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BREATHING AND CARDIAC EMERGENCIES Chapter 6 & 7 The Breathing Process The human body requires a _____________ supply of oxygen for survival When you breathe air into your _________, the oxygen in the air is transferred to the ________________ The blood transports the ___________ to the brain, other organs, muscles and other parts of the body Without oxygen, brain cells can begin to die in ________ minutes Unless the brain receives oxygen within minutes, permanent _________________ or ___________ will result Breathing Emergencies There are two types of breathing emergencies: o ________________________- a condition in which breathing is difficult o ________________________- a condition in which breathing has stopped Both are considered life threatening Respiratory Distress Is the _________________ breathing emergency Caused by a variety of conditions including— o A partially obstructed airway o o Emphysema/ Asthma o o Injury to the head, chest, lungs, or abdomen o o Drugs/ Poisoning Signals o o Slow or rapid o Deep or shallow o o Wheezing, gurgling, or making high pitch noises o o Skin is flushed, pale, or blue o o o Feels pain in chest or tingling in hands o o Breathing becomes difficult Care o Check for life-threatening conditions o o Help the victim rest comfortably o Check for non-life threatening conditions o o Assist with medication o Keep victim from getting over heated o Conditions that Cause respiratory Distress o _________________- a condition that narrows the air passages and makes breathing difficult o _________________- disease in which the lungs and alveoli lose their ability to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen effectively o ____________________- a condition resulting in inflammation of the lining of the bronchi o _____________________- a severe allergic reaction; air passages may swell and restrict a person’s breathing o _____________________- occurs when breathing is faster than normal Airway Obstruction- Conscious Victim o ___________________________- Complete or partial blockage of the airway, which prevents air from reaching a person’s lungs; the most common cause of respiratory emergencies o ____________________________- Complete or partial blockage of the airway by the tongue or swollen tissues of the mouth or throat o ____________________________- Complete or partial blockage of the airway by a foreign object, such as food, a small toy, or fluids o Causes Trying to swallow large pieces of _________________ Drinking ___________ before or during meals Wearing ______________ ______________ while excitedly or laughing or eating to fast Walking, playing or running with food or _______________________ o Signals A person can still move air to and from the lungs Coughing forcefully Encourage victim to continue coughing Unable to cough, speak, or breathe o Care ADULTS/CHILDREN Perform the _____________________________ From behind, wrap your arms around the victim's waist Make a fist and place the thumb side of your fist against the victim's upper abdomen, below the ribcage and above the navel Grasp your fist with your other hand and press into their upper abdomen with a quick upward thrust. Do not squeeze the ribcage; confine the force of the thrust to your hands. Repeat until object is expelled INFANTS Sandwich the infant between your forearms, support the victim’s head and neck with finger tips Turn infant over so that they are facing down on your forearm Give ________ firm back blows with the heel of your hand while supporting infant on your thigh Then sandwich infant between your forearms supporting the neck Turn victim on back and rest them on the thigh so their head is lower than their chest Perform _______ chest thrusts IF YOU ARE CHOKING AND ALONE You can give yourself abdominal thrusts in one of two ways: Make a fist with one hand and place the thumb side on the middle of your abdomen slightly above your navel and well below the tip of your breastbone. Grasp your fist with your other hand and give quick, upward thrusts. You can also lean forward and press your abdomen over any firm object, such as the back of a chair, railing, or sink o Abdominal thrusts compress the abdomen and create ______________ that forces the diaphragm higher into the thoracic cavity o This pressure stimulates a cough forcing air trapped in the lungs to push the object out of the airway o Continue these actions until the person can cough forcefully or becomes unconscious o If victim becomes unconscious slowly lower them on the floor and call ___ o Special Considerations Respiratory Arrest The body can function without oxygen for only a few minutes before body systems begin to fail ______________ You can keep the persons respiratory system functioning artificially by giving _____________________ Signals of respiratory arrest o o ________________ is the most common cause of respiratory emergencies Care o Rescue breathes are a way of breathing air into a victim’s lungs to supply that person with the _____________ they need to survive o Rescue breathing- _________ breathe of air every __________ seconds as long as the pulse is present o Cover baby’s mouth and _________ with your ___________ and do softer breathes o When to stop: o Cardiac Emergencies Two common cardiac emergencies are: ____________________- a sudden illness involving the death of heart muscle tissue when it does not receive oxygen-rich blood ____________________- a condition in which the heart has stopped beating or beats too ineffectively to generate a pulse Heart Attack Heart attacks are caused by _________________ in the coronary arteries This ___________ leads to death of the heart muscle Any severe chest pain, pain lasting longer than ___________ minutes or chest pain accompanied by other signals of a heart attack should receive emergency medical care immediately Signs o o o Ashen skin or _________ skin, particularly around the face o Pain is described as Uncomfortable pressure Crushing Aching Heavy sensation in the chest o As with men, women’s most common heart attack signal is chest pain or discomfort o Women are somewhat more likely to experience other warning signals, particularly— Care o o Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number o Have the victim stop all ______________________ o _____________ any restrictive clothing and have the victim rest o Monitor the victim closely o Be prepared to perform __________ or use an __________ o Talk to bystanders to find out what happened o __________ the victim with their nitroglycerin/aspirin 325 mg o Do not try to drive the victim to the hospital yourself o Demonstrate a ___________, reassuring manner Cardiac Emergencies o _________________________- chest pain that comes and goes at different times; commonly associated with cardiovascular disease o _________________________- disease of the heart and blood vessels o _____________________________- a condition in which fatty deposits build up on the walls of the arteries o _________________________- a fatty substance made by the body and found in certain foods; too much in the blood can cause fatty deposits on artery wall that may restrict or block blood flow _________________________________ (CPR) is a combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing. Cardiac Chain of Survival: o Early _________________________________ o Early _________________________________ o Early _________________________________ o Early _________________________________ o Cardiac Arrest Occurs when the heart ________ beating or beats too ineffectively to generate a pulse and blood cannot be circulated to the brain and other vital organs Absent or ineffective heart beat A victim in cardiac arrest is unconscious and shows no signs of life Signs of life include— Normal breathing Movement A pulse The victim’s skin may be pale, ashen or bluish, particularly around the face. The face may also be moist from perspiration In some cases, a victim of cardiac arrest may not have shown any warning signals. This condition is called sudden death CAUSES- If cardiac arrest: Then perform: CPR = ________ compressions and ______ breaths for an adult at a rate of about _______ compressions per minute o Procedure for CPR ____________ next to victim, locate the compression point Victim should be on their __________ on a firm/flat surface Victim’s head should be on the ______ level or _______ then heart Place the ________ of one hand over the victim’s sternum (center of chest) Place other hand ______________________ Arms ____________, shoulders over hands, fingers _______________ Compress sternum _____ inches downward smooth motion Count: To give ________ compressions per minute After _____ Compressions, give _____ rescue breaths Continue until AED or EMS arrive FOR A CHILD Locate proper hand position in the ___________ of chest You can use a _______________ technique Place ____________ over hands Compress smoothly ____ inches 30 compressions – 2 breaths FOR AN INFANT Place the pads of ____ fingers in the center of the chest below the _________________ Compress the chest __________ inch pushing straight down 30 compressions – 2 breaths Special Considerations for CPR When do you stop CPR When do you stop giving CPR The victim shows signs of life Another trained rescuer arrives Risk Factors for Heart disease High blood cholesterol Smoking Being physically inactive Factors that you cannot control Automated External Defibrillation Most victims of sudden cardiac arrest need an electric shock, called ___________________ Each minute that defibrillation is delayed reduces the victim’s chances of survival by about _______ percent The sooner the shock is administered, the greater the likelihood of the victim’s survival ____________________________________ (AED) is a machine that analyzes the heart’s rhythm and, if necessary, tells you to deliver a shock to a victim of a sudden cardiac arrest. This ___________, called defibrillation, may help the heart reestablish an effective rhythm Defibrillation is not intended to _________ a heart without any electrical activity USIN AN AED o o Wipe the victim’s chest dry o Apply the _________ to the victim’s bare chest o One pad on the victim’s upper right chest and the other on the victim’s lower left side o Pad size depends on adult or a child o Make sure they are not touching each other o ________ the connector into the AED o Let the AED ___________ the heart rhythm o Advise all bystanders to “____________________” and to not touch the victim o ________________________ by pushing the button if prompted by AED o If no shock is delivered give _____________ Safety Precautions o When using an AED, follow these precautions: Do not ___________ the victim Do not use alcohol to wipe the victim’s chest _____________ Do not defibrillate someone around ______________ materials Do not use an AED in a _____________________ Do not use an AED on a victim in contact with _______________ Do not place the pads directly over a __________________ or other implanted device