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Chronemics/Time • How humans use and structure time • Cultural examples • Business examples Proxemics/Distance • • • • • Intimate- skin contact to 18 inches Personal-18 inches to 4 ft. Social- 4 to 12 ft. Public – 12 ft to 25 ft. Workspace – 50 ft. is the distance within which most “knowledge ecology” occurs • Dating - ????? Clothing/Physical Attractiveness • Speaker credibility – – – – Economic status Educational level Social status Level of sophistication • Uniforms • High status/low status dress Haptics/Touch • Relationship based • Studies with infants • Waitresses – haptics as persuasion Voice • Paralanguage: nonverbal vocal messages Research shows that listeners pay more attention to the vocal messages than to the words that are spoken when asked to determine a speaker’s attitude. Face & Eyes • Most noticed and most powerful. • Six basic emotions that facial expressions reflect and are recognizable in and between all cultures. Postures & Gestures • Kinesics: the study of body movement, gesture and posture. Characteristics of nonverbal • • • • • • Culture bound Ambiguous Primarily relational* Intentional or Unintentional Continuous Multiple channels What you are stands over you … and thunders so that I cannot hear what you say to the contrary. Ralph Waldo Emerson Functions of Nonverbal Communication • • • • • • • Repeating Substituting Complementing Accenting Regulating Contradicting Deceiving
