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The Rise of Islam
Muhammad unifies the Arab
people both politically and through
the religion of Islam.
FACTS
 Islam
is the second most widely
followed religion in the world today.
 About 1/5 of the world’s inhabitants
are Muslims.
Symbol of Islam
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Some Muslims scholars
say the crescent and the
star is symbolic of the
solace and understanding
offered by Islam. Just as
the waxing moon
increases in light and the
star provides direction,
Islam steadily guides the
faithful toward Allah. The
five points of the star may
represent the Five Pillars
of Islam.
Deserts, Towns, and Trade Routes
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The Arabian
Peninsula
 A crossroads of three
continents; Africa
Asia, and Europe
 Mostly desert with
small amount of fertile
land
Desert and Town Life
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Bedouins, Arab
nomads, thrive in the
desert
 Bedouins live in
clans, which give
support to members
 Some Arabs settle
near oases or market
towns
Crossroads of Trade and Ideas

Many sea and land trade
routes pass through
Arabia
 Trade extends to the
Byzantine and Sassanid
empires to the north
 One of the trading places
was Petra in present day
Jordan
 See map on page 264.
Describe the most direct
route a trader might have
taken from Muscat to
Alexandria.
Mecca
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Pilgrims come to Mecca
to worship at the Kaaba,
an ancient shrine
Arabs associate shrine
with Hebrew prophet
Abraham and
monotheism
Some tribes worship
many gods and spirits,
bring idols to Kaaba
Some Arabs believe in
one God-Allah in Arabic
Muhammad
 Early
Life
 1. Around 570 AD Muhammad is born into
a powerful Meccan clan
 2. Father died when he was born. Six
years later his mother dies. Raised by a
grandfather and later by an uncle
 3. Becomes a trader, marries wealthy
businesswoman, Khadijah
Muhammad cont.

4. by age 40,
Muhammad spends much
time in prayer and
meditation
 5. He hears angel
Gabriel tell him he is a
messenger of Allah
 6. Muhammad founds
religion of Islam”submission to the will of
Allah”
 7. Many join him and
become Muslim-”one who
has submitted”
 What
evidence supports the conclusion
that Muhammad had a rewarding life as a
young man?
 He had a good marriage and a successful
business, and he often spent time in
prayer and meditation.
What were Muhammad’s
revelations?
 Allah
spoke to him through the angel
Gabriel
 He, Muhammad, was the last of the
prophets and had to teach others that
Allah was the one and only God and that
all other gods must be abandoned.
Why were Muhammad’s ideas
unpopular in Mecca?
 Meccans
feared that traditional Arab gods
would be neglected and that Mecca would
no longer be a center for pilgrims.
The Hijrah
Muhammad’s
followers are
attacked; together
they leave Mecca in
622
 Hijrah-the Muslim
migration from Mecca
to Yathrib (renamed
Medina)

In what ways was the Hijrah a
turning point?
 Muhammad
attracts many more followers
and becomes a great leader.
 1. Political leader
 2. Religious leader
 3. Military leader-tackles growing
hostilities between Mecca and Medina
Returning to Mecca
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In 630 Muhammad and
10,000 followers return to
Mecca
Meccan leaders
surrender
Muhammad destroys
idols in Kaaba
Meccans convert to Islam
Muhammad unifies
Arabian Peninsula
Why was Muhammad’s return to
Mecca important?
 Muhammad
used Mecca as a base from
which to work toward unifying the Arabian
peninsula under Islam.
What does Islam teach its
.
followers?
 There
is only one god, Allah.
 People are responsible for their own
actions
 There is good and evil
Dome of the Rock

Muslims believe
Muhammad rose to
heaven here to learn
Allah’s will
 Jews believe
Abraham was
prepared to sacrifice
son Isaac at same
site
 Located in Jerusalem
and completed in 691
Five Pillars
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Muslims musts carry out five
duties-the Five Pillars of Islam
1. Statement of faith to Allah
and to Muhammad as his
prophet
2. Pray five times a day
toward Mecca, can use a
mosque-Islamic house of
worship (Pray at sunset, in the
evening, at dawn, at noon, and
in the afternoon) These five
prescribed prayers contain
verses from the Quran and are
said in Arabic. Personal
prayers can be offered in one’s
own language and at any time.
Each prayer involves different
bowing positions.
Call to Prayer
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God is Great.
God is Great.
God is Great.
God is Great.
I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God.
I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God.
I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God.
I testify that Muhammad is the messenger of God.
Come to prayer.
Come to prayer.
Come to success.
Come to success.
God is Great.
God is Great.
There is none worthy of worship except God.
Five Pillars cont.

3. Give alms, or money for the poor

An important principle of Islam is that
everything belongs to God and that wealth is
therefore held by human beings in trust. (Giving
of a fortieth of one’s capital, excluding such
items as primary residence, car and professional
tools.) An individual may also give as much as
he or she pleases and does so preferably in
secret.
Five Pillars cont.

4. Fast between dawn and sunset during holy
month of Ramadan (9th month) According to
tradition, Allah revealed the Quran to
Muhammad in the month of Ramadan.
 Those who are sick, elderly, or on a journey, and
pregnant or nursing women are permitted to
break the fast and make up an equal number of
days later in the year. Although fasting is
beneficial to health, it is mainly a method of selfpurification and self-restrain
Five Pillars cont
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5. Perform the hajj-pilgrimage to
Mecca- at least once who are
physically and financially able to do so
Go during the 12th month
Exchanges clothes for two plain pieces
of white cloth
The rites of the hajj include going
around the Kaaba seven times and
kissing the black stone if he can, going
to Mt. Arafat to hear a sermon, going
to Mina and throwing stones at pillars
which represent the devil, making a
sacrifice of a goat or sheep, going
back to Mecca and repeating rituals at
the Kaaba. He may then go on to visit
Muhammad’s tomb at Medina although
this is not officially a part of the
pilgrimage.
Hajj
Kaaba in Mecca
 Which
of the Five Pillars most directly
reflects a commitment to social
justice?
 The requirement to give alms.
Kaaba
 15
meters high
 Floor covered with marble
 No furniture except gold and silver lamps
 The Kaaba is covered by a black curtain
produced in Egypt and changed annually
at the time of the hajj.
 On the outside above the ground is the
Black Stone (now is pieces which are tied
together with a silver band).
How does carrying out the Five
Pillars and other laws of Islam
affect the daily lives of Muslims?
 Muslims
do not separate their personal life
from their religious life. Carrying out the
Five Pillars of Islam and other customs
ensures that Muslims live their religion
while serving in their communities.
A Way of Life
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Customs and traditions guide Muslim’s lives
No priests
Holy day of the week-Friday; Many go to the
mosque to pray and often hear a passage read
from the Quran and a sermon based on it. The
passage may be read in Arabic, but the sermon
is usually given in the common language of the
community.
Do not eat pork or animals of prey
Do not drink alcohol
Comparison with Judaism
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Holy Day of WeekSaturday
 Symbol-Star of David
 Place of WorshipSynagogue
 Holy Book-Torah
Comparison with Christianity
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Holy Day of WeekSunday
 Place of Worshipchurch, cathedral
 Symbol-Cross
 Holy Book-Bible
Sources of Authority
 Original
source of authority for Muslims is
Allah
 Quran-holy, book, contains revelations
Muhammad received from Allah (114
chapters; many written in rhymed prose)
 Muslims follow Sunna-Muhammad’s
example for proper living
 Guidance of Quran and Sunna assembled
in body of law-sharia
How does observing Islamic
teachings create unity among
Muslims?

Because the Quran
was written in Arabic,
the language spread
widely as Muslim
expanded into many
lands.
 Why
do you think that Muslims consider
only the Arabic version of the Quran to be
the true word of Allah?
 Translation might contain errors or
reinterpretations.
Place of Worship-Mosque
Minaret-Prayer Tower
http://lexicorient.com/e.o/minaret.htm
Links to Judaism and Christianity
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To Muslims, Allah is same God worshiped by
Christians and Jews
Quran, Gospels, Torah—contain God’s will as
revealed through others
Muslims, Christians, and Jews trace their roots
to Abraham
All three religions believe in heaven, hell, and a
day of judgment
Sharia law requires Muslim leaders to extend
religious tolerance
Description of Heaven and Hell
from the Quaran

“On the Day of Judgment many faces will be
downcast, toiling, weary, scorched by burning
fire, drinking from a boiling spring. No food for
them save bitter-thorn-fruit, which does not feed
or satisfy. On that day other faces will be calm,
glad for their past effort, in a high garden, where
they hear no foolish chatter, where there is a
gushing spring, where there are couches to lie
on, and glasses (to drink from) set to hand, and
cushions piled up, and silk carpets spread out.”
How did Islamic law affect Muslim
attitudes toward Christians and
Jews?
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Sharia’s law required
Muslims to extend
religious tolerance to
Christians and Jews
(People of the Book)