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A02: Deindividuation Theory Diener et al (1976) observed 1300 trick-ortreating children on Halloween night. When they wore costumes which prevented them from being recognised and went from house to house in large groups, they were more likely to steal money and sweets. This evidence therefore indicates that the theory has external validity as the effects of deindividuation are not just observed within experimental situations. Zimbardo (1969) found that female participants were more likely to deliver electric shocks of a much higher voltage to another ‘student’ when wearing hoods that hid their faces and when their names were hidden from the ‘student.’ It could be argued that the theory is oversimplistic as there are other theories that can also explain human aggression. For example the biological approach – genetics, hormones, and neurotransmitters can influence aggression. A weakness of deindividuation theory is that it appears to be gender biased in that it does not acknowledge that men and women may differ in their aggressive behaviour. Diener also found that males were far more likely to be behave aggressively under deindividuation conditions than females. Therefore it is important to consider factors that could account for this difference in aggression. Deindividuation is a situational explanation of aggression – it does not account for individual differences such as personality and previous experiences. It just assumes that all human beings in the same situation would behave aggressively if deindividuated. Deindividuation theory lacks validity as it is based on evidence (Zimbardo, 1971) conducted under controlled laboratory conditions (in an artificial environment). Therefore we must be cautious when generalising the findings on aggressive behaviour from the laboratory to real-life. This is because PTs were asked to perform actions that were unfamiliar or unlikely to happen in their everyday life. However Rehm (1987) conducted research into real-life displays of aggression shown by 11 year olds in sport where only half the players in each team wore a uniform. Rehm found that the uniformed players displayed more aggressive acts than the nonuniformed. This evidence therefore suggests that deindividuation theory can explain aggressive behaviour in real-life. Zimbardo’s research found Lorenz argued that that ordinary, wellaggression serves an balanced people could be important function in turned into tyrannical terms of individual survival guards or cowering and procreation potential. prisoners simply because Humans must compete for of the fact that they were resources and so are deindividuated in a social programmed for situation. aggression by their basic nature. A02: Deindividuation Theory