Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
O R T H O P T E R O I D O r d e r s Gullen & Cranston 2005 Fig. 7.2 PLECOPTERA, stoneflies AQUATIC as immatures O R T H O P T E R A grasshoppers, katydids, crickets generalized, chewing mouthparts well-developed, thin antennae forewings = leathery “tegmina” Complex wing veination some characteristics typical of orthopterans, especially those in the suborder CAELIFERA, grasshoppers hind femora often “saltatory” single-segmented cerci suborder CAELIFERA: grasshoppers, locusts short, stout antennae diurnal “substitutional ovipositor”, the abdomen flexed with stretchy cuticle as an egg-inserting device “pod” of many eggs • Incomplete, or gradual metamorphosis Aposematism • Vegetarian diet • Hopping legs Locusts, specialized grasshoppers Kentromorphism (a type of polymorphism), phase change between generations Major historical impacts: Biblical times to present; determined pattern of settlement of western United States. Recommended reading! http://images.google.com “Just …butanother more seriously. day’s catch…” very long legs long, delicate antennae May have hearing organs in forelegs eggs laid singly nocturnal stout, specialized ovipositor Order ORTHOPTERA, Suborder ENSIFERA: katydids & crickets crypsis/mimesis Crunch crunch, crunch in the night; lunch, lunch, lunch after the fight. A nocturnal, warrior-like, predaceous katydid. The more nativefamiliar New Zealand “weta”, an ecological The Jerusalem crickets are similar analog of are granivorous to the weta, both burrowingrodents. Orthopteroids. http://www.utexas.edu/tmm Camel & Cave Crickets http://www.utexas.edu/tmm p://www.moleplace.com/images/townsend2.gif Mole cricket, a striking morphological analog of a fossorial vertebrate. PHASMATODEA, stick & leaf insects Sexual dimorphism is the norm in stick insects. In most species, the male is the winged, dispersing sex, female apterous. Parthenogenesis is common; in some well-studied species the male has never been observed. All early stick insects were wingless. Millions of years later, the wing was reevolved in some genera, apparently from latent genes. It has all the features of the archtypal insect wing. Tropical stick insect eggs may “rain” from the forest canopy. They not only look like seeds but, like some seeds, may lie in diapause for months or years before hatching. Phasmid -- NOT! (Stick insects do not hop.) DERMAPTERA Earwig elements Forceps-like cerci, used for prey-grasping, mating, or defense (mainly a ruse). May be vestigial in some species. DERMAPTERA, earwigs Very weird species. Hemimerus talpoides, a parasite of African rodents Arixenia esau, SE Asian parasite of bats males, polymorphic: sexuallyselected cerci (“pincers”) female Forficula auricularia, the European earwig, among the most common North American insects Brood tending: primitive social behavior in earwigs. … & an earwig stamp! Cool or what? BLATTODEA, cockroaches Australian “bush” roach Some economic pest species: (L to R) German, Oriental, & American Economically important cockroaches number only a dozen or so species. Some “tramp” species now have a worldwide distribution. Blattella germanica Blatta orientalis Photo: K. R. Williams Female Madegascar hissing cockroach with brood (viviparous). Some roaches show primitive social behavior. flexible neck/rotating head e l o n g a t e raptoral femur/tibia widely-spaced binocular (3-D) eyes p r o t h o r a x enlarged, floating coxa MANTODEA, mantids, “predaceous cockroaches”? Mantids: experts at crypsis, sit-&-wait predation stick-like flower-like “I’m going out of my head over you…” (Luther VanDross, ca. 1966) Males may contribute more than sperm! extreme polymorphism is the norm many are “econonomic “ pests ISOPTERA, termites (all are eusocial; none are haplodiploid) Construction by blind workers termite nests Aerial nests from SE Asia termite nests, Australia “nasute” soldiers squirting glue to entrap an enemy The “coolest” insects! GRYLLOBLATTODEA, grylloblattids (“glacierbugs”, “rockcrawlers”); limited to paraglacial habitats on mountains in W. North America and NE Asia EMBIOPTERA, webspinners silk glands A newly recognized insect order. Source: http://www.sungaya.de/oz/gladiator/index.htm (10 July 2003) MANTOPHASMATODEA, “heel-walkers, a.k.a. gladiators” long known from museum specimens, rediscovered in Namibia, described in 2002 Z is for … ZORAPTERA, zorapterans. Enigmatic, tiny, termite-like cellulose feeders but solitary. ~ end ~