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Skeletal system • Your bones manufacture blood cells. • Our bones are held by our muscles • The smallest bones are in our ears Muscular system • Muscles are bundles of cells and fibers. • We have 600 major muscles. • We have 240 muscles that have specific jobs TMJ Structure of Bone Anatomy of a Long Bone • • • • • • • Diaphysis Medullary Cavity Nutrient Art & Vein 2 Epiphyses Epiphyseal Plates Epiphyseal Art & Vein Periosteum – – – – Outer: Dense irregular CT Inner: Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Does not cover epiphyses Attaches to bone matrix via collagen fibers • Endosteum – Osteoblasts, osteoclasts – Covers trabeculae, lines medullary cavity Synovial Joint pg 215 Bursae & Tendon Sheaths • Bursae: flat, fibrous sac w/synovial membrane lining • Tendon Sheaths: elongated bursae that wraps around tendons • 3 Factors in Joint Stability: pg 219 – Muscle Tone – Ligaments – Fit of Articular Surface pg 224 Joint Shapes • Hinge: cylindrical end of 1 bone fits into trough shape of other – angular movement-1 plane (eg) elbow, ankle, interphalangal • Plane: articular surface in flat plane – Short gliding movement – (eg) intertarsal, articular processes of vertebrae pg 225 Joint Shapes • Condyloid: egg-shape articular surface + oval concavity – side-to-side, back+forth movement – (eg) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) • Pivot: round end fits into ring of bone + ligament – rotation on long axis – (eg) prox. radius/ulna, atlas/dens Anterior Skull frontal bone supraorbi tal foramenbone zygomatic mandibul ar symphysis mental foramen glabella infraorbit al foramen maxilla ry bone alveolar fossa mandible Anterior Skull perpendicular plate superior orbital fissure inferior nasal concha bone nasal bone middle nasal concha vomer bone Paranasal Sinuses frontal sinus ethmoid sinus maxilary sinus sphenoid sinus coronal suture sagittal suture lambdoidal suture Cranium frontal bone parietal bon occipital bon Ventral Skull palatine process palatine bone vomer bone temporal bone external occipital protuberance sphenoid bone styloid process mastoid proces occipital bone carotid canal jugular foramen foramen magnum Occipital bone occipital condyle squamosal suture lacrimal bone temporal bone external acoustic meatus mandibular condyle In mandibular fossa Lateral Skull zygomatic arc sphenoid bone sutura l bone mastoid process coronoi d process styloid process ramus angle body mandible Lateral Skull cribriborm plate crista galli lesser wing greater wing optic canal intenal acoustic meatus sella turcica ugular foramen Internal Skull Hyoid + external acoustic meatus Hyoid bone temmporal mandibular joint ________ ________ Sagittal Coronal Lambdoid Squamous Overview of Skull Geography • Facial bones form the anterior aspect • The cranial bones enclose the brain Vault • The cranial vault or calvaria forms the superior, lateral, and posterior aspects of skull • The cranial base forming the inferior aspect of skull Cranial Base • Cranial base forms the skull’s inferior aspect • Three prominent ridges divide the base into fossae • The brain rests on these cranial fossae completely enclosed by the cranial vault • The brain occupies the cranial cavity Cranium • The 8 cranial bones include; 2 parietal, 2 temporal frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid • Cranium is self- bracing allowing the bones to be thin, yet strong Occipital bone • Forms most of the posterior wall and base of skull • Articulates with parietal & temporal • Joins w/ sphenoid in the cranial floor • Forms internal walls of posterior cranial fossa Occipital bone - Int. landmarks • Hypoglossal canal, Posterior cranial fossa Temporal Bone • Forms the inferolateral aspects of the skull • Parts of the cranial floor • Divided into four regions; squamous tympanic, mastoid, and petrous-(int) Temporal Bone • The internal petrous region contributes to the cranial base • The petrous region and the sphenoid bone form the middle cranial fossa Temporal Bone - landmarks • Zygomatic process – Meets the zygomatic bone – Forms the cheek • Mandibular fossa – Receives condyle of mandible Temporal bones - landmarks • Stylomastoid foramen – exit for facial nerve • Carotid canal – entrance for the carotid artery which supplies blood to cerebral hemispheres Sphenoid bone • Bone spanning the width of middle cranial fossa • Articulates as central wedge of all cranial bones • Consists of central body and three processes; greater and lesser wings and pterygoid process (pos. view) Sphenoid - landmarks • • • • • Sella turcica (enclosure for pituitary gland) Optic foramina (passage of optic nerves) Superior orbital fissure (Nerves III, IV, V enter orbit) Foramen rotundum & ovale (Cranial Nerve V to face) Foramen spinosum (Middle meningeal artery) Ethmoid bone • Forms most of the area between the nasal cavity & orbits of eyes • Lies between nasal bones & sphenoid • Complex shape gives rise to nasal septum, sinuses and cribiform plate Ethmoid bone - landmarks • Cribiform plates – Forms roof of nasal cavity • Olfactory formina – Olfactory nerves enter brain • Crista galli – Attachment of the dura mater which secures brain in cavity Facial bones • Consists of 14 bones w/ only mandible and vomer unpaired • Others include maxillae, lacrimals, nasals, zygomatics, inferior nasal conchae, and palatines (not pictured) Mandible • Forms the lower jaw • Largest, strongest bone of the face • It has a body and two upwardly projecting sections called rami • Houses lower dentition Mandible - landmarks • • • • • • • • Mandibular angle Mandibular notch Coronoid process Mandibular condyle Alveolar margin Mandible formina Mental formina Ramus of mandible Maxillary bone • Forms upper jaw and central portion of facial skeleton • Fused medially • Articulates with all facial bones except mandible • Upper dentition • Forms 2/3 of hard palate of the mouth Zygomatic process Maxillary bone Maxillary bones - landmarks • Alveolar margin – Upper dentition • Frontal process – Forms lateral aspects of nose • Zygomatic process – Articulates with zygomatic bone • Maxillary sinuses – (Fig. 7.11) Palatine bones • The horizontal plates forms the posterior portion of hard palate • Vertical plate forms part of the posterolateral wall of nasal cavity and a small portion of orbit Palatine bones - landmarks • Horizontal plate – Posterior section of hard palate • Vertical plate – Part of the posteriolateral walls of nasal cavity • Orbital surface – Part of inferior medial aspect of orbit Vomer • Forms part of the nasal septum • Discussed with the nasal cavity Vomer - landmarks • Plow shape – Divides nasal septum into right and left parts Inferior Nasal Conchae - Landmark • The Inferior nasal conchae is just one of three in the nasal cavity • Superior and middle concha are on the Ethmoid bone The Orbits Paranasal sinuses • Note positioning around nasal cavity Paranasal sinuses • • • • Sphenoid sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinuses Hyoid bone • Body – Neck muscle attachment • Greater horn – Neck muscle attachment • Lesser horn TMJ TMJ Capsule TMJ Capsule TMJ Motions TMJ Motions Characteristics - Ligaments • Ligaments hold the vertebral column in an upright position – The broad Anterior Longitudinal Ligament prevents hyperextension and is quite strong – The cord like Posterior Longitudinal Ligament prevents hyperflexion and is relatively weak Characteristics - Ligaments • Ligaments also connect specific vertebra and support disc position – Supraspinos ligament – Ligamentum flavum – Interspinous ligament Intervertebral Discs • Intervertebral discs are cushion like pads interposed between vertebra • The discs provide elasticity and compressibility • Compression flattens discs • Discs are thickest in the cervical and lumbar to provide flexibility Characteristics - discs • Annulus fibrosus surrounds the outer margin – Collagen fibers • Nucleus pulposus is the semi fluid substance which shifts under body weight & pressure • Herniation of disc Herniation of disk General structure of vertebrae • Common pattern – Body or centrum – Vertebral arch • lamina • pedicle – Vertebral foramen – Spinous process • Muscles attach – Transverse process • Muscles attach General structure of vertebrae • Interlocking pattern – Superior and inferior processes interlock – The inferior from above and the superior from the vertebrae below form a movable joint – The movement contributes to spinal rotation Superior Articular Process General structure • Pedicles have notches on their superior and inferior borders • Lateral openings are called intervertebral foramen – Spinal nerves from spinal cord exit through these foramina Regional Characteristic: Cervical • Body is oval, but wide side to side C3 - C7 • Spinous process is short and bifid (split) except in C7 • Vertebral foramen is triangular • Transverse processes contain foramina for blood vessels leading to brain Cervical Vertebrae C1 • Lateral masses articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull Cervical Vertebrae C1 Body of the Vertebrae is missing • Inferior articular surface articulates with C2 below Cervical Vertebrae C2 • The axis has the odontoid process or dens is its unique feature • The dens is the missing body of the atlas which fuses with the atlas during embryonic development Regional Characteristic: Cervical • Spinous processes project directly posteriorly • Superior facets directed superoposteriorly • Inferior facets directed inferoanteriorly • Flexion/extension, lateral flexion and rotation Regional Characteristic: Thoracic • Body is larger than cervical; heart shaped • Spinous process is long and sharp • Vertebral foramen is circular • Transverse processes project posteriorly and bear facets for ribs Regional Characteristic: Lumbar • Body is massive and kidney shaped • Spinous processes are short and blunt • Vertebral foramen is triangular • Transverse processes are perpendicular to spinous process but has no special features Regional Characteristic: Lumbar • Spinous process projects posteriorly • Superior facets directed medially • Inferior facets directed laterally • Flexion/extension, some lateral flexion, rotation prevented Sacral • Ala are fused remnants of transverse processes that articulate with hip bones to form the sacro iliac joints of the pelvis • Sacral promontory – Center of gravity is 1 cm posterior of this point • Transverse line are sites of vertebral fusion • Sacral foramina transmit blood vessels and nerves Ala Sacral promontory Sacral • On the posterior aspect median sacral crest are fused spinous processes • The vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the sacral canal • Sacral hiatus is at the inferior end of the sacral canal • Superior articular surface form a joint with the spinal column Coccyx • Coccyx articulates with sacrum Sternum • Located on the anterior midline of the thorax • Consists of three fused bones; manubrium, body, and xiphoid process • Manibrium articulates with clavicle & 2 ribs • Body with ribs 2 - 7 • Xiphoid attachment site for abdominal muscle Thorax to Vertebral Column Ribs Ribs • Ribs are bowed flat bones • Long shaft • Tear drop shaped with a costal groove on inner surface • Head of rib has 2 facets to articulate with its vertebrae as well as the one above Ribs • Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process • Ligaments secure rib to transverse process • Note how the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae are angled posteriorly *Вступ до курсу анатомії людини. *Загальне вчення про кісткову систему. *Види з’єднання кісток. *Кістки черепа. *Краніометрія. Черепні показники. *Скроневонижньощелепний суглоб The Skull: Fractures • Egg Shell Fracture of the Parietal bones. • Results from a fall or blunt force to the head The Skull: Fractures • Another example of an egg shell fracture. Knife in Skull Above Orbit AP Projection