Download Prostate Cancer Awareness Month, Philippines

Prostate Cancer Awareness Campaign - Page 1 of 4
_____________________________
Si Mang Jun ay Nailigtas sa Prostate Cancer
(Prostate Cancer Awareness Month, Philippines)
June is Prostate Cancer Awareness Month - a continuing lobby for more public information and
knowledge and more patient empowerment towards significant health gains.
Do all people have a Prostate?
The prostate is a gland found only in males – it is just a guy thing. It produces some of the fluid that
protects and nourishes sperm cells in semen. It starts to develop before birth. It grows rapidly during
puberty, then stays at about the same size or grows slowly in adults, fuelled by the male hormone
testosterone.
Now, what is Prostate Cancer?
Almost all prostate cancers develop from the gland cells. Some prostate cancers can grow and spread
quickly, but most grow slowly.
Cancer starts when body cells start to abnormally grow out of control and invade other tissues. Cells
become cancer cells because of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) damage. DNA is in every cell and it directs
all its actions. In a normal cell, when DNA is damaged the cell either repairs the damage or the cell dies.
In cancer cells, the damaged DNA gives immortality to the cell which keeps on making new cells out of
control and invading other tissues. The prostate cancer cell puts out abnormal amounts of prostatic
specific antigen (PSA) heralding its presence.
Researchers have found that inherited DNA changes in certain genes may cause about 5% to 10% of
prostate cancers. Several mutated genes (e.g., HPC1 (Hereditary Prostate Cancer Gene 1)) have been
found that may be responsible for a man's inherited tendency to develop prostate cancer. Men with
BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene changes may also have an increased prostate cancer risk. Inherited BRCA changes
probably account for only a very small number of prostate cancers.
Most DNA mutations related to prostate cancer seem to develop during a man's life rather than having
been inherited. Every time a cell prepares to divide into 2 new cells, it must copy its DNA. This process is
not perfect, and sometimes errors occur, leaving flawed DNA in the new cell. It is not clear how often
these DNA changes might be random events, and how often they may be influenced by other factors
(diet, hormone levels, etc.). In general, the more quickly prostate cells grow and divide the more chances
there are for mutations to occur. Therefore, anything that speeds up this process may make prostate
cancer develop more likely. The development of prostate cancer may be linked to increased levels of
certain hormones. High levels of androgens (male hormones, such as testosterone) promote prostate
cell growth, and may contribute to prostate cancer risk in some men.
Is Prostate Cancer common among Filipinos?
Prostate cancer is the fourth leading cancer site for Filipino males with about eight new cases every day.
One out of 100 males would have died from this disease before age 75.
Prostate cancer occurs mainly in older men. About 6 cases in 10 are diagnosed in men aged 65 or older,
and it is rare before age 40. The average age at the time of diagnosis is about 66.
Prostate Cancer Awareness Campaign - Page 2 of 4
_____________________________
Is benign prostatic hyperplasia or BPH same as Prostate Cancer?
No, BPH is not cancer and does not develop into cancer. But the symptoms may be similar like trouble
passing urine so it is important to tell your doctor if you have any of these problems so that the cause
can be found and treated, if needed.
What other symptoms are possibly related to Prostate Cancer?
If you have the following, particularly aged >65 years – go for medical consult immediately:

Problems passing urine, including a slow or weak urinary stream or the need to urinate more
often, especially at night.

Blood in the urine (hematuria)

Trouble getting an erection (impotence)

Pain in the hips, back (spine), chest (ribs), or other areas from cancer spread to bones

Weakness or numbness in the legs or feet, or even loss of bladder or bowel control from cancer
pressing on the spinal cord.
Can Prostate Cancer be prevented?
The exact cause of prostate cancer is not known, so at this time it is not possible to prevent most cases
of the disease. Many risk factors such as age, race, and family history cannot be controlled.
For now, the best advice would be on diet and activity to possibly reduce the risk of prostate cancer:

Eat at least 2½ cups of a wide variety of vegetables and fruits each day.

Be physically active.

Stay at a healthy weight.
Can Prostate Cancer be found early?
Prostate cancer can often be found early by testing the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in a
man's blood. Another way to find prostate cancer is the digital rectal exam (DRE), in which the doctor
puts a gloved finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland if it is abnormally enlarged and hard.
If the results of either one of these tests are abnormal, ultrasound of the prostate and biopsy are
needed to see if there is cancer. If prostate cancer is found as a result of screening with the PSA test or
DRE confirmed by ultrasound and biopsy, it will probably be at an earlier, more treatable stage than if no
screening were done.
However, you and your doctor should decide whether you should have tests to screen for prostate cancer
- There are many factors to take into account, including your age and health. If you are young and
develop prostate cancer, it may shorten your life if it is not caught early. Screening men who are older or
in poor health in order to find early prostate cancer is less likely to help them live longer. This is because
most prostate cancers are slow-growing, and men who are older or sicker are likely to die from other
causes before their prostate cancer grows enough to cause problems.

The discussion about screening should take place at age 50 for men who are at average risk of
prostate cancer and are expected to live at least 10 more years.

This discussion should take place starting at age 45 for men at high risk of developing prostate
cancer. This includes those who have a first-degree relative (father, brother, or son) diagnosed
with prostate cancer at an early age (younger than age 65).
Prostate Cancer Awareness Campaign - Page 3 of 4
_____________________________

This discussion should take place at age 40 for men at even higher risk (those with more than
one first-degree relative who had prostate cancer at an early age).
After this discussion, those men who want to be screened should be tested with the prostate-specific
antigen (PSA) blood test. The digital rectal exam (DRE) may also be done as a part of screening.
If, after this discussion, a man is unable to decide if testing is right for him, the screening decision can be
made by the health care provider, who should take into account the patient’s general health preferences
and values.
Assuming no prostate cancer is found as a result of screening, the time between future screenings
depends on the results of the PSA blood test:

Men who have a PSA less than 2.5 ng/ml may only need to be retested every 2 years.

Screening should be done yearly for men whose PSA level is 2.5 ng/ml or higher.
Because prostate cancer often grows slowly, men without symptoms of prostate cancer who do not have
a 10-year life expectancy should not be offered testing since they are not likely to benefit. Overall health
status, and not age alone, is important when making decisions about screening.
Even after a decision about testing has been made, the discussion about the pros and cons of testing
should be repeated as new information about the benefits and risks of testing becomes available.
Further discussions are also needed to take into account changes in the patient's health, values, and
preferences.
Now how is Prostate Cancer treated?
Once prostate cancer has been diagnosed and staged, a treatment plan is chosen by the patient
together with his doctor.
Treatment depends on the stage the prostate cancer is in at diagnosis: a) Local stage means that there is
no sign that the cancer has spread outside of the prostate (about 4 out of 5 prostate cancers are found
in this early stage), b) Regional stage means that the cancer has spread from the prostate to nearby
areas, or c) Distant stage means that the cancer has spread to distant lymph nodes, bones, or other
organs.
Depending on the situation, the treatment options for men with prostate cancer may include: a) for very
early stage or very elderly men with co-morbidities - expectant management (watchful waiting) or active
surveillance, b) for early stage - surgery, cryosurgery, hormone therapy, c) for regional stage - surgery,
radiotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and d) for distant stage – similar to c) with possible bone
directed treatment.
The treatment chosen for prostate cancer should take into account: age and expected life span, any
concomitant other serious health conditions, cancer stage and grade, the patient’s feelings (and the
doctor's opinion) about the need to treat the cancer, the likelihood that each type of treatment will
provide cure (or provide some other measure of benefit), and the patent’s feelings about the possible
side effects from each treatment
Many men find it helpful to get a second opinion about the best treatment options based on their
situation, especially if there are several choices available. Prostate cancer is a complex disease, and
doctors may differ in their opinions regarding the best treatment options. Speaking with doctors who
specialize in different kinds of treatment helps the patient sort through his options. Weigh the benefits
of each treatment against its possible outcomes, side effects, and risks.
Prostate Cancer Awareness Campaign - Page 4 of 4
_____________________________
The main types of doctors who treat prostate cancer include: a) urologists: surgeons who specialize in
treating diseases of the urinary system and male reproductive system (including the prostate), b)
medical oncologists: doctors who treat cancer with medicines such as chemotherapy or hormone
therapy, c) radiation oncologists: doctors who treat cancer with radiation therapy. Go for a multidisciplinary team approach to your care.
Does early detection and treatment of Prostate Cancer really work?
The 5-year relative survival at the time of diagnosis for local and regional stage prostate cancer is nearly
100%; for distant stage, it is significantly lower.
Survival rates are often used by doctors as a standard way of discussing a person's prognosis (outlook).
The 5-year survival rate refers to the percentage of patients who live at least 5 years after their cancer is
diagnosed. Of course, many of these people live much longer than 5 years (and many are cured).
Data Sources: Philippine Cancer Society and American Cancer Society, June 2014