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Starter • Write down four factors that you think will make a species more prone to extinction. • Think about endangered species that you know and species that you know have gone extinct. Learning outcomes • You should be able to: – Describe and explain the factors that may make species more or less prone to extinction. – Outline the factors used to determine a species’ Red List conservation status. – Look at the command terms… what do they mean? – So what would you need to be able to do to achieve this outcome? Small population size / declining numbers “Lonesome George” – Pinta Island giant tortoise http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ Low reproductive potential Humpback whale Narrow geographical range A large body Tiger Golden lion tamarin http://wwf.panda.org/ Different characteristics make species more / less vulnerable to extinction… http://www.allaboutwildlife.com/golden-liontamarin-saved-from-extinction Hunting Specialised feeders, niche requirements Panda The now extinct Thylacine http://worldwildlife.org/species/giant-panda http://animals.nationalgeographic.com http://blogs.scientificamerican.com Read the article • The article gives lots of different characteristics that can cause extinction. • Read what it has to say and complete the table as you go. IUCN Red List International Union for the Conservation of Nature The Red List is an inventory of all threatened species. The main purpose of the list is to highlight plants and animals facing a higher risk of global extinction than others. Various factors are used to determine the conservation status of species: Reduction in population size Geographic range and degree of fragmentation Quality of habitat Members of mature individuals Population size Area of occupancy Probability of extinction Evaluation criteria • For the species that have been evaluated and where there is enough data, the following criteria are used: – – – – – – – Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Threatened Some of the species on the list… The Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) Critically Endangered. Its population has declined by an estimated 97.6% since 1960, with numbers bottoming out at 2,410 in 1995, mainly as a result of poaching. Since then, numbers have doubled to 4,880 by the end of 2010. Current numbers are however still 90% lower than three generations ago. Photo © Steve Garvie, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/ Described in 2010, the Caquetá Tití Monkey(Callicebus caquetensis) has been assessed for the first time in 2012 as Critically Endangered. It is endemic to eastern Colombia, and occurs in an area subject to intense human colonization that has caused widespread habitat destruction and fragmentation. Photo © Javier Garcia Previously thought to be extinct, the Hula Painted Frog (Discoglossus nigriventer) of Israel was rediscovered in 2011. The Huleh marshes were drained in the 1950s in an attempt to both eradicate malaria and to make the land suitable for agricultural use. The remaining wetland (5% of the original area) was set aside as the Hula Nature Reserve in 1964. The reserve is well-managed but functions as a refuge for many water birds; predation by birds is thought to be a real threat to the small population of this frog. In addition, most of the surrounding area is cultivated. This frog is now listed as Critically Endangered. Photo ©Oz Rittner, TAU - Zoological Museum, Steinhardt National Collections of Natural History, Israel Checking outcomes • List 5 characteristics that make a species more vulnerable to extinction. • Explain why these characteristics increase vulnerability to extinction. • List the characteristics that are used to determine the conservation status of a species. Activity – in pairs • Choose 3 species of your choice: – One that has become extinct – One that is critically endangered – One whose conservation status has been improved by intervention • Research the case histories of your species: – You should find out: • The socio-political, ecological and economical pressures that caused / are causing the chosen species’ extinction. • The ecological roles of each species and the consequences of their disappearance. • Be ready to present the information in the next class. • http://www.philropost.com/2012/04/extinctare-humans-next.html A natural area of biological significance that is threatened… Stretches 2300 kilometres and is home to 1500 species of fish, 359 types of hard coral, a third of the workld’s soft coral, 6 of the world’s 7 species of threatened turtle and more than 30 species of marine mammal. http://www.greatbarrierreef.org/about.php Human threats • Tourism – people take bits of coral as souvenirs • Over-fishing – disrupts the balance of species • Seafloor trawling – destruction of seafloor. • Soil run-off – inorganic nitrogen pollution has increased by 3000% • Sedimentation – mud pollution • Global warming – increase insea temperatures Natural threats • Crown-of-thorns starfish – feeds on polyps • Storms and cyclones • El Niño Homework Research and write about an area of biological significance that is under threat from human activity: • Identify why it is an area of biological significance • Identify the human threats and natural threats affecting the area. • Identify what is happening and use the Great Barrier Reef example to help you.