Download Breathing and Cardiac Emergencies Outline

BREATHING AND CARDIAC EMERGENCIES
Chapter 6 & 7
The Breathing Process

The human body requires a _____________ supply of oxygen for survival

When you breathe air into your _________, the oxygen in the air is transferred to
the ________________

The blood transports the ___________ to the brain, other organs, muscles and
other parts of the body

Without oxygen, brain cells can begin to die in ________ minutes

Unless the brain receives oxygen within minutes, permanent _________________
or ___________ will result
Breathing Emergencies

There are two types of breathing emergencies:
o ________________________- a condition in which breathing is difficult
o ________________________- a condition in which breathing has stopped

Both are considered life threatening
Respiratory Distress

Is the _________________ breathing emergency

Caused by a variety of conditions including—
o A partially obstructed airway
o
o Emphysema/ Asthma
o
o Injury to the head, chest, lungs, or abdomen
o
o Drugs/ Poisoning

Signals
o
o Slow or rapid
o Deep or shallow
o
o Wheezing, gurgling, or making high pitch noises
o
o Skin is flushed, pale, or blue
o
o
o Feels pain in chest or tingling in hands
o
o Breathing becomes difficult

Care
o Check for life-threatening conditions
o
o Help the victim rest comfortably
o Check for non-life threatening conditions
o
o Assist with medication
o Keep victim from getting over heated
o

Conditions that Cause respiratory Distress
o _________________- a condition that narrows the air passages and makes
breathing difficult
o _________________- disease in which the lungs and alveoli lose their
ability to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen effectively
o ____________________- a condition resulting in inflammation of the lining
of the bronchi
o _____________________- a severe allergic reaction; air passages may
swell and restrict a person’s breathing
o _____________________- occurs when breathing is faster than normal

Airway Obstruction- Conscious Victim
o ___________________________- Complete or partial blockage of the
airway, which prevents air from reaching a person’s lungs; the most
common cause of respiratory emergencies
o ____________________________- Complete or partial blockage of the
airway by the tongue or swollen tissues of the mouth or throat
o ____________________________- Complete or partial blockage of the
airway by a foreign object, such as food, a small toy, or fluids
o Causes

Trying to swallow large pieces of _________________

Drinking ___________ before or during meals

Wearing ______________

______________ while excitedly or laughing or eating to fast

Walking, playing or running with food or _______________________
o Signals



A person can still move air to and from the lungs

Coughing forcefully

Encourage victim to continue coughing

Unable to cough, speak, or breathe
o Care

ADULTS/CHILDREN

Perform the _____________________________

From behind, wrap your arms around the victim's waist

Make a fist and place the thumb side of your fist against the
victim's upper abdomen, below the ribcage and above the
navel

Grasp your fist with your other hand and press into their
upper abdomen with a quick upward thrust.

Do not squeeze the ribcage; confine the force of the thrust to
your hands.


Repeat until object is expelled
INFANTS

Sandwich the infant between your forearms, support the
victim’s head and neck with finger tips

Turn infant over so that they are facing down on your
forearm

Give ________ firm back blows with the heel of your hand
while supporting infant on your thigh

Then sandwich infant between your forearms supporting the
neck

Turn victim on back and rest them on the thigh so their head
is lower than their chest


Perform _______ chest thrusts
IF YOU ARE CHOKING AND ALONE

You can give yourself abdominal thrusts in one of two ways:

Make a fist with one hand and place the thumb side on the
middle of your abdomen slightly above your navel and well
below the tip of your breastbone. Grasp your fist with your
other hand and give quick, upward thrusts.

You can also lean forward and press your abdomen over
any firm object, such as the back of a chair, railing, or sink
o Abdominal thrusts compress the abdomen and create ______________ that
forces the diaphragm higher into the thoracic cavity
o This pressure stimulates a cough forcing air trapped in the lungs to push
the object out of the airway
o Continue these actions until the person can cough forcefully or becomes
unconscious
o If victim becomes unconscious slowly lower them on the floor and call ___
o Special Considerations


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Respiratory Arrest


The body can function without oxygen for only a few minutes before body
systems begin to fail ______________

You can keep the persons respiratory system functioning artificially by giving
_____________________

Signals of respiratory arrest
o
o

________________ is the most common cause of respiratory emergencies

Care
o Rescue breathes are a way of breathing air into a victim’s lungs to supply
that person with the _____________ they need to survive
o Rescue breathing- _________ breathe of air every __________ seconds as
long as the pulse is present
o
Cover baby’s mouth and _________ with your ___________ and do softer
breathes
o When to stop:
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o Cardiac Emergencies

Two common cardiac emergencies are:

____________________- a sudden illness involving the death
of heart muscle tissue when it does not receive oxygen-rich
blood

____________________- a condition in which the heart has
stopped beating or beats too ineffectively to generate a
pulse

Heart Attack

Heart attacks are caused by _________________ in the
coronary arteries

This ___________ leads to death of the heart muscle

Any severe chest pain, pain lasting longer than ___________
minutes or chest pain accompanied by other signals of a
heart attack should receive emergency medical care
immediately

Signs
o
o
o Ashen skin or _________ skin, particularly around the
face
o Pain is described as

Uncomfortable pressure


Crushing


Aching


Heavy sensation in the chest
o As with men, women’s most common heart attack
signal is chest pain or discomfort
o Women are somewhat more likely to experience other
warning signals, particularly—




Care
o
o Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number
o Have the victim stop all ______________________
o _____________ any restrictive clothing and have the
victim rest
o Monitor the victim closely
o Be prepared to perform __________ or use an
__________
o Talk to bystanders to find out what happened
o __________ the victim with their nitroglycerin/aspirin
325 mg
o Do not try to drive the victim to the hospital yourself
o Demonstrate a ___________, reassuring manner

Cardiac Emergencies
o _________________________- chest pain that comes
and goes at different times; commonly associated
with cardiovascular disease
o _________________________- disease of the heart and
blood vessels
o _____________________________- a condition in which
fatty deposits build up on the walls of the arteries
o _________________________- a fatty substance made
by the body and found in certain foods; too much in
the blood can cause fatty deposits on artery wall that
may restrict or block blood flow

_________________________________ (CPR) is a
combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing.

Cardiac Chain of Survival:
o Early _________________________________
o Early _________________________________
o Early _________________________________
o Early _________________________________
o Cardiac Arrest

Occurs when the heart ________ beating or beats too ineffectively
to generate a pulse and blood cannot be circulated to the brain and
other vital organs

Absent or ineffective heart beat

A victim in cardiac arrest is unconscious and shows no signs of life

Signs of life include—

Normal breathing

Movement

A pulse

The victim’s skin may be pale, ashen or bluish, particularly
around the face. The face may also be moist from
perspiration

In some cases, a victim of cardiac arrest may not have
shown any warning signals. This condition is called sudden
death

CAUSES-

If cardiac arrest:





Then perform:

CPR = ________ compressions and ______ breaths for an
adult at a rate of about _______ compressions per minute
o Procedure for CPR

____________ next to victim, locate the compression point

Victim should be on their __________ on a firm/flat surface

Victim’s head should be on the ______ level or _______ then heart

Place the ________ of one hand over the victim’s sternum (center of
chest)

Place other hand ______________________

Arms ____________, shoulders over hands, fingers
_______________

Compress sternum _____ inches downward smooth motion

Count:


To give ________ compressions per minute
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After _____ Compressions, give _____ rescue breaths

Continue until AED or EMS arrive
FOR A CHILD

Locate proper hand position in the ___________ of chest


You can use a _______________ technique

Place ____________ over hands

Compress smoothly ____ inches

30 compressions – 2 breaths
FOR AN INFANT

Place the pads of ____ fingers in the center of the chest
below the _________________


Compress the chest __________ inch pushing straight down

30 compressions – 2 breaths
Special Considerations for CPR

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
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
When do you stop CPR

When do you stop giving CPR


The victim shows signs of life


Another trained rescuer arrives

Risk Factors for Heart disease


High blood cholesterol


Smoking


Being physically inactive


Factors that you cannot control



Automated External Defibrillation

Most victims of sudden cardiac arrest need an electric
shock, called ___________________

Each minute that defibrillation is delayed reduces the victim’s
chances of survival by about _______ percent

The sooner the shock is administered, the greater the
likelihood of the victim’s survival

____________________________________ (AED) is a machine
that analyzes the heart’s rhythm and, if necessary, tells you
to deliver a shock to a victim of a sudden cardiac arrest.

This ___________, called defibrillation, may help the heart
reestablish an effective rhythm

Defibrillation is not intended to _________ a heart without any
electrical activity

USIN AN AED
o
o Wipe the victim’s chest dry
o Apply the _________ to the victim’s bare chest
o One pad on the victim’s upper right chest and the
other on the victim’s lower left side
o Pad size depends on adult or a child
o Make sure they are not touching each other
o ________ the connector into the AED
o Let the AED ___________ the heart rhythm
o Advise all bystanders to “____________________” and
to not touch the victim
o ________________________ by pushing the button if
prompted by AED
o If no shock is delivered give _____________

Safety Precautions
o When using an AED, follow these precautions:

Do not ___________ the victim

Do not use alcohol to wipe the victim’s chest
_____________
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Do not defibrillate someone around
______________ materials

Do not use an AED in a
_____________________

Do not use an AED on a victim in contact with
_______________

Do not place the pads directly over a
__________________ or other implanted device