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Unit 2 Early Civilizations in Africa and Asia “Hymn to the Nile” Lord of the fish, during the inundation, no bird alights on the crops. You create the grain, you bring forth the barley, assuring perpetuity to the temples. If you cease your toil and your work, then all that exists is in anguish. If the gods suffer in heaven, then the faces of men waste away…If He shines, the earth is joyous, every stomach is full of rejoicing, every spring is happy, every jawbone crushes (its food). Lesson 1 – The Lifeline of the Nile Nile River Valley •Ideal place for civilization to thrive •Egypt depended on agriculture •Delta was located in Lower Egypt Giver of Life Nile River •Heavy rains in East Africa cause the Nile to overflow •Black land – fertile soil •Red land – dry, desert land •Wheat, barley and papyrus were important crops •Nile transported goods •Six waterfalls, or cataracts, break up the flow of the Nile…you need to take the boat out of the water and carry it. •Because the water flowed from south to north…you needed sails to move upstream! Taker of Life Nile River •Heavy rains caused the Nile to overflow and ruin crops, sometimes people died •Sometimes, the Nile did not flood enough and crops would not grow •Egyptians stored food from surplus harvests •Egyptians investigated why the Nile flooded in a different way each year •They built irrigation canals to transport water to their crops Help from the gods •Polytheistic (belief in many gods) •Stories about gods helped to explain the Nile •Main god was Amon-Ra represented by sun •Egyptians observed that sunrise and sunset times changed and that the moon’s appearance changed slightly every night •Egyptians used a calendar to keep track of days between flooding cycles. •They predicted that the Nile would flood between May and September The Nile River Was Important to Egyptians The Nile River flooded about the same time every year. Sometimes, the river flooded too much or not enough Calendars were developed to keep track of when the Nile would flood Lesson 2 – Life in Egypt • Unifying Egypt 3100BC • Lower – red crown • Upper – white • Unified – red and white • Menes went to the North wearing the double crown •Memphis became the first capital of Egypt •Manetho was a priest and advisor who began to keep records of Egyptian kings and he divided the kings into different dynasties Ancient Egypt •Old Kingdom 2650-2150 B.C. •Ancient Egypt makes great strides in mathematics, astronomy, art and mummy making •Known as the Age of the Pyramids •Most famous is at Giza and is guarded by the Sphinx Facts of Pyramid of Khufu at Giza 2,600 BC • 2,000,000 blocks of stone • 481’ tall • Weighs 6.5 million tons • Covers 13 acres • 203 levels of stairs • Took about 23 years to build • Aligned using stars • Off magnetic north by only a few degrees • Angles measure 510 • Was covered with white limestone to reflect light First Intermediate Period 2150-2040 B.C. •Rival kings fight •Political chaos gives the common people independence to create new art styles First Intermediate Period Art Middle Kingdom •Middle Kingdom – 2040 – 1640 B.C. •King Mentuhotep reunited the kingdom •Border of Egypt expanded into Nubia in the South (Nubia was rich in gold) •After-life becomes available to all Egyptians…not just kings •Art, jewelry and literature improve •Egyptian children learn to write by copying Middle Kingdom stories and epics Middle Kingdom Jewelry Second Intermediate Period •1640-1550 B.C. •Foreign settlers called Hyksos take control of Lower Egypt •They introduce horses and chariots into combat •They are eventually driven out of Egypt New Weapons Social Classes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. King – always at the top Nobles and priests Merchants, craftsmen and scribes Farmers and unskilled workers Enslaved people Women in Egyptian Society • Had more rights than women in many other ancient civilizations • Could inherit land and handle business transactions • May have been scribes and merchants • Archaeologist found an Egyptian word for female scribe • Most were not taught to read or write Trade and Technology • Egyptians trade with people and the economy becomes more prosperous (profitable) • Economy – the way people use and manage resources • To improve transportation, Egyptians dug a canal from the Nile River to the Red Sea Hyksos • Groups of people begin to invade Egypt and some take control of the people • Hyksos – desert princes from western Asia bring new technology and ideas (chariots, horses) • 100 years of rule and then Egyptians again take power New Kingdom Pharaohs • Pharaohs begin to rule with their sons or wives • Hatshepsut daughter of a pharaohs and married to Thutmose II • She took control after husband and sometimes is portrayed as a man…in her tomb she is described as a man because Egyptians believed all pharaohs were male • She greatly increased trade – myrrh was a favorite spice used in perfume New Kingdom • New Kingdom (1550 to 1086 B.C.) ruled by Pharaohs • In the New Kingdom, kings were referred to as godking or pharaoh (which means great house)…Ramses, King Tut and Hatshepsut…pharaohs are buried in the Valley of the Kings • Pharaohs were thought to be related to Amon-Ra, the Sun God. End of Ancient Egypt (1086-30 B.C.) •Pharaohs and priests squabble over control of Egypt •Conquerors invade: Nubia, Assyria, Persia, Greece and finally Rome Nubia and Egypt • Nubia was a kingdom to the south of Egypt • They were separated by a cataract on the Nile • Since their land was very rocky, they developed sturdy farming tools • Nubians grew food, used irrigation and had their own language • Written language, Merotic, had not been decoded • Egypt and Nubia had similar beliefs…including the afterlife • Built pyramids that were smaller than Egyptian and in a different style Interactions •Egypt and Nubia traded gold, ostrich feathers, ivory and cattle •Egypt expanded its borders into Nubia •When the Hyksos ruled Egypt…the Nubians became independent. •Kingdom of Kush was established Retaking Nubia • Thutmose II retook Nubia but when the New Kingdom ended…Egypt became weak and Kush regained its independence • Kastha of Kush conquered Upper Egypt • His son, Piankhi, conquered the rest of Egypt and Kushite kings became pharaohs of Egypt Kush Rises…and then Falls •Building projects completed •Assyrians invade (600 BC) and Kush move south •Iron is plentiful and iron and bronze tools are used in building the pyramids •Kush fades into history by 350AD Valley of the Kings Luxor, Egypt (63 tombs)