in the same tomb. While Herodotus was the expert on the Persian Wars, Thucydides was the expert on the Peloponnesian Wars (fought between Sparta and Athens from 431 to 404 BC) and wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War. “my work is not a piece of writing designed to meet the taste of an immediate public, but was done to last for ever" (1.22.4). Unlike Herodotus, Thucydides writes in mostly chronological order and uses many “historical” speeches to expand on his main points to which his Greek audience were familiar with. However he does not name many of his sources although he was also a contemporary of the battle like Herodotus. He is regarded as being more neutral and unbiased in his account of the conflict and towards the different sides involved however he does display a clear bias towards some individuals involved in the war such as the politician Cleon who was also a target of Aristophanes’ satire. History of the Peloponnesian Wars 1.73 However, the story shall be told not so much to deprecate hostility as to testify against it, and to show, if you are so illadvised as to enter into a struggle with Athens, what sort of an antagonist she is likely to prove. We assert that at Marathon we were at the front, and faced the barbarian singlehanded. That when he came the second time, unable to cope with him by land we went on board our ships with all our people, and joined in the action at Salamis. History of the Peloponnesian Wars 2.34 The dead are laid in the public sepulchre in the most beautiful suburb of the city, in which those who fall in war are always buried; with the exception of those slain at Marathon, who for their singular and extraordinary valour were interred on the spot where they fell. Simonides of Ceos A lyric poet (c. 556-468 BC) he composed an epitaph for the fallen, noting that they are “Greece’s champions” and that, much as David defeated Goliath, they “laid low the might of the gold-apparelled Persians.” The Athenians were not decked out in gold and did not have a cavalry or extensive weaponry. However, as Simonides makes evident, they proved their worth against insurmountable odds: Fighting as Greece's champions the Athenians at Marathon Laid low the might of the gold-apparelled Persians. A similar epitaph was written for the Spartans after Thermopylae: “Tell them in Lacedaemon, passer-by / That here, obedient to their word, we lie”. How do these portrayals of the Persians and Athenians who fought at Marathon show similarities and or differences? 27 Archaeological Evidence Funeral Mound (tumulus) and Battlefield Debris Marathon around 1838: Arrow Heads: Source: http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/rpr/index.php/component/joomgaller y/the-oxford-collection/figure-6-marathon-around-1838-823Itemid=41.html Source: http://www.livius.org/pictures/greece/marathon/marathon- Marathon today: arrowheads/ accessed 17/11/16 Spear Heads: Source: http://www.athensattica.gr/en/you-are-here/what-tosee/sightseeing/item/5407-tumulus-of-marathon accessed 17/11/16 Helmet: Source: http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/rpr/index.php/object-biographyindex/1-prmcollection/648-marathon-spearheads/ accessed 17/11/16 Source: https://seanmunger.com/2014/01/02/42-historicalobjects-no-5-athenian-helmet-from-the-battle-of-marathon/ accessed 17/11/16 28 Artwork Ancient Greek artists almost never depicted historical events in their artwork unlike their literary counterparts who referred to specific battles and individuals in their texts or transcripts. In order to show the importance of the Athenian and Greek victory over the Persians, sculptors and painters instead preferred to showcase victory using mythological battles with a preference for the Amazons to represent their ideas about the greatness of Athens. Vase Paintings Inscriptions/ Monumental Releifs Theseion – The Temple of Hephaiston Athens Exterior and Interior Relief Red Figure Volute Krater (Wine Mixing Bowl) by the Painter of the Woolly Satyrs ca 450BC http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/247 964 accessed 18/11/16 (Photo Sources: B McKeage 2006) Temple of Athene Nike on the Acropolis rebuilt approx. 420BC Oinochoe by the Chicago Painter c 450BC (23cm h) depicting Greek and Persian Source: http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/pitcheroinochoe-with-greek-warrior-attacking-persian-archer153828 accessed 18/11/16 Source https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/Sculpture/ashmolean/site/Tem pleAthenaNike.htm accessed 18/11/16 29 Bell Krater (mixing bowl) by the Pan Painter Source: http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/mixingbowl-bell-krater-153654 accessed 18/11/16 (note: the depiction of Pan represents the Panic that went through the Persian forces) South Frieze Red Figure Kylix (drinking cup) depicting Greek and Persian 5th C BC Source: http://www.wikiwand.com/en/GrecoPersian_Wars accessed 18/11/16 Source: http://museum.classics.cam.ac.uk/collections/casts/templeathena-nike-acropolis-south-frieze accessed 18/11/16 Other examples of vases are available see you teacher for permission to use them. Reconstruction at Delphi of the Treasury of Athens built to commemorate the victory at Marathon Source: https://catbirdingreece.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/p910573 8.jpg accessed 29/11/016 30 Stoa Poikile (Painted Portico) in Athens (Photo Sources: B McKeage 2006) Depiction of wall painting that was at the Stoa Polike (Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marathon_battle_in_Stoa_Poikile,_Carl_R obert.jpg) Sarcophagus (tomb) depicting Battle of Marathon from Brescia, Museo di Santa Giulia Source: http://www.livius.org/pictures/greece/marathon/marathon-relief/ More digital resources: An audio version of Herodotus’ Histories Book 6 Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87mcxeogHPo Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdsUnsbF1Kg Battle of Marathon http://www.stjohnbrebeuf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Herodotus-Battle-ofMarathon.pdf For commentary on Book 6 go to http://www.reed.edu/humanities/Hum110/Hdt/Hdt6.html 31 How do these literary accounts and archaeological artefacts show similarities or differences to Herodotus’ explanation of the Battle? What are the limitations of these archaeological sources? 32 LEVEL 2 CLASSICAL STUDIES 2017 RANGITOTO COLLEGE INTERNAL ASSESSMENT CLASSICAL STUDIES Classical Studies AS91202 version 2 Demonstrate understanding of a significant event in the classical world Resource title: Let Battle Commence 4 Credits University Entrance – Reading Credits NCEA Literacy Credits Contents: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Achievement Standard Task Instructions Assessment Notes: Placing Battle in Context and Examination of Sources Hand-in Date and Checkpoints Resources Exemplars Overview Marking Schedule Authenticity Statement 34 35 36 38 39 40 41 43 44 33 2 Achievement Standard Subject Reference Title Level Subfield Domain Status Review date Classical Studies 2.3 Demonstrate understanding of a significant event in the classical world 2 Credits 4 Assessment Internal Social Science Studies Classical Studies Registered Status date 17 November 2011 31 December 2018 Date published 20 November 2014 Demonstrate in-depth understanding involves: placing the event in context to give an informed explanation of why the event was important. Features of an informed explanation include: using primary source evidence of specific relevance to the context explaining a range of aspects and/or factors. This achievement standard involves demonstrating understanding of a significant event in the classical world. Demonstrate perceptive understanding involves: giving an explanation that shows insight into why the event was important. Features of a perceptive explanation may include but are not limited to: reasons for similarities and differences cultural expectations and codes of behaviour recognition of limitations of sources of evidence. Achievement Criteria Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Demonstrate understanding of a significant event in the classical world. Demonstrate indepth understanding of a significant event in the classical world. Demonstrate perceptive understanding of a significant event in the classical world. 3 Significant event may refer to events in the classical world such as: the Persian Wars the rebuilding of the Acropolis under Pericles the Peloponnesian War the fall of the Republic the eruption of Vesuvius Masada. Elaboration of specific contexts is provided in the Teaching and Learning Guide. 4 Conditions of Assessment related to this achievement standard can be found at http://ncea.tki.org.nz/Resources-for-InternallyAssessed-Achievement-Standards. Explanatory Notes 1 This achievement standard is derived from Level 7 of the Social Sciences learning area of The New Zealand Curriculum, Learning Media, Ministry of Education, 2007, and is related to the material in the Teaching and Learning Guide for Classical Studies, Ministry of Education, 2010 at http://seniorsecondary.tki.org.nz. Demonstrate understanding involves: using primary source evidence placing the event in context to explain why the event was important. 34 Internal Assessment Resource Student Instructions Assessment Conditions This assessment task will take three weeks of homework time and two weeks of in-classtime. On completion of the assessment you must sign and hand in an authenticity certificate to verify that their work is your own. You must submit an accurate bibliography that includes all sources that you have used in this activity. This will be used for authentication purposes. For more information on referencing and bibliographies, please check your Year 12 Classics Google Folder. Introduction In class you have studied the Persian Wars with a specific focus on the Battle of Marathon. You have focused on the origins of the Persian Wars, the various battles and participants who fought in the wars and studied the results of the wars on Athenian society. This has helped you to develop an understanding of the significance of the Battle of Marathon on the classical world. This assessment task requires you to demonstrate your understanding of the Battle of Marathon by using specific and relevant primary source evidence (examples of primary source evidence are provided in this resource booklet) to place the battle in context and explain the importance of the event. In your explanation, you should consider a range of aspects/factors to demonstrate a perceptive understanding of why the event was important to Athenian society which may include but are not limited to: Reasons for similarities and differences. Cultural expectations and codes of behaviour. Recognition of limitations of sources of evidence. Support your explanation with primary and secondary source evidence that is specific and relevant to the context. Task This internal requires you to demonstrate an understanding of a significant event in the classical. In this case you will: Demonstrate understanding of a significant event in the classical world: Using primary source evidence to place the Battle of Marathon in context by explaining the causes of the Persian Wars, the course of the Battle including key information on key participants, and tactics and manoeuvres used in the battle. Explain the significance of the battle for Athenian society using primary source evidence. This could include reference to its social, cultural, military or political importance. 35 You will present you assessment as text for an illustrated presentation about the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC in one of the following presentation methods: An informative poster for a classroom A booklet for Years 9/10 A newspaper article An interview with the commander of the Athenian and / or Persian forces Other forms of presentation are acceptable, however, your teacher must approve it. Only the written component of the presentation is marked, however, you still need to incorporate a visual element to your presentation. Make specific and accurate reference to translated primary source extracts from ancient authors in your presentation and assemble relevant illustrations of works of art or artefacts in order to provide primary and secondary evidence to support what you are saying. These ancient primary sources must come from the following materials provided to you: Herodotus, Aristophanes, Aeschylus, Thucydides, Simonides as well as archaeological evidence. Extracts of these sources can be found in this booklet. You should aim to write 1000-1500 words, keeping mind that the quality of your ideas is more important than the quantity of your words you write. In your written text place the battle in context and examine a range of aspects/factors contributing to the importance of the Battle of Marathon. To place the Battle of Marathon in context, you will need to explain the origins of the Persian Wars with a brief background on the Athenian and Persian society during this period. Also discuss information about the participants, commanders and who was involved for the Athenians and Persians, with numbers of forces and details of the battle itself. The significance of the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC for our knowledge of ancient Athenian life can include an explanation of its impact on the following aspects: ● politics ● social classes ● military life ● entertainment ● foreign influence Provided examples of primary sources include: ● Primary evidence surviving from the classical world, including written material in translation and artefacts of all kinds. ● Literary: Extracts from ancient authors (Herodotus, Thucydides, Aristophanes, Aeschylus), burial or monument inscriptions ● Art: Depiction of Battle and participants in Greek pottery and sculptural relief ● Other Archaeological remains (e.g. burial tombs, statues, memorials, examples of armour and weapons) ● Secondary sources include evidence drawn from later commentaries, for example, books, websites, encyclopaedias, and later works of art and architecture. (This can include diagrams and maps of battle sites and formations) 36 2.3 Let Battle Commence - The Battle of Marathon Achieved Demonstrate understanding of a significant event in the classical world. Place the significant event in its context by explaining why the event was important To place the battle in context, explain aspects/factors contributing to the significance of the battle such as: ● The composition of the combatants (Athenian vs Persian forces). ● The background to the battle. ● The location of the battle site and battle formations (show this information on a map or diagram). ● Events following the battle. ● Impact of the battle on Athenian Society (e.g. socially, culturally, militarily, politically) Use primary source evidence to support your explanation of the context Merit Excellence Demonstrate in-depth understanding of a significant event in the classical world. Place the significant event in its context to give an informed explanation of why the event was important Demonstrate perceptive understanding of a significant event in the classical world Place the significant event in its context to give an insightful explanation of why the event was important To place the battle in context, explain a range of aspects/factors contributing to the significance of the battle such as: ● The composition of the combatants (Athenian vs Persian forces). ● The background to the battle. ● The location of the battle site and battle formations (show this information on a map or diagram). ● Events following the battle. ● Impact of the battle on Athenian Society (e.g. socially, culturally, militarily, politically) Use specific and relevant primary source evidence to support your explanation of the context. To place the battle in context, explain a range of aspects/factors contributing to the significance of the battle for such as: ● The composition of the combatants (Athenian vs Persian forces). ● The background to the battle. ● The location of the battle site and battle formations (show this information on a map or diagram). ● Events following the battle. ● Impact of the battle on Athenian Society (e.g. socially, culturally, militarily, politically) REMEMBER TO SUBMIT A BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR AUTHENTICATION PURPOSES Features of a perceptive explanation may include but are not limited to : reasons for similarities and differences, cultural expectations and codes of behaviour, recognition of the limitations of the sources of evidence. For Excellence: Select AT LEAST two of the following points to examine perceptively (other points are possible, please discuss with your teacher): ● Reasons for similarities and differences e.g. in the battle tactics used by the Athenian Hoplites/Cavalry vs Persian army/archers. e.g in the government after the battle ● Cultural expectations and codes of behaviour e.g. private and public motives of the leaders involved in the battle e.g. the relationships between the peoples involved in the battle, e.g. how the citizens of Athens viewed the participants, the battle and its consequences on Athenian society ● Recognition of limitations of sources of evidence. e.g. discussing the issues surrounding the reporting of the Battle: possibility of bias in historical sources 37 Check-points and hand-in date The due date for this assessment is Monday 3rd April. YOU MUST SUBMIT YOUR INTERNAL TO K5 BEFORE 8:40AM ON THIS DATE. There will also be three check-in points along the way. 1. The first check-in point will be Thursday March 16th. You must submit your first draft identifying your selection of PSE that you will be focusing on to explain the context of the battle to your teacher by this date. 2. The second check-in point will be Thursday March 23rd. You must submit your draft using specific and relevant PSE to explain the context of the battle and importance of the battle on Athenian Society to your teacher by this date. 3. The third check-in point will be Thursday March 30th. This checkpoint will take place within class. It will be expected you have finalised your explanations of importance of the battle. A final draft of your assessment is due to your teacher by this date. These checkpoints are designed for a variety of reasons: For your teacher to give you feedback on your work. They will give you suggestions for things to fix up/consider adding and will let you know what is working. For your teacher to ensure that you are up to date and you are not leaving things to the last minute. For you to get an idea about how you’re going before you hand in your final copy. All drafts of your work must be electronic format such as google docs and shared with your teacher for checking purposes. NB: These check-ins are a requirement of your internal and are not optional. If at any time these check-in points are not meet contact will be made with home to ensure completion of these assessment task deadlines. PLAGIARISM Plagiarism is when you have taken information from a certain source and have not acknowledged you have done so. Teachers have the right to check for authenticity of a student’s work. If you are found to have plagiarised and/ or copied another student’s work will result in a NOT ACHIEVED for both parties and could face disciplinary consequences. Submission Checklist K5 before 8:40 am ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Submit a copy of your illustrated presentation Submit a bibliography Submit the signed Authenticity Certificate Submit the named marking schedule 38 Resources The Classics Department will make available a selection of books and other resources while researching in class. It is expected however that you do your own research beyond these resources. Rangitoto College Library: Books from the Rangitoto College Library have been put on desk copy. You will have access to these while in the library. Aristophanes, The Frogs and Other Plays: Wasp; Women at the Thesmophoria; Penguin Books 2007. Artus, Paul, The Battle of Marathon Bellona Books Bradley, Pamela, Ancient Greece : using evidence Cambridge University Press 2001. Bury, J.B. and Meiggs, Russell, A history of Greece, Palgrave Macmillan 1978. David, Saul, The encyclopedia of war : from Ancient Egypt to Iraq DK Publishing (Dorling Kindersley) 2009 Estensen, Miriam G., Understanding Ancient Worlds Science Press 1995 Herman Hansen, Mogen, The Athenian Democracy in the age of Demosthenes : structure, principles and ideology University of Oklahoma Press 1999. Herodotus, The Histories Penguin Books 2003. Kitto, H.D, The Greeks, Penguin Books 1991. Nardo, Don, A History of the Ancient Greeks, Lucent Books 2004. Nelson, Eric D. et al, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Ancient Greece Alpha 2005. Sansone, David, Ancient Greek civilization Wiley-Blackwell 2003. Stockton, David, The Classical Athenian Democracy Oxford University Press 1990. Websites: Herodutus Histories extract of Book Six The Battle of Marathon http://www.sjsu.edu/people/james.lindahl/courses/Hum1A/s3/Marathonsm.pdf Herodotus and his Histories http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/1320Hist&Civ/PP/slides/02herodotus.pdf Herodotus – The Persian Wars: The Battle of Marathon (primary source) www.thenagain.info/classes/sources/herodotus-marathon.html Herodotus on the Victory at Marathon (primary source) – from the History Guide (UK) www.historyguide.org/ancient/marathon.html The History of Herodotus (primary source) – full text version of the entire work by Herodotus from MIT. http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html Background on the Battle of Marathon (worksheet PDF) – from Guilford High School (CT) www.guilford.k12.ct.us/sites/rebhunj/documents/DAY6MARATHON.pdf History of Herodotus (worksheet PDF) http://dcgacademics.com/csd/highschool/socialstudies/U2%20Classical%20Gr... The Marathon Story: The Battle that Changed Human History www.lakepowell.net/marathon.html The Battle of Marathon, 490 BCE www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/marathon.htm Pheidippides Heroic Journey – true story of the “marathon” runner www.helleniccomserve.com/pheidippides.html The Battle of Marathon (PowerPoint) www.slideshare.net/calmacarlo/the-battle-of-marathon Ancient Battles: Victory at Marathon (video). 45-minute video from the History Channel. www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7dZU8sPR18 Decisive Battles: Marathon (video). 22-minute video from the History Channel. www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_jVCzTfIqY Battle of Marathon – Wikipedia article www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon First Persian Invasion of Greece – Wikipedia article www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece Remember to check out www.rangiclassics.com for interesting websites and tips for success. 39 Exemplars for 2.3 – Significant Event: The Persian Wars Evidence/Judgements for Achievement Evidence/Judgements for Achievement with Merit Evidence/Judgements for Achievement with Excellence The student has written a response that places the event in context and explains why the battle was significant using primary source evidence. The student has written a response that places the event in context and gives informed explanation, through the inclusion of relevant primary evidence, of a range of aspects/factors contributing to the significance of the battle. The student has written a response that places the event in context and gives explanation showing insight, through the inclusion of relevant primary evidence, of a range of aspects/factors contributing to the significance of the battle. For example: an informed explanation of an aspect of the importance of the sea battle of Salamis (480 BCE): After the battle of Salamis, won decisively by a combined Greek fleet of Athenians and other states, the Persian navy withdrew to Samos in Asia. The poet Aeschylus wrote that the defeat of the Persian seaenemy at sea was the defeat of the Persian land-enemy as well, because they were leaving their army in Greece without the means of receiving supplies. However the Persian land force left behind managed to winter over successfully in the north of mainland Greece. This was because the outcome of the battle had proved his plan to establish Athens as a sea power had been justified and his stratagem to lure and trap the Persians had worked well. Also included: a reproduction of a Greek vase painting of the time, depicting a warrior or warship. For example: an explanation showing insight of an aspect of the importance of the sea battle of Salamis (480 BCE): In the battle of Salamis the Persians lost decisively to the Greek fleet after the Athenian commander Themistocles managed to fool Xerxes, the leader of the Persians. He sent a slave to say that he himself was inclined to be on their side and that the Greek fleets consisting of the Athenians, combined with the other Greek states’ fleets, were about to flee in disarray. There had in fact been much argument between the different Greeks about strategy, for they were not used to co-operative effort, but they prevailed by trapping the Persian ships in narrows and ramming them. The Persian navy withdrew to Samos in Asia and as a consequence their army in Greece was left without the means of receiving supplies. The claim of the poet Aeschylus that the defeat of the Persian sea-enemy at sea was the defeat of the Persian land-enemy as well was true only for a short while. The Persian army managed to winter over in Thessaly and were ready to fight again in the spring against Athens and Sparta, with Thebes as their ally. This was because his plan to establish Athens as a sea power had been justified. The naval policy of the Delian League, formed afterwards in 478BCE became a continuation of the Greek success in Salamis. This victory of the Greeks inspired artists and authors of drama. The battle, the turning point in the Persians’ attempts at an invasion of Greece, did not itself end the war, but it showed that a people living under a democratic system was able to defeat one ruled by an autocrat. Also included: a reproduction of a Greek vase painting of the time, depicting a warrior or warship. For example: an explanation of an aspect of the importance of the sea battle of Salamis (480 BCE): The Persians lost the battle of Salamis to the combined Greek fleet. It was a decisive battle, in which Persian ships, confined in narrows, rammed each other by accident and were rammed deliberately by the Greeks, under the leadership of Themistocles. The Persian navy withdrew to Asia, with the result that their army in Greece had their supply-line cut off, but Xerxes had no intention of stopping his attempts to invade and conquer Greece. He knew that he had the north of Greece under control, even although his navy was shattered. Because of this naval victory, Themistocles was highly praised. The outcome of the battle had proved that his plan to establish Athens as a sea power had been justified 40 Let Battle Commence! Your strategy to victory in the 2.3 Campaign PLACE BATTLE IN CONTEXT Causes of the Persian War Situation of the Persian Empire Situation of the Greek Empire SIGNIFICANT EVENT Consider these aspects: Politics/Government Military Social Marathon 490 BC Break down the Battle into its KEY COMPONENTS Consider these aspects: When Where Who (Leaders, Numbers of Combatants) What Why How Result Do this to show understanding of military makeup of the Greek and Persian forces, the battle tactics used, and the outcome of the battle. PERCEPTIVENESS Carefully Navigate the Waters towards to find your information HALT! WHERE IS YOUR PRIMARY SOURCE EVIDENCE (PSE)? IS IT IN YOUR OWN WORDS OR CORRECTLY QUOTED Consider these: Reasons for Similarities and Differences Cultural Expectations and Codes of Behaviour Limitations of Sources HALT! WHERE IS YOUR PRIMARY SOURCE EVIDENCE (PSE)? Explain insightfully why the Battle of Marathon was significant for Athenian Society. Consider these aspects: Social Historical Economic Environmental Political Cultural +ve / -ve Short Term vs Long Term Do this to show understanding of the battle’s importance on Athenian society PRESENTATION Consider these Formats: A classroom poster A booklet for Years 9/10 textbook A newspaper article An interview with the commander of the Athenian and / or Persian forces DISCUSS ALL PLANNING WITH YOUR TEACHER IS IT IN YOUR OWN WORDS OR CORRECTLY QUOTED? SIGNIFICANCE OF BATTLE SOURCES Have you included correct Source information? Bibliography You must submit an accurate bibliography that includes all sources that you have used in this activity. This will be used for authentication purposes. Refer to www.rangiclassics.com for bibliography exemplars. Any authenticity issues or plagiarism could result in a NOT ACHIEVED 41 PAGE LEFT BLANK ON PURPOSE 42 Student Name: Teacher: GTV | MCG | KRP Marking Schedule – This is used as a guideline for your marker. Demonstrate understanding of a significant event in the classical world Standard Title Standar 91202 Version 2 Level 2 Credits 4 d Achieved Merit Excellence Demonstrate Demonstrate in-depth Demonstrate perceptive understanding of a understanding of a understanding of a significant significant event in the significant event in the event in the classical world. classical world. classical world. Non-assessed tasks (✓): Bibliography Key requirements (✓): A M E Has placed the significant event in context (C). Has provided an explanation of the significance of the battle for our knowledge of Athenian socio-political life (S). Used primary source evidence to support their explanation (PSEa). Has provided an informed explanation of the significant event in context (IC). Has provided an informed explanation of a range of aspects/factors contributing to the significance of the battle for our knowledge of Athenian socio-political life (IS). Has used primary source evidence of specific relevance to the context (PSEm). Has provided an explanation which shows insight into the significance of the Battle of Marathon (I). Has demonstrated understanding of some of the following perceptively (P): providing and explaining reasons for similarities and differences (RSD), limitations on sources of evidence (L), explaining cultural expectations and codes of behaviour (CC). Note: other points are possible. CIRCLE OVERALL GRADE Resubmission: Y Reason: N A M E N Comments: Marker & Date: Check-Marker & Date: Fix-Up Marker & Date: 43 Classics Studies 91202 Authenticity Certificate Name: ______________________________________________________________________________ Option: ___________________________ Teacher Code: GTV | MCG | KRP I state that this task is an original piece of work that I completed on my own, with some direction from my teacher, for this subject, this year. I understand what the term Plagiarism means and state that there are no plagiarised pieces of information within my work. I accept that if there is evidence to the contrary, I will receive a NOT ACHIEVED grade for the Achievement Standard/s in question. Signed: ______________________________________________________________________________ Date: ________________________________________________________________________________ 44 45