Download Timeline of Rome Important events EMPERORS or claimants

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Timeline of Rome
Important events
EMPERORS or claimants
EMPERORS
(Wars)
BC
1000 Villanovans enter Italy
900 Etruscans enter Italy
814 Carthage founded
752 Latins move into Italy
753 Traditional date for the founding of Rome by Romulus
753-715 reign of Romulus First king
734 Syracuse founded
707 Tarentum founded
715-673 reign of Numa Pompilius Second king: creation of the Roman senate and the priestly officials
673-642 reign of Tullus Hostilius Third king
667 Battle between Horatii and Curiatii
665 Alba Longa destroyed
642-616 reign of Ancus Marcius Fourth king
616-579 reign of Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Fifth king
c.600 Forum laid out
578-534 reign of Servius Tullius Sixth king defined the sacred boundary of Rome - the pomerium
 first census
540 Etruscans defeat Greeks at Alalia
534-509 reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, Seventh king and the last.
c.510 Treaty between Rome and Carthage
509 Expulsion of Tarquinius Superbus
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first consuls are Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus
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First Plebeian (commoner) senators appointed (conscripti) to fill vacancies created by the overthrow of the monarchy
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possible siege of Rome : Roman-Etruscan Wars
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Battle of Silva Arsia – the Romans defeated the forces of Tarquinii and Veii led by the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. One of the
Roman consuls, Lucius Junius Brutus, is killed in battle.
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Temple of Jupiter on Capitol, is dedicated.
508 The office of pontifex maximus (high priest) created when these powers are stripped from the consuls
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possible second siege of Rome by Etruscans : Roman-Etruscan Wars
504 Consul Publius Valerius Publicola grants due process rights to all Roman citizens,
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Criminalizes all future attempts to plot to seize a tyranny.
502 Battle of Pometia – Latins won over the Romans, one of the consuls badly wounded by a spear that penetrated through his groin.
501 Offices of Roman Dictator and Master of the Horse created...
498 Temple of Saturn built
498-93 (Latin War)
5 years
496 (Latin War) Battle of Lake Regillus - Rome defeats Leono and Phippy the Etruscan-led Latin League
495 Battle of Aricia – consul Publius Servilius Priscus defeats the Aurunci.
494 First Secession of the Plebs, two tribunes of the plebs and two plebeian aediles are elected for the first time
492 Rome joins Latin League
491 Coriolanus leads army against Rome
490 Marathon in Greece
482 Battle of Antium – the Volscians defeat consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus.
482 Battle of Longula – consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus defeats the Volscians the day after his defeat in the Battle of Antium.
480 Battle of Veii – consuls Vibulanus and Cincinnatus win heavy battle against Veians and their Etruscan allies.
480 Salamis in Greece
477 Battle of the Cremera – All the Fabii except Quintus Fabius Vibulanus are killed in battle with the Veians
477 Battle of Temple of Hope – consul Gaius Horatius Pulvillus fights indecisive battle with the Etruscans
477 Battle of Colline Gate – consul Gaius Horatius Pulvillus has indecisive victory over the Etruscans soon after the Battle of Temple of Hope
474 Naval Battle of Cumae – Hiero of Syracuse defeats Etruscans.
471 Plebeians allowed to organize by tribe, reorganization of Plebeian Council from Curia to Tribe.
459 The college of the tribune of the Plebs is raised from two to ten tribunes
458 Cincinnatus dictator
458 Battle of Mons Algidus – Cincinnatus defeats the Aequi
451-50 The Decemvirs council of ten
449 Plebeian Council resolutions ("plebiscites") given full force of law over Plebeians and Patricians, but still subject to Senate veto
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Twelve Tables of Roman law
447 Tribal Assembly created: two quaestors elected for the first time
446 Battle of Corbione – Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus leads Roman troops to defeat the Aequi and the Volsci.
445 Marriage between patricians (aristocrats) and plebeians (commoners) allowed
443 The office of consul is replaced by an assembly of military tribunes with consular powers, for this year.
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Office of Censor created. Duties of Censor were Consular duties until this point, where consuls are replaced.
421 Number of quaestors raised from 2 to 4; office opened to plebeians
408 Consul replaced with Tribuni militum consulari potestate .
c. 400 Gauls settle Po valley
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396 Rome captures and sacks Veii
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Roman soldiers earn their first salary
394 Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate.
391 Camillus charged with taking booty from Veii for himself and banished to Ardea.
391 Office of Tribuni militum consulari potestate replaces office of consul.
390 July 18- Battle of Allia River – Gauls defeat the Romans, sack Rome.
384 Manilius executed
378 Servian Walls
375-371 Anarchy years: no magistrates elected
367 Office of consul replaces Tribuni militum consulari potestate for last time.
366 Plebeian Consuls allowed to be elected. By this, Plebeians acquire de facto right to be elected Censor or appointed Dictator.
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Plebeians allow the Patricians to create the offices of Praetor and Curule Aedile, and allow only Patricians to run for these offices.
365 Death of Camillus
354 Latin League established under Roman domination
351 Elected : first non-patrician Dictator
351 Elected : first non-patrician censor
348 Second treaty between Rome and Carthage
345 Subjugation of Aurunci
343-1 (First Samnite War)
343 (First Samnite) Rome captures Campania and Capua : First Samnite War
342 (First Samnite) Battle of Mount Gaurus. Marcus Valerius Corvus defeats the Samnites.
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Lex Genucia passed: no man can hold the same office before 10 years have elapsed from the first election
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Second law passed, disallowing any man from holding two offices at once.
341 (First Samnite) Battle of Suessula – Roman consul Marcus Valerius Corvus defeats the Samnites once more.
341 Battle of Veseris - Roman victory but Decius killed
341 (First Samnite) Rome withdraws from the conflict with the Samnites. End of First Samnite War.
340-38 (Latin War)
2 years
340 (Latin War) Latin League pushes for ind ependence
340 (Latin War) Battle of Sinnuessa
339 (Latin War) Battle of Vesuvius – Romans under P. Decius Mus and T. Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus defeat the rebellious Latins.
339 Law passed (the lex Publilia) which requires the election of one Plebeian censor for each five year term.
338 Battle at Pedum - Roman victory
338 (Latin War) Battle of Trifanum –Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus decisively defeats the Latins.
338 (Latin War) Latin League dissolved and Rome controls territory : Latin War Ends.
338 Capua legal equality with Rome
337 Elected the first non-patrician Praetor (Q. Publilius Philo).
334 Alexander the Great invades Persia
328 Roman occupation of Fregallae
326-04 (Second Samnite War)
22 years
326 (Second Samnite) War begin, Samnites attack Campagnia
323 Death of Alexander the Great
321 (Second Samnite) Battle of Caudine Forks – Romans under Albinus and Calvinus are defeated by Samnites under Gaius Pontius.
316 (Second Samnite) Battle of Lautulae – Romans are defeated by the Samnites.
312 Via Appia built, first aqueduct built
311 Etruscans join the Samnites against Rome.
310 Agathocles of Syracuse invades Africa
310 Battle of Lake Vadimo – Romans, led by dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor, defeat the Etruscans.
309 Vadimonian Lake - Lucius Papirius defeats Samnites
308 Fabius Maximus defeats Etruscans
308 (Second Samnite) war escalates as Umbrians, Picentini, and Marsians join against Rome.
306 Battle of Mevania – Roman Victory
306 The Hernici revolt against Rome.
306 Third treaty between Rome and Carthage
305 (Second Samnite) Battle of Bovianum - Samnite capitol taken
304 Aequi defeated.
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(Second Samnite) Rome conquers Central and Southern Italy
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(Second Samnite) Peace treaty, War ends
300 Lex Ogulnia passed: priesthoods opened to plebeians
298-90 (Third Samnite War)
8 years
298 (Third Samnite) Battle of Camerinum – Samnites defeat the Romans in first battle of the War.
298 (Third Samnite) Rome captures Samnite cities Taurasia, Bovianum Vetus and Aufidena.
297 (Third Samnite) Battle of Tifernum – Romans defeat the Samnite army
295 (Third Samnite) Battle of Sentinum - Romans defeat Samnites and their Etruscan and Gallic allies
294 (Third Samnite) Samnite victory at Luceria
293 (Third Samnite) Battle of Aquilonia - Romans decisively defeat the Samnites.
291 (Third Samnite) Romans storm the Samnite city of Venusia.
290 (Third Samnite) Rome dominates Italian Peninsula : War ends.
287 Last Plebeian Secession
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Lex Hortensia ends Senate veto power over Plebeian Council
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Conflict of the Orders ends.
285-282 Struggles with the Celts
285 Battle of Arretium – A Roman army under Lucius Caecilius is destroyed by the Gauls
283 Battle of Lake Vadimo – Rome defeats the Etruscans and the Boii
282 Battle of Populonia – Etruscan resistance to Roman domination of Italy is finally crushed.
281-272 (Pyrrhic War)
281 (Pyrrhic War) Mounting tensions between Rome and Tarentum. Tarentum appeals to Pyrrhus of Epirus for aid
280 (Pyrrhic War) begins, Pyrrhus lands army in Italy
280 (Pyrrhic War) Battle of Heraclea – First engagement of Roman and Pyrrhus of Epirus, who is victorious, but at great cost (Pyrrhic victory)
279 (Pyrrhic War) Battle of Asculum– Pyrrhus again defeats the Romans.
279 Praeneste nearest town to Rome captured by Pyrrhus
278 Pyrrhus breaks Carthaginian investment of Syracuse
277-276 Pyrrhus unsuccessful siege of Lilybaeum
275 (Pyrrhic War) Battle of Beneventum– Inconclusive encounter between Pyrrhus and the Romans under Manius Curius
272 (Pyrrhic War) Pyrrhus withdraws to Epirus
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(Pyrrhic War) Tarentum surrenders to Rome, War Ends, Pyrrhus dies in Greece.
268 First Roman silver coins.
267 Number of quaestors raised from 4 to 6
264-241 (First Punic War)
23 years
264 Mamertines seek assistance from Rome to replace Carthage's protection against the attacks of Hiero II of Syracuse.
264 Earliest record of gladiatorial combats
263 Hiero II is defeated by consul Manius Valerius Messalla and is forced to change allegiance to Rome
262 (First Punic) Roman intervention in Sicily. The city of Agrigentum, occupied by Carthage, is besieged.
261 (First Punic) Battle of Agrigentum – Carthaginian are defeated by the Romans, who control of most of Sicily.
260 (First Punic) Battle of the Lipari Islands – A Roman naval force is defeated by the Carthaginians
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(First Punic) Battle of Mylae – Roman naval force under C. Duillius defeats the Carthaginian fleet.
259 (First Punic) The land fighting is extended to Sardinia and Corsica.
258 (First Punic) Battle of Sulci – Minor Roman victory against the Carthaginian fleet near Sardinia
257 (First Punic) Battle of Tyndaris – Naval victory of Rome over Carthage
256 (First Punic) Battle of Cape Ecnomus – Carthaginian fleet under Hamilcar and Hanno is defeated
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(First Punic) Battle of Adys – Romans under Regulus defeat the Carthaginians in North Africa
255 (First Punic) Battle of Tunis – Carthaginians under Xanthippus, a Greek mercenary, defeat the Romans under Regulus, who is captured.
255 (First Punic) Battle of Bagradas – Roman invasion of Africa defeated.
254 A new fleet of 140 Roman ships is constructed to substitute the one lost in the storm and a new army is levied.
253 (First Punic) Romans then pursued a policy of raiding the African coast east of Carthage.
251 (First Punic) Battle of Panormus – Carthaginian forces under Hasdrubal are defeated by the Romans under L. Caecilius Metellus.
249 (First Punic) Battle of Drepana – Carthaginians under Adherbal defeat fleet of Roman admiral Publius Claudius Pulcher.
248 (First Punic) Beginning of a period of low intensity fighting in Sicily, without naval battles. This lull would last until 241 BC.
242 (First Punic) March 10 - Battle of the Aegates Islands – Roman sea victory over the Carthaginians, ending War
242 Office of Praetor peregrinus created
241(First Punic) Battle of Lilybaeum
241 (First Punic) Sicily becomes first Roman province : First Punic War Ends
238 Sardinia and Corsica become Roman Provinces in the "Truceless War" with Carthage
229-227 (First Illyrian War)
229 Adriatic Control : First Illyrian War begins.
228 Death of Hamilcar Barca
228 Romans invited to participate in Isthmian Games
227 Queen Teuta surrenders : First Illyrian War ends
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Number of quaestors raised from 6 to 8

number of praetors raised from 2 to 4
227 Founding of Carthago Nova
226 The Ebro Treaty
225 Battle of Faesulae – Romans are defeated by the Gauls of Northern Italy.
224 Battle of Telamon Rome defeats Gaul invasion :
222 Battle of Clastidium – Romans under Marcus Claudius Marcellus defeat the Gauls.
221 Circus Flaminius is built
221Hasdrubal’s murder
220 Via Flaminia is constructed
220 Adriatic Control : Second Illyrian War begins.
219 Demetrius defeated : Second Illyrian War ends.
218-201 (Second Punic War) 17 years
218 (Second Punic) Summer – Battle of Lilybaeum – First naval clash between Carthage and Rome during War.
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(Second Punic) Aug - Hannibal conquered Catalonia.
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(Second Punic) Sep- Hannibal defeated the Gaul Volcae tribe in the Battle of Rhone Crossing.
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(Second Punic) Oct - Hannibal's army defeated Gauls in two battles while crossing the Alps.
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(Second Punic) Fall – Battle of Cissa – Romans defeat Carthaginians near Tarraco.
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(Second Punic) Nov – Battle of the Ticinus – Hannibal defeats Romans under Scipio the elder in a cavalry fight.
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(Second Punic) 18 Dec – Battle of Trebia – Hannibal defeats Romans under Tiberius Sempronius Longus.
217 Fabius Maximus dictator
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(Second Punic) Spring – Battle of Ebro River – In a surprise attack, Romans defeat and capture the Carthaginian fleet in Hispania.
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(Second Punic) 24 June – Battle of Lake Trasimene – In ambush, Hannibal destroys Roman army of Gaius Flaminius.
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(Second Punic) Summer – Battle of Ager Falernus –Hannibal escapes Fabius' trap in this small skirmish.
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(Second Punic) Battle of Geronium
216 (Second Punic) Aug 2 - Battle of Cannae - Hannibal defeats Roman forces :
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(Second Punic) First Battle of Nola – Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus holds off an attack by Hannibal.
215 (Second Punic) Second Battle of Nola – Marcellus again repulses an attack by Hannibal.
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(Second Punic) A Roman fleet under Titus Otacilius Crassus defeated a Carthaginian fleet near Sardinia.
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(Second Punic) Battle of Dertos - Hasdrubal Barca is defeated by the Scipio brothers
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(Second Punic) Battle of Cornus – Roman victory
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Alliance of Hannibal with Philip V of Macedonia
214 (Second Punic) Third Battle of Nola – Marcellus fights an inconclusive battle with Hannibal.
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(Second Punic) Battle of Beneventum - Tiberius Gracchus' slave legions defeat Hanno (son of Bomlicar)
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(Second Punic) The Siege of Syracuse begins.
214-205 (First Macedonian War)
9 years
212 (Second Punic) First Battle of Capua – Hannibal defeats consuls Fulvius Flaccus and Appius Claudius, but Roman army escapes
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(Second Punic) Battle of the Silarus – Hannibal destroys the army of the Roman praetor M. Centenius Penula.
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(Second Punic) Battle of Herdonia – Hannibal destroys the Roman army of the praetor Gnaeus Fulvius.
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(Second Punic) Siege of Syracuse – Romans sack city. Archimedes slain.
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Hannibal seizure of Tarentum
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Roman alliance with Aetolian league
211 (Second Punic) Battle of Upper Baetis – Publius and Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio are killed in battle with Hasdrubal Barca
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(Second Punic) Second Battle of Capua – Hannibal is not able to break the Roman siege of the city.
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(Second Punic War) Hannibal marches on Rome sits outside walls.
210 (Second Punic) Second Battle of Herdonia – Hannibal destroys the Roman army of Fulvius Centumalus, who is killed
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(Second Punic) Battle of Numistro – Hannibal defeats Marcellus once more
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(Second Punic) Battle of Sapriportis - Tarentine Greek navy defeated a Roman squadron.
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(Second Punic) Scipio the Elder takes command in Spain
209 (Second Punic) Battle of Asculum – Hannibal once again defeats Marcellus, in an indecisive battle
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(First Macedonian War) First Battle of Lamia – Romans defeated by Philip V of Macedon
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(First Macedonian War) Second Battle of Lamia – Romans defeated by Philip V once more
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(Second Punic) Assault on Cartagena - Scipio the Younger captured Cartagena.
208 (Second Punic) Battle of Baecula – Romans in Hispania under Scipio the Younger defeat Hasdrubal Barca
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(Second Punic) Battle of Clupea - The Carthaginian navy is defeated in a battle off the African coast.
207 (Second Punic) Battle of Grumentum –Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with Hannibal
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(Second Punic) Battle of the Metaurus – Hasdrubal is defeated and killed by Nero's Roman army.
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(Second Punic) Battle of Carmona – Romans under Scipio besiege Carmona and take it from Hasdrubal Gisco
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(Second Punic) Naval Battle of Utica - A Carthaginian fleet of 70 ships is defeated by a Roman fleet of 100 ships near Utica.
206 (Second Punic) Battle of Ilipa – Scipio again decisively defeats the remaining Carthaginian forces in Hispania.
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(Second Punic) Battle of the Guadalquivir – Romans defeats a Carthaginian army under Hannón at Guadalquivir.
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(Second Punic) Battle of Carteia – Roman fleet under Gaius Laelius defeats a Carthaginian fleet under Adherbal
205 Scipio Africanus consul
204 (Second Punic) Battle of Crotona – Hannibal fights a drawn battle against the Roman general Sempronius in Southern Italy.
204-202 (Second Punic) Scipio Africanus Major invades Africa, Hannibal recalled.
203 (Second Punic) Battle of Bagbrades – Romans under Scipio defeat Hasdrubal Gisco and Syphax. Hannibal return to Africa.
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(Second Punic) Battle of Castra Cornelia - Carthaginian fleet under plunders Roman supply convoy.
202 (Second Punic) Oct 19 Battle of Zama – ending the Second Punic War
202-196 Philip V of Macedon defeated : Second Macedonian War
202-191 Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul
200-197 (Second Macedonian War)
200 Battle of Cremona – Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul
198 (Second Macedonian War) Battle of the Aous – Roman forces under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeat the Macedonians under Philip V
197 (Second Macedonian War) Battle of Cynoscephalae –Romans defeat Philip in Thessaly
197 Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Tarraconensis become Roman provinces
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Number of quaestors raised from 8 to 12
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number of praetors raised from 4 to 6
196 Declaration of independence for Greek states by Flamininus
194 Battle of Placentia – Roman victory over the Boian Gauls
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Battle of Gythium – With some Roman assistance, Philopoemen of the Achaean League defeats the Spartans under Nabis
193 Battle of Mutina – Roman victory over the Boii, decisively ending the Boian threat.
192-188 (Roman–Syrian War)
4 years
191-189 Revolt in Spain
191 (Roman–Syrian War) Battle of Thermopylae – Romans defeat Antiochus III the Great and force him to evacuate Greece
190 (Roman–Syrian War) Battle of the Eurymedon – Roman forces under Lucius Aemilius Regillus defeat a Seleucid fleet commanded by Hannibal.
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(Roman–Syrian War) Battle of Myonessus – Another Seleucid fleet is defeated by the Romans
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(Roman–Syrian War) Dec - Battle of Magnesia –Romans defeat Antiochus III the Great.
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189 Battle of Mount Olympus – Romans deliver a crushing defeat to an army of Galatian Gauls
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Battle of Ancyra – Gnaeus Manlius Vulso and Attalus II defeat the Galatian Gauls again before Ancyra, in what was an almost identical repeat
of the Battle of Mount Olympus.
188 (Roman–Syrian War) Peace of Apamea ends war
184 Cato the Elder becomes censor
183 Suicide of Hannibal
181 Battle of Manlian Pass – Romans under Fulvius Flaccus defeat an army of Celtiberians.
180 Lex Villia annalis: minimum ages for the cursus honorum offices, established an interval of two years between offices
172-167 (Third Macedonian War)
5 years
171 (Third Macedonian War) Battle of Callicinus – Perseus of Macedon defeats a Roman army under Publius Licinius Crassus.
168 (Third Macedonian War) June 22 - Battle of Pydna – Romans defeat and capture Perseus, ending War, Macedon divided into 4 client republics
167 Taxation of Roman citizens is abolished. Taxation now falls only upon allies, Italians and Latins.
154-138 Roman conquest south of Lusitania : Lusitanian War
149-146 (Third Punic War)
3 years
149-148 (Fourth Macedonian War)
149 Permanent extortion court established : Lex Calpurnia
148 Second battle of Pydna –Macedonian pretender Andriscus defeated by the Romans
146 (Third Punic) Battle of Carthage ends: Scipio Africanus Minor captures and destroys Carthage, ending the Third Punic War
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Battle of Corinth – Romans defeat Achaean League. Corinth is destroyed and Greece comes under direct Roman rule.
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annexation : Macedonia and Africa : provinces
135-2 (First Servile War) in Sicily
134 Marius military tribune
133 seizure of Numantia
133 Attalos III of Pergamum bequeathed his kingdom to Rome.
133 Tribune Tiberius Gracchus secures agrarian reform and is murdered
129 Pergamum becomes Roman province
123-22 Gaius Gracchus tribune
121 Rome acquires Transalpine Gaul province (south of modern France)
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Safe land route to Hispania
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Senatus consultum de re publica defenda approved to pacify tribune Gaius Gracchus
120 Plebian Tribunate of Gaius Marius
144 Gaius Marius governor of Lusitania
113 Battle of Noreia in Carinthia – Germans defeat Romans
112 Jughurta of Numidia attacks in Numidia :
111-105 (Jugurthine War) 6 years
109 Battle of the Rhone River – Roman force under Marcus Junius Silanus are defeated by the Helvetii
108 (Jugurthine War) Battle of the Muthul – Roman forces under Caecilius Metellus fight indecisively against the forces of Jugurtha of Numidia
107 Battle of Burdigala – Roman forces under Lucius Cassius Longinus are defeated by the Helvetii
107 Gaius Marius elected consul first time
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Marian reforms of the Roman Legions put into effect.
107-05 – Sulla Quaestor and pro quaestore to Gaius Marius in the war with Jugurtha in Numidia
106 Gaius Marius re-elected consul in absentia, to continue the Jugurthine War
105 (Jugurthine War) Jughurta captured : Jugurthine War ends
105 Servilius Caepio steals Tolosa Gold
105 Oct 6 - Battle of Arausio – Cimbri inflict a major defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus
104-100 Gaius Marius elected consul for five years in a row
102 Battle of Aquae Sextiae - Gaius Marius Consular armies defeat Teutons :
101 Battle of Vercellae – Romans under Gaius Marius defeat the Cimbri, who are entirely annihilated.
100 Gaius Marius re-elected consul for 6th term
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Lucius Appuleius Saturninus political scandal forces Gaius Marius to retire from public life.
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July 12 – Birth of Julius Caesar
97 Sulla Praetor urbanus
96 Sulla Commander of Cilicia province pro-consul
91 Murder of Tribune Livius Drusus sparks war.
91-88 (Social War), the last rebellion of the Italian nations against Rome
89 (Social War) Battle of Fucine Lake – Roman forces under Lucius Porcius Cato are defeated by the Italian rebels in the Social War
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(Social War) Battle of Asculum – Roman army of C. Pompeius Strabo decisively defeats the rebels in the Social War.
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(Social War) Sulla captures Aeclanum
88 Sulla crosses the pomerium with his legions and invades Rome
88 The Ephesian Vespers, murder of 80,000 romans in Asia Minor
88-84 (First Mithridatic War) against Mithridates VI of Pontus
87 Sulla command of Roman armies to fight King Mithridates of Pontus
86 Seventh consulship of Marius, captures Rome
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Jan 13 – Marius dies
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(First Mithridatic War) Battle of Chaeronea –Sulla defeat the Pontic forces of Archelaus
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Sulla sacks Athens,
85 (First Mithridatic War) Battle of Orchomenus – Sulla again defeats Archelaus in the decisive battle of the War.
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84 (First Mithridatic War) Peace of Dardanus ends war.
84 Sulla reorganization of Asia province
83-82 (First Roman civil war) between Sulla and the popular faction; Sulla wins and becomes dictator;
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censor office abolished (to be recreated in 70 )
83 Battle of Mount Tifata – Sulla defeats the popular forces of Caius Norbanus
83-82 (Second Mithridatic War); Sulla returns to Rome and is nominated dictator
82-72 Sertorius, the last Marian general continues the civil war in Hispania
82 (First Roman civil war) Battle of Asio River – Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius defeats a Populare army under Gaius Carrinas.
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(First Roman civil war) Battle of Sacriporto –Sulla defeats Gaius Marius the Younger.
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(First Roman civil war) First Battle of Clusium –Sulla vs Carbo, Populare victory.
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(First Roman civil war) Battle of Faventia – Optimate victory.
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(First Roman civil war) Battle of Fidentia – Optimate victory.
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(First Roman civil war) Second Battle of Clusium – Pompey defeats Gaius Carrinas and Gaius Marcius Censorinus.
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(First Roman civil war) Nov - Battle of Colline Gate – Sulla defeats Samnites allied to popular party in the decisive battle of War.
82-79 Sulla dictator, restores power to senate and improves judicial system
80 Battle of the Baetis River – Rebel forces under Sertorius defeat Lucius Fulfidias in Hispania.
78 Death of Sulla
76 Caesar captured by pirates
74-64 (Third Mithridatic War), eventually won by Pompey
74 Bithynia and Cyrene become Roman provinces, Verres is governor of Sicily
73 (Third Mithridatic War) Battle of Cyzicus – Roman forces under Lucius Lucullus defeat the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus
73-71 (Spartacus War)
72 (Third Mithridatic War) Battle of Cabira or the Rhyndacus – Lucullus defeats the retreating forces of Mithridates
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(Spartacus) Battle of Picenum –Spartacus defeat a Roman army
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(Spartacus) Battle of Mutina I – Slave Revolt led by Spartacus defeat another army of Romans.
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Pompey defeats Sertorius forces in Spain
71 (Spartacus) Battle of Campania – Slave Revolt led by Spartacus defeat a Roman army.
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(Spartacus) Battle of Campania II – a Roman army under Marcus Crassus defeat Spartacus's army of slaves.
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(Spartacus) Battle of the Siler River – Marcus Crassus defeats the army of Spartacus.
71 Nicopolis - Mithridates defeated, flees to Armenia
70 Consuls Pompey and Crassus
70 Cicero prosecutes Verres
69 (Third Mithridatic War), Battle of Tigranocerta – Lucullus defeats the army of Tigranes II of Armenia, who was harbouring Mithridates VI
69 Caesar elected quaestor
68 (Third Mithridatic War), Battle of Artaxata – Lucullus again defeats Tigranes.
68-67 Metellus suppresses Cretan pirates and makes Crete roman province
67 Pompey clears the Mediterranean of pirates
67 Caesar marries Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla
66 Pompey replaces Lucullus
66 (Third Mithridatic War), Battle of the Lycus – Pompey decisively defeats Mithridates VI, effectively ending War
64 Pompey conquers Syria, reorganizes the East
63 Fall of Jerusalem

consulship of Cicero; Catiline conspiracies
62 Jan – Battle of Pistoria –Catiline are defeated by the loyal Roman armies under Gaius Antonius.
62 Bona Dea scandal
61Pompey returns to Rome
60 First triumvirate formed
59 consulate of Caesar
58 The tribunate of Clodius, Cicero exiled.
58-51 (Gallic Wars)
58 (Gallic Wars) June – Battle of the Arar (Saône) – Caesar defeats the migrating Helvetii

(Gallic Wars) July – Battle of Bibracte – Caesar again defeats the Helvetians, this time decisively.

(Gallic Wars) Sep – Caesar decisively defeats the forces of the Germanic chieftain Ariovistus near modern Belfort
57 (Gallic Wars) Battle of the Axona (Aisne) – Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of Suessiones.

(Gallic Wars) Battle of the Sabis (Sambre) – Caesar defeats the Nervii.

(Gallic Wars) Battle of Octodurus (Martigny) – Servius Galba defeats the Seduni and Veragri.

56 Attack on Morbihan
57-56 Gang violence of Clodius
56 Triumvirate held a conference at Luca
c.55 Pompey’s theater built
55 consuls are Pompey and Crassus

(Gallic Wars) Caesar bridges the Rhine, raid Germany.

(Gallic Wars) Caesar lands on Britain.
54 Death of Julia daughter of Caesar, wife of Pompey.
53 Battle of Carrhae – Roman triumvir Crassus is disastrously defeated and killed by the Parthians.
53 Siege of Bourges
52 Dec 6 - Death of Clodius, Pompey sole consul.
52 Sep - Battle of Gergovia
7
52 Winter - Battle of Avaricum
52 (Gallic Wars) Sep - Battle of Alesia – Caesar defeats the Gallic rebel Vercingetorix, completing the Roman conquest of Gallia Comata.
49 Jan 7 – Senate issues ultimatum against Caesar
49-46 (Second Civil War) Caesar vs Pompey
49 (Second Civil War) Jan 10 - Caesar crosses the Rubicon (alea iacta est) and begins the Second Roman civil war

(Second Civil War) Feb, Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate

(Second Civil War) March 9, Caesar's advance against Pompeian forces in Hispania

(Second Civil War) Apr 19 - Sep 6, Caesar's siege of Massilia

(Second Civil War) June, Caesar's arrival in Hispania.

(Second Civil War) June Battle of Ilerda – Caesar's army surround Pompeian forces and cause them to surrender.

(Second Civil War) July 30, Caesar surrounded Afranius and Petreius's army in Ilerda

(Second Civil War) Aug 2, Pompeians in Ilerda surrendered to Caesar

(Second Civil War) Aug 24 – Battle of the Bagradas River – Caesar's general Gaius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians

(Second Civil War) Sep 6 - Massilia surrendered to Caesar, coming back from Hispania

(Second Civil War) Oct - Caesar appointed Dictator in Rome; presides over his own election as consul and resigns after eleven days
48-45 (Second Civil War) Caesar pursues and defeats the Optimates in Greece and Africa
48 (Second Civil War) Jan 4 - Caesar landed at Dyrrhachium (Durazzo)

(Second Civil War) March, Antony joined Caesar

(Second Civil War) July 10 - Battle of Dyrrhachium – Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat by Pompey in Macedonia

(Second Civil War) Aug 9 - Battle of Pharsalus – Caesar decisively defeats Pompey, who flees to Egypt
48-47 (Alexandrian War)

(Second Civil War) Sep 28, Caesar learned that Pompey was assassinated.

(Second Civil War) Oct, Pharnaces, King of Bosporus defeated the Caesarian Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus in the Battle of Nicopolis (or Nikopol)

(Second Civil War) Dec: Battle in Alexandria.
47 (Alexandrian War) Feb - Battle of the Nile – Caesar defeats the forces of the Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII
• (Second Civil War) May – Battle of Zela – Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus. said Veni, vidi, vici. (I came, I saw, I conquered.)
• (Second Civil War) Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt promotes her younger brother Ptolemy XIV of Egypt to co-ruler.
• (Second Civil War) Aug, Caesar quelled a mutiny of his veterans in Rome.
• (Second Civil War) Oct, Caesar's invasion of Africa, against Metellus Scipio and Labienus, Caesar's former lieutenant in Gaul
46 (Second Civil War) Jan 4 - Battle of Ruspina – Caesar loses perhaps as much as a third of his army to Titus Labienus
• (Second Civil War) Feb 6 - Battle of Thapsus – Caesar defeats the Pompeian army of Metellus Scipio in North Africa.
• Caesar returns to Rome and appointed dictator for 10 years
• (Second Civil War) Nov: Caesar leaves for Farther Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance.
• Forum of Caesar
45 Jan 1: Julian calendar goes into effect
• (Second Civil War) March 17 - Battle of Munda in Spain– In his last victory, Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces.
• Oct - Caesar resigned his position as sole consul
44 Feb - Julius Caesar is named Dictator for life.
• Feb 15 – Antony offered Caesar the royal diadem, rejected.
• March 15 - Caesar is assassinated on the Ides of March
• Sep - Cicero’s Philippics, attacking Mark Antony delivered
44-42 (Third civil war) or Liberators' civil war - between assassins of Caesar (led by Cassius and Brutus) and Caesar's heirs, Octavian and Antony
43 (Third civil war) April 14 - Battle of Forum Gallorum – Antony defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, who is killed.
 (Third civil war), April 21 – Battle of Mutina II – Antony is again defeated in battle by Hirtius, who is killed.
 Nov 11 - Second triumvirate formed
 Dec 7 - Cicero killed
42 (Third civil war) Oct 3 First Battle of Philippi – Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Brutus and Cassius.

(Third civil war) Oct 23 Second Battle of Philippi – Brutus and Cassius decisively defeated.
41 Battle of Perugia – Antony's brother Lucius Antonius and his wife Fulvia are defeated by Octavian.
41 Anthony meets Cleopatra at Taurus
40 Agreement of Brundisium, empire divided.
40 Herod becomes king of Judaea, client king of Rome
39 Pact of Misenum
38 Triumvirate renewed for five years.
38 Ventidius defeats Parthians
37 Pact of Tarentum, Antony gives fleet to Octavian to fight S. Pompey
37 Anthony marries Cleopatra at Antioch
37 Parthians invade Syria
36 Lepidus attempts rising and is striped of power
36 Antony's Parthian campaign ends in failure
36 Battle of Naulochus – Octavian's fleet, defeats Sextus Pompeius and recovers Sicily
34 Donations of Alexandria, Antony gives eastern territory to Cleopatria
32-30 (Fourth Civil War)
32 End of peaceful relations between Octavian and Antony
31Sep 2 (Fourth Civil War) Battle of Actium – Octavian decisively defeats Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle near Greece
c. 30 Livy begins his history of Rome
30 Aug 1 – Antony’s armies desert to Octavian
8
 Aug 3 (Fourth Civil War) Capture of Alexandria
 Aug 12 - Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide; Egypt becomes a Roman province
28 Carthage refounded as Roman colony
27 BC-AD 14 Augustus
41 years
27 Jan 13 - Octavian resigns consular powers.

Jan 16 – Octavian given title of Augustus, End of Republic, beginning of the Roman Empire
27 Legions reduced to 28 and 100,000 to frontier colonies
27 Pantheon is built by Agrippa
28-24 Augustus' campaigns against the Cantabrians in Hispania Tarraconensis (see Cantabrian Wars)
23 July 1 – Augustus given tribunal powers
20 Parthians return legion standards
19 Augustus given consular power for life.
19 Vergil dies, Aeneid is published
19 Herod rebuilds temple
18 Laws governing morals
16-15 Augustus' campaigns against the Alpine tribes
16 Clades Lolliana – The troops of Consul Marcus Lollius Paulinus are defeated by West Germanic warriors in Gaul.
12 Augustus made Pontifex Maximus
12-7 Tiberius and Drusus conquer Pannonia and campaign against the Germanic tribes
12 Drusus leads Roman fleet to attack loser Ems river
11 Romans advance along lippe and establish base
11 Battle of Lupia River –Drusus win a victory in Germany.
9 Drusus leads army to Elbe but dies in accident
6 Tiberius quarrels with Augustus, retires to Rhodes
c.4 Birth of Christ
2 Forum of Augustus
1st century AD
5 Tiberius conquers Middle East
6 Judaea becomes a Roman province
6 Tiberius campaigns in Germania
6-9 Rebellions in Pannonia and Dalmatia suppressed by Germanicus
9 Sep – Battle of the Teutoburg Forest – Three Roman legions are ambushed and massacred by the Germans
11 Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus
14-37 Tiberius
23 years
14 Aug 18 - Death of Augustus, Tiberius becomes emperor
14-15 Germanicus campaigns against the Germanic tribes
16 Battle of the Weser River Legions under Germanicus defeat German tribes of Arminius
17 Cappadocius and Commagene and imperial province
25 Caesar Germanicus adopts his nephew Castor as his heir
27 Tiberius retires to Capri, governing Rome by proxy
28 The tribe of the Frisii rebel because of taxes
29 Christ crucified
30 The fall of Sejanus
33-36 Jesus of Nazareth ministers, is crucified.
37-41 Caligula
4 years
37 Tiberius dies; Caligula becomes emperor
41-54 Claudius
13 years
41 Caligula assassinated, Claudius becomes emperor
42 Mauretania annexed
43 Roman invasion of Britain
43 Battle of the Medway – Claudius and general Aulus Plautius defeat a confederation of British Celtic tribes.
43 Lycia an imperial province
45-8 First journey of Paul
47 First revolt of Iceni in Britain suppressed
49-52 Second journey of Paul
49 Siege of Uspe – Roman auxiliaries under Julius Aquila and King Cotys besiege the rebel forces of Siraces and Mithridates
51 Battle of Caer Caradoc – British chieftain Caractacus is defeated and captured by the Romans under Ostorius Scapula.
54-68 Nero
14 years
54 Claudius is allegedly poisoned by his wife Agrippinilla. Her son Nero becomes emperor
54-8 Third journey of Paul
58-63 (Roman–Parthian War) over Armenia
58 (Roman–Parthian War) Sack of Artaxata by Corbulo
59 (Roman–Parthian War) Capture of Tigranocerta by Corbulo.
60-61(Iceni Revolt) Boudica, queen of the Iceni, leads a rebellion in Britain.
60-61 Paul journey to Rome
60 (Iceni Revolt) Battle of Camulodunum – Boudica capturing and then sacking Camulodunum (Colchester) then moves on Londinium (London).
9
61(Iceni Revolt) Battle of Watling Street –Boudica defeated by Suetonius Paullinus
62 (Roman–Parthian War)Battle of Rhandeia – Romans defeated by a Parthian-Armenian army under King Tiridates of Parthia.
64 Great Fire of Rome, persecution of Christians, Paul executed, Peter crucified.
65 Death of Seneca and of Lucan
66-74 (First Jewish–Roman War)
66 (First Jewish–Roman War) Nov – Beth-Horon – rebels defeat romans
66 Nero refused entrance into Eleusinian Mysteries
67 (First Jewish–Roman War) Vespasian arrives in Caesaria and takes command
68 military coup leads to Nero's suicide– end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty; succeeded by Galba,
68 (First Jewish–Roman War) Vespasian occupies Jericho and Emmaus

(First Jewish–Roman War) Zealot Temple Siege in Jerusalem
68 - Year of four emperors.
• Mar - Vindex rebels against Nero, attacks Lugdunum
• Apr – Galba proclaimed emperor
• May - Vindex defeated at Vesontio
• June 9 - Death of Nero
69 - Year of the Four Emperors: 1. Galba, 2. Otho 3. Vitellius 4. Vespasian
• Jan 2 German legions proclaim their general Vitellius as emperor.
• Jan 15 – Galba killed by the Praetorian Guard; in the same day, the senate recognizes Otho as emperor
• Mar – Vitellius invades Italy
• Apr 12 Otho holds council of war
• April 14 – Battle of Bedriacum - Vitellius defeats Otho
• Apr 16 Othos commits suicide
• July 1 – Vespasian, commander of the Roman army in Judaea, proclaimed emperor by the legions of Egypt
• July 3 – Judaean legions proclaim Vespasian emperor
• July 17 Vitellius enters Rome
• Aug – The Danubian legions announce support to Vespasian (in Syria) and invade Italy in September on his behalf
• Oct – Vespasian occupies Egypt
• Oct 24-25 Second Battle of Cremona, Vitellius defeated by armies of Vespasian
• Dec 20 Vitellius killed
• Dec 21 – Vespasian recognized emperor
• Revolt of Julius Civilis and Julius Classicus, to create new Gallic Empire
69-79 VESPASIAN
10 years
69-70 Civilis leads the Batavian rebellion in Germania Inferior; defeated by Quintus Petillius Cerialis
70 (First Jewish–Roman War) Sep - Sack of Jerusalem
71-84 Pacification of Britain, conquest of modern Wales and Scotland
71 Petilius Cerealis conquers Brigantes
74 (First Jewish–Roman War) spring - Battle of Masada
79-81 TITUS
79-84 Argicola campaigns in Caledonia
79 Titus becomes emperor
 Aug 24, An eruption of Vesuvius destroys much of Pompeii and Herculaneum
 Colosseum is dedicated
80 Rome partially destroyed by fire
81-96 DOMITIAN
15 years
81 Titus dies suddenly; his brother Domitian becomes emperor
82 Arch of Titus built
83 Domitian occupies the Rhine-Danube salient.
84 Battle of Mons Graupius. Romans under Agricola defeat Caledonians.
85 King Decebalus of Dacia rebels and invades Moesia
87-88 Domitian's Dacian War (First Battle of Tapae)
87 Dacian King Decebalus crushes the Roman army at Tapae (today Transylvania, Romania),
88 Romans return and obtain a victory in the same battleground, but the offensive is halted and a peace treaty is concluded.
89 Rebellions in Germania Inferior and Pannonia force peace with Decebalus of Dacia
90 Domitian agrees to pay annual ransom to Dacians
96-98 NERVA
96 Domitian assassinated– end of Flavian dynasty; succeeded by Nerva, the first of the Five good emperors
97 Nerva adopts Trajan
98-117 TRAJAN
19 years
98 Tacitus’ Germania published.
101-102 (First Dacian War)
101 (First Dacian War) Second Battle of Tapae – Trajan defeats Decebalus, with heavy losses.
102 (First Dacian War) Battle of Tropheum Traiani (Adamclisi) - Trajan annihilate a mixed Dacian-Roxolano-Sarmatae army.
105-106 (Second Dacian War); king Decebalus commits suicide and Dacia becomes a province
106 (Second Dacian War) Battle of Sarmisegetuza –Trajan conquers and destroys the Dacian capital. Part of Dacia is annexed to the Roman Empire.
106 Building of Trajan's Forum and construction of Trajan's column
106 Arabia Annexed
113-117 (Parthian War) Trajan's successful campaigns against the Parthian Empire
10
113 Trajan’s markets opened, world’s first shopping mall.
114 Jan Trajan arrives in Antioch

King of Armenia submits to Trajan, Armenia becomes a Roman province
115 Romans capture Edessa, Nisibis and Singara, Mesopotamia becomes province
116 Trajan reaches Persian Gulf, Empire at Maximum
115–117 The Jewish second War (Kitos War) - Jewish rebellion that started in Egypt
117-38 HADRIAN
21 years
121-125 Hadrian travels through the Northern Empire
c. 121 Suetonius publishes Lives of the Caesars
122 construction of Hadrian's Wall begins
128-132 Hadrian travels through Africa and the Eastern Empire
130 Founding of Aelia Capitolina on site of Jerusalem
132–135 The Jewish third War (Bar Kokhba's revolt).
138-61 ANTONINUS PIUS
23 years
140-143 After a rebellion Antoninus conquers Scotland; construction of Antonine Wall begins
150-163 rebellions in Scotland, Antonine Wall is abandoned and reoccupied several times
161-80 MARCUS AURELIUS
19 years
161-9 LUCIUS VERUS
8 years
162-166 Lucius Verus successful campaigns against the Parthia
165-7 Plague sweeps empire
165 Romans capture Dura Europa, sack Ctesiphon
166 Embassy from Marcus Aurelius reached China
167-75 (First Marcomanni War)
8 years
167 Quadi and Marcomanni crosses the Danube & besiege Aquileia
170 Battle of Carnuntum – Marcomannic King Ballomar defeats the Roman Army and invade Italy .
178-80 (Second Marcomanni War) 2 years
179 or 180 Battle of Laugaricio – Marcus Valerius Maximianus defeats the Quadi in Slovakia .
180 Praetorian Prefect Teratenius Paternus defeats the Quadi .
180-92 COMMODUS
12 years
180 Death of Marcus Aurelius, the last of the Five good emperors; Commodus becomes emperor
184 Antonine Wall abandoned for the last time
192 Dec 31 - Death of Commodus, who was strangled in a bath by the wrestler Narcissus.
193 Year of Six Emperors

Jan 1 - PERTINAX new emperor
86 days

Mar 28 - Pertinax, who was lynched by Praetorian Guard

Mar 28 - Praetorians auction off empire to JULIANUS ruled
66 days.

Apr - NIGER in Antioch, CLODIUS ALBINNUS in Britain, and Septimus Severus in Pannonia proclaimed emperor

June 2 – Julaianus executed

June 10 Septimus Severus and army enters Rome.

Septimus Severus begins siege of Byzantium against forces of Niger.
193-211 SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS
18 years
193 Battle of Cyzicus – Septimius Severus, the new Emperor, defeats his eastern rival Pescennius Niger

Battle of Nicaea – Severus again defeats Niger
194 Battle of Issus – Severus finally defeats Niger.
197 Feb 17 – Battle of Lugdunum – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats and kills his rival Clodius Albinus,
197-199 Septimius Severus invades Parthia
197 autumn – Severus builds fleet and sails down Euphrates
198 Feb-Mar - Severus attacks but fails to take Hatra

Autumn – Severus attacks Hatra a second time but fails to take it.
209-211 Severus campaigns against the Caledonians
211-17 CARACALLA
6 years
211-12 GETA
211 Severus dies. His sons Caracalla and Geta become joint emperors. Caracalla has Geta murdered shortly thereafter.
212 Roman citizenship granted to all free person in empire
214-17 Caracalla tours the East and fights Persians
216 Baths of Caracalla
217-18 MACRINUS
217 Apr 8 - Caracalla assassinated; Macrinus becomes emperor
217 Battle of Nisibis – Bloody stalemate between the Parthians and the Roman army under Emperor Macrinus.
218 June 18 - Battle of Antioch – Varius Avitus defeats Emperor Macrinus to claim the throne under the name Elagabalus.
218-22 ELAGABALUS
4 years
218 Macrinus deposed and executed, Elagabalus is installed on the throne
222-35 SEVERUS ALEXANDER
13 years
222 Elagabalus is murdered. Alexander Severus becomes emperor
226 Sassanids overthrow Parthians
230 Persians invade Mesopotamia
231-33 War against Persia
235-8 MAXIMINUS THRAX
3 years
235 Alexander killed in a soldier mutiny. Maximinus Thrax becomes emperor.
236-237 Dacian campaign
11
238 - Year of six emperors. (1) Maximinus (2) Gordian I (3) Gordian II (4) Balbinus (5) Pupienus (6) Gordian III

Death of the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, who was killed when his soldiers mutinied.
Battle of Carthage – Troops loyal to Maximinus Thrax defeat and kill Gordian II.

Death of the Emperor Gordian II, who was killed in battle.

Death of the Emperor Gordian I, who hanged himself.

Death of Emperor Balbinus, who was beaten and dragged naked through streets of Rome before being killed by Praetorians.

Death of the Emperor Pupienus Maximus, who was killed when his bodyguard lynched him.
238-44 GORDIAN III
6 years
240 Rebellion of Sabianus at Carthage is quickly defeated.
241 Victory over the Persians at Resaina.
243 Battle of Resaena – Roman forces under Gordian III defeat the Persians under Shapur I.
244-9 PHILIP the ARAB 5 years
244 Romans defeated at Misiche. Philip the Arab becomes emperor.
248 Celebration of 1000 years of Rome
249-51 TRAJAN DECIUS 2 years
249 Decius usurps the throne with support from the Danubian legions. He names his son Herennius co-emperor.
249-51 First general Christian persecution
c. 250 Period of high inflation
250-251 Gothic invasion
250 Battle of Philippopolis – King Cuiva of the Goths defeats a Roman army.
251, 1 July – Battle of Abrittus – Goths defeat and kill Decius and Herennius Etruscus
251-3 TREBONIANUS GALLUS
2 years
252 Persians invade Syria, defeats the Romans at Barbalissos.
253 Persians capture Antioch
253 Aemilianus becomes emperor after leading a revolt and Gallus and Volusianus are slain by their own troops. Valerian and his son Gallienus
become emperors after Aemilianus is killed by his own soldiers. Shapur captures Antioch.
253-60 VALERIAN
7 years
253-68 GALLIENUS
254 Marcomanni attack Ravenna
256 Goth fleet attack Asia Minor, Franks attack lower Rhine
256-7 Siege of Dura Europos
257 Valerian retakes Antioch. The Franks invade Gaul and Hispania. The Alemanni invades Italy but are defeated at Milan.
257-8 Christian persecution under Valerian
258 Goths invade Asia Minor
259 Second Persian invasion of Syria
259 Battle of Mediolanum – Gallienus decisively defeats the Alamanni that invaded Italy
260-273 Gallic empire of the West
13 years
260-8 (Gallic Emperor) Postumus
8 years
260 Battle of Edessa –Shapur I of Persia defeats and captures Valerian
260-272 Empire of Palmyra
12 years
260 Odenathus defeats Persians
260 Edict of Toleration of Christians by Gallienus
262 Agri Decumates abandoned.
265 Gallienus attacks Postumus but is repulsed
266 Odenathus defeats Persians at Ctesiphon
267 Odaenathus assassinated. His widow Zenobia takes control of Palmyra
268 Battle of Naissus – Gallienus defeat the Goths.
268-70 CLAUDIUS II GOTHICUS
2 years
268 Battle of Lake Benacus – Romans under Emperor Claudius II defeat the Alamanni
268 – 270 (Gallic Emperor) Victorinus
2 years
268 Postumus is killed. Victorinus proclaimed emperor in Gaul and Britain.

Palmyrenes takes Egypt and Syria.

Claudius defeats the Goths at Naissus in Moesia.
c. 269 Spanish provinces return to Roman allegiance
c. 269 Romans recover territories east of the Rhone
269-70 Zenobia invades Egypt
270-75 AURELIAN
5 years
270 Dacia abandoned
270-71 Zenobia conquers Asia Minor
270 Claudius dies of plague. After a brief rule by Claudius' brother Quintillus, Aurelian becomes emperor.
270-73 (Gallic Emperor) Tetricus
3 years
271 Aurelian walls around Rome
271 Battle of Placentia – Emperor Aurelian is defeated by the Alamanni forces invading Italy

Battle of Fano – Aurelian defeats the Alamanni, who begin to retreat from Italy

Battle of Pavia – Aurelian destroys the retreating Alamanni army.
271 Aurelian campaigns against the Vandals, Juthungi and the Sarmatians.

Victorinus is murdered and his soldiers proclaim Tetricus I emperor
272 Shapur I of Persia dies
272 Aurelian defeats Zenobia at Antioch and Emesa and takes Palmyra. Zenobia is captured. The province of Dacia is abandoned.
12
272 Battle of Immae – Aurelian defeats the army of Zenobia of Palmyra

Battle of Emesa – Aurelian decisively defeats Zenobia.
273 Palmyra revolts. The city is destroyed by Aurelian.
274 Battle of Châlons – Aurelian defeats the Gallic usurper Tetricus, reestablishing central control of the whole empire.
275-76 TACITUS 1 year
275 Aurelian is murdered. Tacitus becomes emperor.
276-82 PROBUS 6 years
276 Tacitus dies. After the brief reign and assassination of Florianus, Probus becomes emperor.
277 Burgundians, Longiones, Alemanni and Franks defeated.
279 Probus campaigns against the Vandals in Illyricum.
282-3 CARUS
282 Carus proclaimed emperor. Probus killed by his own troops.
282 Carus invaded Persia
283-4 NUMERIAN
283-5 CARINUS
283 Carus dies during an invasion of Persia. His sons Carinus and Numerian become emperors.
284-305 DIOCLETIAN
21 years
284 Numerian dies. Nov 24 - Diocletian proclaimed emperor and marches against Carinus.
285 Battle of the Margus – The usurper Diocletian defeats the army of the Emperor Carinus, who is killed.
285-305 (West) MAXIMIANUS
20 years
285 Carinus dies in battle against Diocletian.

Diocletian splits the empire and appoints Maximianus emperor of the West while Diocletian rules the East.
286 Maximianus establishes Milan as capitol in west.
286 Carausius revolts in Britain.
293 - Diocletian creates the tetrarchy, or rule of four.

Senior emperors, - Augustus,
junior emperors - Caesar.

(West) junior Augustus - Maximian.
(East) senior Augustus - Diocletian,

(West) junior Caesar - Constantius Chlorus. (East) senior Caesar - Galerius,
296 Allectus defeated and slain.
296 Battle of Callinicum – Romans under the Caesar Galerius are defeated by the Persians under Narseh.
297 Empire organized into 12 districts (dioceses)
298 Battle of Lingones – Caesar Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alamanni

Battle of Vindonissa – Constantius again defeats the Alamanni
299 Galerius defeats the Sarmatians and the Carpi
301 Edict on Maximum Prices.
303-11 Great persecution of Christians under Diocletian.
304 Hsnung-nu (Huns?) invade China
305 Diocletian and Maximian abdicate. New Tetrarchy

305-6 (West) junior Augustus - Constantius
305-11 (East) senior Augustus - Galerius
6 years

(West) junior Caesar - Severus
(East) senior Caesar - Maximinus
306-337 Constantine the Great
sole emperor from 324
31 years
306 Constantius dies at York. His son Constantine I proclaimed emperor.

Maxentius, son of Maximian, proclaims himself emperor in Rome.
307 Maxentius reinvests his father Maximian as emperor. Severus is put to death. Galerius lays siege to Rome.
308-24 (East) LICINIUS
16 years
308 Conference of Carnuntum. Diocletian convinces Maximian to step down. Licinius appointed Caesar in the East.
310 Maximian again proclaims himself emperor, but is captured by Constantine. He commits suicide.
311 Galerius dies at Sardica. Maximinus and Licinius split his realm between them.
312 Battle of Turin – Constantine I defeats forces loyal to Maxentius.

Battle of Verona – Constantine I defeats more forces loyal to Maxentius.

Oct 28 - Battle of Milvian Bridge – Constantine I defeats Maxentius and takes control of Italy.
313 Feb - Edict of Milan – grants toleration to Christians.

Oct 30 - Battle of Tzirallum – In the eastern part of the Empire, the forces of Licinius defeat Maximinus.
314 Oct 8 - Battle of Cibalae – Constantine defeats Licinius
316 Battle of Mardia – Constantine again defeats Licinius, who cedes Illyricum to Constantine.
317 Constantine defeats Licinius on the Campus Ardiensis. Licinius forced to cede all his European provinces except Thrace.
317 Constantine declares his sons Crispus and Constantine II Caesars.
318-81 Arian controversy
318 Excommunication of Arius
324 July 3 - Battle of Adrianople – Constantine defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium

July - Battle of Hellespont – Flavius Julius Crispus, son of Constantine, defeats the naval forces of Licinius

Sep 18 - Battle of Chrysopolis – Constantine defeats Licinius, Constantine now sole emperor
324 Constantinople founded
324 Constantine declares his son Constantius II Caesar.
325 Council of Nicaea
326 Constantine orders the death of his oldest son, Crispus and his wife Fausta.
327 Death of Helena
329 St. Peter’s in Rome completed
13
330 May 11 - Constantinople made the capital
332 Constantine campaigns against the Goths
333 Constans declared Caesar
334 Constantine campaigns against the Sarmatians
335 Oct 21 - Constantine enacted rules against Jews.
337 Constantine dies at Nicomedia. His three sons become emperors.
337-40 CONSTANTINE II 3 years
337-61 CONSTANTIUS II 24 years
337-50 CONSTANS
13 years
338 Constantine II defeats the Alemanni. War with Persia
340 Constantine II invades Italy. He is ambushed and slain by Constans at Aquileia.
341 Constans and Constantius II issue a ban against pagan sacrifice.
341Ulfias starts mission among Goths
344 Battle of Singara – Emperor Constantius II fights an indecisive battle against King Shapur II of Persia (approximate date)
347 Donatists revolt in Africa.
348 Constantius defeats the Persians at the Siege of Singara.
350-3 MAGNENTIUS usurper in the west
350 Magnentius usurps the throne in the west. Constans is captured and killed. Nepotianus attacks Rome with a band of gladiators
351 Battle of Mursa Major – Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius
351 Constantius appoints his cousin Constantius Gallus as Caesar. Magnentius is defeated at Mursa.
353 Battle of Mons Seleucus – Final defeat of Magnentius by Constantius II
354 Constantius Gallus is put to death.
355 Franks sack Cologne.
355 Julian is appointed Caesar in Gaul.
356-60 Julian fights Franks and Alemmani in Gaul
356 Battle of Reims – Caesar Julian is defeated by the Alemanni
357 Battle of Strasbourg (Argentoratum) – Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland
359 Battle of Amida – Sassanids capture Amida from Romans
360 With a Persian war imminent, Constantius orders Julian to send several legions east.

The troops mutiny and proclaim Julian Augustus.
360-3 JULIAN the apostate
361 Nov 3 - Constantius dies of illness, naming Julian his successor. Julian openly declares himself a pagan.
363 Julian invades Persia, but forced to retreat, he is mortally wounded during a skirmish and dies. Jovian is proclaimed emperor.
363 Battle of Ctesiphon –Julian defeats Shapur II of Persia.
363-364 JOVIAN
364 Feb 26 - Jovien dies of accidental asphyxiation.
364-75 (West) VALENTINIAN I
11 years
364-78 (East) VALENS
14 years
366 Battle of Thyatira – The army of the Roman emperor Valens defeats the usurper Procopius.
367 Pict, Scots, Saxons and Franks mount major attack on Britain.
367 Battle of Solicinium – Romans under Emperor Valentinian I defeat yet another Alamanni incursion.
c. 372 Huns conquer Ostrogoths
374-397 Ambrose Bishop of Milan
375-83 (West) GRATIAN 8 years
375 Valentinian dies and is succeeded by Gratian as Western emperor.
375 Huns destroy Ostrogoth Kingdom
376 Visigoths admitted into empire
376–382 (Gothic War)
377 (Gothic War)Battle of Ad Salices – Roman troops fight an inconclusive battle against the Goths
378 (Gothic War)Battle of Argentovaria – Western Emperor Gratianus is victorious over the Alamanni, yet again.
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(Gothic War) Aug 9 Battle of Adrianople – Thervings under Fritigern defeat and kill the Eastern Emperor Valens
379-95 THEODOSIUS I
sole emperor 394-5
16 years
380 (Gothic War) Battle of Thessalonica – The new Eastern Emperor, Theodosius I, is also defeated by the Thervings under Fritigern.
380 Feb - Edict of Thessalonica prohibited Arianism and makes empire Catholic.
381 Second Ecumenical council
382 Visigoths settled south of Danube under treaty
382 Gratian gives up title of Pontifex Maximus, removes pagan alter of victory from Senate
383-88 (West) MAGNUS MAXIMUS usurper 5 years
383 Magnus Maximus rebels in Britain and invades Gaul.
388-92 (West) VALENTINIAN II
4 years
384 Gratian is murdered, Valentinian II becomes emperor.
388 Battle of the Save – Emperor Theodosius I defeats the usurper Magnus Maximus.
390 Ambrose forces Theodosius to do penance for massacre of Thessalonica
391 Theodosius outlaws paganism
391-430 St. Augustine Bishop of Hippo
392-94 (West) EUGENIUS usurper
392 Valentinian II dies of apparent suicide. Arbogast installs puppet Eugenius on Western throne, but Theodosius refuses to recognize.
394 Sep 6 - Battle of Frigidus – Theodosius I defeats and kills the usurper Eugenius and his Frankish magister militum Arbogast.
394–408: Flavius Stilicho, Magister militum, regent for Honorius
394 Theodosius sole ruler of empire for about four months until death.
Theodosius end Olympic Games
14
395-423 (West) HONORIUS
28 years
395-402 (East) ARCADIUS
7 years
395 Theodosius I dies, leaving the Western empire to his son Honorius and the Eastern empire to his son Arcadius.
395-430 Augustine bishop of Hippo
395-7 Visigoths pillage Greece
397 Stilicho campaigns against Alaric

Africa governor Gildo rebels. Defeated next year
398 John Chrysostom becomes patriarch of Constantinople
402-50 (East) THEODOSIUS II
48 years
402 April 6 Battle of Pollentia – Stilicho stymies the Visigoths under Alaric.
402 June - Battle of Verona – Stilicho again defeats Alaric, who withdraws from Italy.
402 Ravenna made capitol
406 Vandals, Alans & Suebi cross Rhine and ravage Gaul
406 Dec 31 - Battle of Mainz – between the Franks "foederati" and an alliance of Vandals, Suevi and Alans
407 Romans abandon province of Britain
408 Stilicho executed.
409 Vandals, Alans and Suebi cross Pyrenees into Spain
410 Honorius tells Britons to organize their own defense
410 Aug 24 – Sack of Rome by Alaric
412 Athaulf leads Visigoths into Gaul
413 Theodosian Walls, Constantinople
418Visigoths establish capitol at Toulouse, Theodoric I King of Visigoths
419 Battle of Nervasos Mountains – Romans with Suebi defeat Vandals and Alans army as they reach Iberian Peninsula.
419 Visigoths found a kingdom in Roman Gaul
421-2 East Romans defeat Persians
422 East pays King Rua of the Huns tribute
423-5 (West) JOHANNES usurper
423 After a long and disastrous reign, Honorius dies; succeeded by the usurper Joannes
425-455 (West) VALENTINIAN III
30 years
c. 426 St. Augustine finishes City of God
429-39 Vandals found kingdom in Africa.
430 Felix supplanted and killed by Aetius
431 Vandals sack Hippo Regius.
432 Battle of Ravenna – Boniface defeats rival Roman general Flavius Aëtius, but is mortally wounded in the process.
433 Attila and Bleda become co-rulers of the Huns
433–454 Flavius Aetius magister militum
436 Battle of Narbonne – Flavius Aëtius again defeats the Visigoths under Theodoric I.
436 Burgundians and Franks cross Rhine
463-7 Burgundians defeated by Aetius and Hun allies.
438 Theodosian Code
439 Carthage falls to Vandals
441-3 East Romans defeat Persians, Huns invade Balkans
445 Death of Bleda, Attila sole ruler
447 Battle of the Utus – The East Romans narrowly repulse the attack of Attila the Hun in an indecisive battle.
c. 450 Anglo-Saxon settlements in Britain
450-57 (East) MARCIAN 7 years
451, June Battle of Châlons –Aëtius repulse Huns. Theodoric is killed in the battle.
451 Nov 1 - Council of Chalcedon
452 Attila the Hun is turned away from Rome by Pope Leo I.
453 Sep 21 - Attila dies
454 Battle of Nedao - Huns defeated and dispersed by Germans
455(West) MAXIMUS
455 Valentinian III is assassinated and succeeded by Petronius Maximus as emperor.

June 2-16 - Rome is plundered by Vandals, and Maximus is killed during mob violence.
455 Olybrius married Placidia
455-6 (West) AVITUS
456-472 Ricimer - Magister Militum, de facto ruler of Western Empire
457-61 (West) MAJORIAN
4 years
457-74 (East) LEO
17 years
457 Avitus is deposed by the magister militum Ricimer and killed. Majorian is installed as Western emperor.
461-5 (West) SEVERUS
4 years
461 Aug 3 - Majorian is deposed by Ricimer. Libius Severus becomes Western emperor.
463 Battle of Orleans – Gallo-Roman and Salian Frank forces under the command of Aegidius defeat a force of Visigoths.
465 Libius Severus dies, possibly poisoned by Ricimer.
467-72 (West) ANTHEMIUS
5 years
467 Anthemius becomes western emperor with the support of Leo I.
468 War against the Vandals by the joint forces of both empires. Naval expedition ends in failure.
472 (West) OLYBRIUS
7 months
472 July 11 - Ricimer kills Anthemius and makes Olybrius new western emperor.
•
Both (Aug 18) Ricimer and Olybrius die of natural causes.
15
•
Gundobad becomes magister militum in Italy.
473-4 (West) GLYCERIUS
473 Gundobad makes Glycerius new western emperor.
474-5 (West) JULIUS NEPOS
474-91 (East) ZENO
17 years
474 Gundobad leaves Italy to take part in a succession struggle among Burgundians. Glycerius is deposed by Julius Nepos who proclaims himself
western emperor.
475-6 (West) ROMULUS AUGUSTULUS
475 Julius Nepos forced to flee to Dalmatia by his magister militum Orestes. Orestes proclaims his own son Romulus Augustulus as western
emperor.
476 Sep 4 - Odoacer deposes Romulus Augustus the last Western emperor of Rome. Fall of empire
480 Julius Nepos, still claiming to be emperor, is killed in Dalmatia.
482 Clovis king of Franks
486 Battle of Soissons – Clovis I defeats Syagrius, last Roman commander in Gaul, and annexes the Roman rump state into the Frankish realm.
491-518 ANATASIUS
27 years
493 Battle of Mons Badonicus – Romano-British under Ambrosius Aurelianus decisively defeat the Anglo-Saxon invaders.
518-527 JUSTIN I
9 years
527-65 JUSTINIAN I
38 years
528 Justinian Code
533 Justinian I begins to restore the empire in the west; Belisarius defeats the Vandals at the Battle of Ad Decimum and the Battle of Tricamarum
536 Belisarius recaptures Rome from the Ostrogoths
552 Narses defeats the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Taginae
553 Narses defeats the Ostrogoths at the Battle of Mons Lactarius
568 The Lombards invade Italy; no further attempts to restore the empire
607 Emperor Phocas donates The Pantheon to the Pope and has a column erected in the Forum.
663 Constans II is the last emperor to visit Rome, and the city gradually slips out of imperial control.
1204 Crusaders sack Constantinople and establish the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
1261 Michael VIII Palaiologos recovers Constantinople from the Latin Empire.
1453 Constantinople falls to the Ottoman Turks. End of the Byzantine-eastern Roman Empire.
1461 Trebizond falls to the Ottoman Turks. End of the Empire of Trebizond and of the last remnant of the Roman Empire.
Sources
Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith. How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower. New Haven: Yale UP, 2009. Print.
Kinder, Hermann, and Werner Hilgemann. The Penguin Atlas of World History. London: Penguin, 2003. Print.
"List of Roman Battles." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 31 Jan. 2013.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_battles
Scarre, Christopher. The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome. London: Penguin, 1995. Print.
"Timeline of Ancient Rome." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Jan. 2013. Web. 30 Jan. 2013.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Rome#8th_century_BC