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The Civil War An abbreviated version After Sumter After the surrender of US troops on Ft. Sumter, Lincoln calls for troops for three months. He asks Robert E. Lee, considered to be the best officer in the army, to be his general. After Sumter Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas all secede and join the Confederate States of America. Robert E. Lee, torn between loyalty to his country and to his state, decides in favor of Virginia and turns Lincoln down for the job of General of the Army of the Potomac. Advantages/Disadvantages for each side USA CSA 22 million people 9 million people (3.5 million slaves 3/4 of RRs – able to build more 1/4 of RRs – unable to build more 4/5 of factories Better navy Established government Financially stable 1/5 of factories Not much of a navy Had to create a gov’t Needed to create an economy Advantages/Disadvantages for each side USA CSA USA had more generals, but not as good as CSA Had Robert E Lee and the best generals USA had only one military college – West Point – all others in South CSA had a strong military tradition and were better prepared for a military way of life USA did not have a real cause for which to fight until the Emancipation Proclamation. Had a cause for which to fight – CSA was fighting for their independence, their land, families, and way of life The North’s Plan Lincoln turned to his highest ranking officer, Winfield Scott, commander in chief of the army, to devise his strategy. Scott came up with the Anaconda Plan, a two part plan. The Anaconda Plan The plan called for: 1. a naval blockade of the Southern ports to keep European goods from getting to the CSA and to keep CSA’s cash crops from being sold to make money for the war effort. 2. to take the Mississippi River to split the CSA in half and keep goods from Texas and Mexico from getting to the East (Europe was sending goods to the CSA through Mexico) The Anaconda Plan To take and control the Mississippi River, the USA needed to take New Orleans, Vicksburg, and Memphis. Another part of this was to take control of the railroad centers in the CSA like Chattanooga and Atlanta to stop the flow of goods throughout the region. All this will “choke” the CSA to death like an Anaconda chokes its victims The USA’s Plan In addition to the Anaconda Plan, the USA wanted to take Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy, as a symbolic strategy. They also used TOTAL WAR late in the war. This was Grant’s plan to bring the CSA to its knees. It was put into effect most notably by Sherman in his March to the Sea – he and his men destroyed all that they could not use so that there was nothing to help the CSA war effort. The South’s Plan 1. Defend, Defend, and Defend – hold out until the North gives up 2. Take the capital of the USA in Washington, DC The South’s Plan 3. King Cotton Diplomacy – withhold cotton vital for Britain’s and France’s economy until they agree to recognize the CSA, declare the Union blockade illegal, and assist the CSA in the War Effort (this was a failure as Britain and France went elsewhere for their cotton, plus relied on the North for wheat and corn. The Eastern Campaign USA – The Army of the Potomac Lincoln could not find a general he liked and who would fight well against Lee. CSA – The Army of Northern Virginia Robert E Lee was in charge after the first six months of the war. The Eastern Campaign - Battles • First Manassas (Bull Run) – July 21, 1861 USA general – Irwin McDowell CSA general – PGT Beauregard CSA victory; USA retreats to DC USA CSA The Peninsular Campaign May – July 1862 USA – Gen. George McClellan, Gen. Irwin McDowell CSA – Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, Robert E. Lee Second Manassas (Bull Run) – August 29 – 30, 1862 USA general–John Pope CSA general – R E Lee CSA victory USA – Pope CSA - Lee • Antietam – September 17, 1862 USA general – George McClellan CSA general – R E Lee Lee decides after his victories to invade the North Battle is a stalemate and CSA retreats; Lincoln takes this as a victory and announces the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation; Antietam is the single bloodiest day of the war USA CSA • Fredericksburg – Dec 13 1862 USA general – Ambrose Burnside CSA general – RE Lee CSA victory • Chancellorsville – May 2-5, 1863 USA general – Joseph Hooker CSA general – RE Lee CSA victory. But CSA General “Stonewall” Jackson is killed by “friendly fire” USA CSA USA CSA • Gettysburg - July 1 – 3, 1863 (turning point of the war) USA General – George Meade CSA General – RE Lee USA victory; Lee’s loses so many men that he is unable to mount an offensive attack after this point. Largest number of casualties in a single battle • The Wilderness Campaign – May 1864 USA General – Ulysses S Grant CSA general – RE Lee results were inconclusive; Grant keeps after Lee USA USA • Petersburg Campaign – June – Dec 1864 USA general – Ulysses S Grant CSA General – RE Lee • USA takes Richmond • Appomattox Courthouse – April 9, 1865 Lee surrenders his troops to Grant Grant gave VERY generous terms of surrender per Lincoln’s request. Other Important Battles • Monitor and Virginia (Merrimack) – March 9, 1862 naval battle of the Iron clads • New Orleans – May 30, 1862 USA – Admiral David Farragut General Benjamin Butler CSA – Gen Mansfield Lovell USA takes the mouth of the Mississippi River • Vicksburg – May 18 – July 4, 1863 USA general – Ulysses S Grant CSA general - John C. Pemberton Grant cannot take the city by any means, so he lays siege to the city and starves them out; Vicksburg surrenders on the 4th of July; USA basically controls the Mississippi River at this point. This was the day after Gettysburg and together, it turned the tide for the USA Port Royal Experiment In order to supply and strengthen the Naval blockade of Southern ports, the USA took Port Royal, SC and the surrounding sea islands on November 7, 1861 Port Royal Experiment The Plantation owners fled with the arrival of the Union troops, leaving 10,000 slaves along the Sea Islands. This region became a haven for slaves in SC and Georgia fleeing their bondage. Port Royal Experiment General David Hunter, commander of the “Department of the South” devised a plan to retake Fort Sumter from the Port Royal area. To accomplish this, Hunter planned to enlist the AfricanAmericans into the military. Port Royal Experiment Hunter issued a military order in May, 1862 that freed all the slaves in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. Out of fear of losing the border states, Lincoln quickly revoked the order in favor of a “gradual emancipation” with financial support from the government. First SC Volunteers The 1st SC Volunteers were not paid because of lack of support from the Union army and were soon disbanded, but about the time of the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln decided to enlist African Americans in the military and the regiment was reformed. The Emancipation Proclamation Announced after Antietam and officially put into effect on January 1, 1863. It freed slaves only in Confederate territories in rebellion and not in those controlled by the Union and not in the border states or CSA areas already under USA control. It made slavery a cause of the war. Robert Smalls Slave from Beaufort who was “hired out” in Charleston. He worked on a CSA ship called the Planter. In May, 1862, when the white officers in charge of the ship were off in the city for a party one evening... Smalls donned the Captain’s uniform, picked up his wife and children and 8 other slaves and took the Planter to the Union ship blockading the harbor. As he passed each CSA fort on the way, he gave the correct signal. As he approached the US ship, he raised a white flag and surrendered the ship. Smalls was cheered as a hero in the Union and was made an officer of the US Navy. He knew the waters around the SC coast and helped the Union in many battles. He helped convince Lincoln to allow AfricanAmericans to join the US military. After the war, he served in the SC government. African-American Troops The best known African-American troops were the 54th Massachusetts, formed after the Emancipation Proclamation; Fredrick Douglass’s two sons joined up. They came to SC and fought around Beaufort and James Island before the attack on Morris Island, made famous in “Glory” 54th Massachusetts The 54th Massachusetts volunteered to lead the assault on the Confederate stronghold on Morris Island, Fort (Battery) Wagner. 54th Massachusetts In the assault on the fort, the 54th lost huge numbers of men – and the Union did not take the fort. The commanding officer, Robert Gould Shaw, was killed as well. The CSA dug a mass grave for all the troops killed in the attack. 54th Massachusetts The 54th Massachusetts proved to the North and to the army that African Americans not only would fight, but would fight as well and as hard as any white soldier. Sgt. Henry Stewart, E Company, 54th Massachusetts. William Harvey Carney For his role in the attack on Fort Wagner, William Carney’s actions were the earliest by an African American to be recognized with the Medal of Honor, the highest award a US citizen can receive.