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First revelation, at Mt. Hira’, near Mecca, 26th-27th Ramadan 610: Qur’an 96: 1-5: 1. Read in the name of thy Lord who created. 2. Created man from a blood-clot. 3. Read, for thy Lord is the Most Generous, 4. Who taught by the pen, 5. Taught man that which he knew not. 610 First revelation Muhammad (c. 570-632) 611 Muhammad starts preaching Qur’an/Koran 622 Emigration to Medina Islam Ka‘ba khalifa (caliph) 622-30 Conflict with Mecca 632 Death of Muhammad Collection of the Qur’an Text initially recorded during Muhammad’s lifetime After 650, troops of Syria and Iraq arguing over correct version. ‘Uthman (r. 644-56) appoints commission that compiles text in several volumes in dialect of Quraysh. Sent to capitals of Muslim world. Orders all other versions burned Collection of the Qur’an Other versions recorded as late as 10th c. God’s guiding hand throughout. ‘Uthman’s version as copy of God’s original. Perception and Structure of the Qur’an Collected words of God, transmitted to humanity through Prophet Muhammad 114 suras (chapters), approx. 6200 ayas (verses) Suras approximately ordered from longest to shortest Themes in the Qur’an The nature of God No associates, like Ezra, Jesus or the Trinity Stories of the prophets With scriptures: Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus and Muhammad Sacrifice of Abraham: Isma‘il/Ishmael Day of Judgment Laws Sunna/hadith 1-29 30-39 40-86 87-103 104-21 122-41 142-67 168-203 204-14 215-42 243-53 254-60 261-83 284-86 Faith and disbelief Organisation Creation, Adam, Satan Sura 2 Biblical history - Moses Biblical history - Jews, Jesus, Moses Polemic - Muslim , Jewish, Christian Biblical history - Abraham Islamic identity - prayer and pilgrimage Juridical problems - food, wills, etc. Salvation history Juridical problems - jihad, marriage, etc. Salvation history Mixed topics Juridical problems - charity, usury Faith Khawass al-Qur’an = special properties of the Qur’an Issues of translation/interpretation