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Doing Grammar List of Constituent Acronyms S = sentence (S NP + VP) RelCl:Adj= relative clause which is used as an adjective. Relative clauses expand to Noun phrases and verb phrase—just like sentences (NP:RelClauseNP + VP) RelPro= relative pronoun NP= Noun Phrase NP:Subj= noun phrase, subject NP:DObj=noun phrase, direct object NP: IObj=noun phrase, indirect object NP:Obj/Prep=noun phrase, object of preposition NP:GramSubj= noun phrase, grammatical subject NP:obj/Prep/LogSubj= noun phrase, object of preposition, logical subject of the verb (i.e. the agent of the verb) [used with passive voice] NP:Head=noun phrase which is the head of a following phrase or clause Expletive= expletive (lexically empty place holder such as “it” or “there”) N= noun PropN=proper n Det= determinerArt=article Def Art= definite article I/Art or Indef Art= indefinite article PreArt= pre-article Demon= demonstrative PossPro=Possessive Pronoun OrdN = Ordinal number Adj=adjective Adv= adverb GenN =genitive noun (i.e. a noun with “grammatical” possessive) PrepPh=PP= Prepositional Phrase Prep=Preposition Pro=Pronoun VP:Pred=VP=Verb Phrase, predicate MV=Main Verb past= past tense pres = present tense pres cond=present conditional past cond= past conditional m past perf=past perfect pres perf= present perfect past prog= past progressive pres prog=present progressive PresPart= present participle PastPart= past participle ADDING “Int” to the verb tense indicates that it is “Interrogative mood” –i.e. it’s a question, and the first verb in the AUX will be moved to the front of the sentence EX: PresInt = present tense, interrogative mood—or “this sentence is asking a question” V= Verb VT=transitive verb VI=intransitive verb Vg= ‘give’ verb, takes a direct and an indirect object Vc=complement verb, takes a direct object NP AND an NP that is a complement to the direct object VL=linking verb VBe=main verb “be” AUX=auxiliary (for auxiliary verbs, etc.) M= modal neg= negative DO= the placeholder verb “do” which is used to form yes/no questions and negative sentences. Adj:PredAdj= predicate adjective N:adj= Noun used as an adjective Conj= conjunction PresPartPh:Adj = participial phrase with present participle, used as an adjective PastPartPh:Adj= participial phrase with past participle, used as an adjective Subord= subordinator (varies with the clause or phrase) NomAbs= nominative absolute InfPh= infinite phrase (Infinitive phrases are ‘truncated’ sentences. Usually, there is no NP:Subj [except in “for…to” constructions]; the verb is in the base, or unmarked, or “infinite” form. It is preceded by “to.” EX: “to go to town;” “to read books” NOTE: in “to read books,” “books” is still the direct object of “read”) Ger Phrase= gerund phrase (Gerund phrases are also ‘truncated’ sentences. Again, usually there is no NP:Subj. The verb is the ‘remainder’ of the progressive—hence it is *only* the present participle. If the NP:Subj is there, it will be in the form of a GenN—i.e., either a possessive pronoun or a noun with an apostrophe-s. EX: “going to town,” “reading books,” “his going to town,” “Sally’s reading books.” Again. As with infinitive phrases, although it’s not a sentence, the verb can still take a direct object, etc.) Nonrestrictive Mod= Nonrestrictive Modifier (this can be anything that can be a *Sentence* modifier—a nonrestrictive relative clause, a participial phrase, an appositive noun phrase, a nominative absolute, etc.)