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Examining Flowers and Fruits Basic Principles of Agricultural/Horticultural Science Problem Area 4. Identifying Basic Principles of Plant Science Reminder: student learning activities are at the end of this power point. Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed! WHST.6‐8.2 Write informative/explanatory texts to examine a topic and convey ideas, concepts, and information through the selection, organization, and analysis of relevant content. (MS-LS1-6) RST.6‐8.7 Integrate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text with a version of that information expressed visually (e.g., in a flowchart, diagram, model, graph, or table). (MS-LS2-1) WHST.6‐8.1 Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence. (MS-LS2-4) Agriculture, Food and Natural Resource Standards Addressed! PS.02. Apply principles of classification, plant anatomy, and plant physiology to plant production and management. PS.02.01. Classify plants according to taxonomic systems. Sample Measurement: The following sample measurement strands are provided to guide the development of measurable activities (at different levels of proficiency) to assess students’ attainment of knowledge and skills related to the above performance indicator. The topics represented by each strand are not all-encompassing. – PS.02.01.02.a. Describe the morphological characteristics used to identify agricultural and herbaceous plants (e.g., life cycles, growth habit, plant use and as monocotyledons or dicotyledons, woody, herbaceous, etc.). Bell Work! Identify the major parts of flowers and explain the functions of the parts. Describe the types of flowers. Explain the processes of pollination and fertilization. Describe the purposes and kinds of fruit. Explain the structure and kinds of seed. Terms Complete flower Cotyledons Dry fruit Endosperm Epicotyl Fertilization Fleshy fruit Flower Fruit Hilum Hull fruit Hypocotyl Imperfect flower Incomplete flower Terms Micropyle Perfect flower Petals Pistil Plumule Pod fruit Pollen Pollination Radicle Seed Seed coat Seed scar Sepals Silk scar Stamens Stigma Interest Approach Why are flowers important to people?” What is the purpose of flowers to a plant? What are the major parts of flowers? A flower is the reproductive part of flowering plants. Flowers are in many shapes and colors. • Some flowers are attractive and have appealing fragrances. • Some flowers are important as a step in producing fruit and seed. Parts of a Perfect Flower Sepals The sepals are the outer parts of a flower. They cover the bud before it opens and typically have a green color. Sepals offer protection to the developing bud. They are in an outer ring known as a calyx. Petals The petals are located just inside the sepals and are usually brightly colored to attract insects and promote pollination. Petals protect the stamens and pistil and help collect pollen from the air. Petals are in an inner ring known as a corolla. Petals The major parts of flowers are to support the production of fruit and seed. Stamens The stamens produce pollen and are the male parts of a flower. A stamen consists of a filament and anther, which is a knob-like structure at the end of a filament. Pistil The pistil contains the ovary, which has ovules that are fertilized by the pollen, and, on some species, develops into a large fleshy fruit structure. The pistil also contains the stigma and style. Pistil The stigma is the opening at the end of the pistil for the entry of pollen. The style leads from the stigma to the ovary. Pistil Pollen grains grow a long tube through the style toward the ovules and form two sperm. One sperm unites with the ovule in the ovary to form an embryo. The other sperm forms tissue in the developing seed known as endosperm. Parts of a Perfect Flower Type of flower is based on the parts found in the flower. A complete flower has four principal parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. An incomplete flower does not have all four principal parts. Examples of an incomplete flower: wheat and oats, which do not have sepals and petals. Parts of a flower determine if it is perfect or imperfect. A perfect flower has the stamen and pistil in the same flower. An imperfect flower lacks either stamens or pistils. A flower that has stamens and not a pistil is often referred to as a male flower. A flower that has a pistil but no stamens is a female flower. Parts of a flower determine if it is perfect or imperfect. Plant species that have both male and female flowers on the same plant are known as monoecious plants. – An example is corn. Plant species with the male flowers and female flowers on separate plants are known as dioecious plants. – Example is the grape of Cottonwood tree. What is pollination? Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower of the same species. It is an important process with crop growers to assure fruit and seed production. What is pollination? Pollen is the male sex cell in plants. Pollen is released by the anther which is a part of the stamen. It matures as a powdery substance that may be moved by wind, insects, or other animals. What is pollination? The stigma is a part of the female reproductive system of a plant. The stigma secretes a sticky substance that traps pollen. After being trapped on the stigma, the pollen grain grows a tube through the style toward the ovule (egg cell). What is fertilization? Fertilization is the union of the pollen cell with the ovule. A pollen grain forms two sperm as it reaches the ovule. One sperm unites with the ovule to form an embryo; the other sperm forms tissue known as endosperm in the seed. Describe the purposes and kinds of fruit. Fruit varies with the species of plant. Some is large, such as watermelon or pumpkin. Other fruit is smaller, such as a bean pod or cherry. Fruit is the fertilized ovary of a plant that grows to produce and protect seed. What are the purposes of fruit? Once fertilization occurs, the flower is no longer needed and dries up. Seed are formed within fruit. Fruit must be sufficiently mature for the seed to be viable. Good fruit formation is essential in many crops because it is the fruit that is often the most valuable product of a plant. What are the kinds of fruit? Fleshy fruit is large fibrous structures that surround seed. A berry is a kind of fleshy fruit that is typically small, with strawberries and tomatoes being examples. A pome is a fleshy fruit with several seeds such as an apple or a pear. A drupe is a single-seeded fleshy fruit such as plum or cherry. What are the kinds of fruit? Dry fruit is formed as a pod or in a hull. Caryopsis are kinds of dry fruits with thin walls such as wheat and barley. Samara are kinds of dry fruits with wings attached to aid dispersion, with elm, ash, and maple being examples. What are the kinds of fruit? Pod fruit has a definite line or seam in the fruit, such as beans, peas, peanuts, and cotton. Hull fruit do not have definite lines or seams in the shell of the fruit, such as pecans and corn. Explain the structure and kinds of seed. A seed is a container of new plant life. Seeds are formed in the ovaries of flowers. Good pollination is essential to assure an abundance of seed. Seed are used to reproduce plants. A seed must protect the embryo and provide food for it to grow. Explain the structure and kinds of seed. Seed have many important uses to humans, such as food production. With some plants, such as soybeans and corn, growers want large yields of seed. The seed of these plants are valuable and not the fruit. Explain the structure and kinds of seed. With some plants, growers want fruit with few or no seed such as seedless grapes, watermelons or oranges. The fruit of these plants are valuable rather than the seed. Seed structure includes external parts and internal parts. External parts are designed to nourish and protect the internal parts of the seed. Internal parts include an embryo and needed food supply. Seed structure varies with the kind of plant Dicot –bean seed Monocot –corn seed Dicot - Bean Seed Dicot - Bean Seed External Seed coat—The seed coat is the outer covering of the seed that protects the embryo from injury and holds the seed together. Hilum - The hilum is the point at which the seed was attached in the fruit. – The hilum is also known as the seed scar. Dicot - Bean Seed External - continued Micropyle—The micropyle is the tiny opening near the hilum through which the pollen entered the ovule to form the seed. Dicot - Bean Seed Internal: Cotyledons—The cotyledons are fleshy-like structures that contain food for the embryo. Radicle—The radicle is the part of the seed that forms the root system of the plant. Hypocotyl—The hypocotyl connects the cotyledons and radicle. Dicot - Bean Seed Internal - continued Epicotyl - The epicotyl forms the stem of the plant. Plumule—The plumule forms the above ground part of the plant. Monocot - Corn Seed Monocot - Corn Seed External: Seed coat—The seed coat protects and shapes the seed. Seed scar—The seed scar is the place where the seed was attached, such as a corn kernel to the corn cob. Silk scar—The silk scar is at the end opposite the seed scar and is the place where the silk was attached to the ovule. Monocot - Corn Seed Internal: Endosperm - the endosperm is the stored food in a monocot seed. Radicle - the radicle, as with dicots, forms the root system. Hypocotyl - as with dicots, the hypocotyl connects the radicle with the food source. Monocot - Corn Seed Internal - continued Epicotyl -the epicotyl forms the stems of monocots in a manner similar to dicots. Cotyledon - the cotyledon in a Monocot absorbs food from the endosperm and moves it to the embryo. Plumule - the plumule develops into the leaves and stems of the plant. Review Parts of a flower indicate its type. Complete flower - has four principal parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil Incomplete flower - does not have all four parts Perfect flower - stamen and pistil in same flower Imperfect flower - lacks either stamen or pistil Review Pollination - transfer of pollen from anther to stigma Pollen - male sex cell of plants Stigma - female reproductive part of flower Fertilization - union of pollen cell with ovule Review Dicot = Bean seed – Exterior parts: Seed coat, Hilum, Micropyle – Interior parts: Cotyledons, Radicle, Hypocotyl, Epicotyl, Plumule Monocot = Corn seed – External parts: Seed coat, Seed scar, Silk scar – Internal parts: Endosperm, Radicle, Hypocotyl, Epicotyl, Cotyledon, Plumule The End! NEXT: Student Learning Activities Student Learning Activities Sample tests are available in the Lesson Plan tab. What is a flower? Where are the sepals located? What do sepals do? 5. 10) 9) 8) 7) 6) 5) 4) 3) 2) 1) Name the 10 different parts of a perfect flower. 4. 3. 2. Why are flowers important? 1. Examining Flowers and Fruits Name: _____________________ Why are petals brightly colored? What other purposes do petals serve? What does the stamen do? 7. 8. 9. 13. Draw a perfect flower. Be sure to label all parts. 12. What does the ovary in the pistil do? 11. What is contained in the pistil? 10. What flower parts are located in the stamen? Where are the petals located? 6. 22. What is pollination? 21. Name an example of a monoecious plant and a dioecious plant. 20. What are dioecious plants? 19. What are monoecious plants? 18. Describe the difference between male and female flowers. 17. What is an imperfect flower? 16. What is a perfect flower? 15. What is an incomplete flower? 14. What is a complete flower? 30. What is a pome? 29. What is a berry? 28. What is a fleshy fruit? 27. What is the most valuable product of a plant? 26. What is fruit? 25. Where dose pollen come from? 24. What is pollen? 23. Why is pollination important? 39. What are the two different types of seeds? 38. What are the internal parts of a seed designed to do? 37. What are the external parts of a seed designed to do? 36. What are seeds and how are they formed? 35. What is the difference between pod fruit and hull fruit? 34. What are samara? 33. What are caryopsis? 32. How is dry fruit formed? 31. What is a drupe? 5) 4) 3) 2) 1) 42. Name all of the internal pats of a dicot seed. 3) 2) 1) 41. Name all of the external parts of a dicot seed. 40. Draw a dicot (bean) seed. Be sure to label all parts. Draw a monocot (corn) seed. Be sure to label all parts. 5) 4) 3) 2) 1) 45. Name all of the internal parts of a monocot seed. 3) 2) 1) 44. Name all of the external parts of a monocot seed. 43. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Petal What do sepals do? The sepals are the outer parts of a flower. They are in an outer ring known as calyx. Where are the sepals located? 10) Anther 9) Filament 8) Stamen 7) Sepal 6) Receptacle 5) Pistil 4) Ovary 3) Style 2) Stigma 1) Name the 10 different parts of a perfect flower. Some flowers are important as a stop in producing fruit and seed. Why are flowers important? A flower is the reproductive part of flowering plants. What is a flower? Examining Flowers and Fruits Name: _____________________ What does the stamen do? 9. 13. Draw a perfect flower. Be sure to label all parts. 12. What does the ovary in the pistil do? The pistil contains the ovary, which has ovules that are fertilized by the pollen and on some species develops into a large fleshy fruit structure. The pistil contains the ovary, stigma, and style. 11. What is contained in the pistil? Filament and anther, which is a knob-like structure at the end of a filament. 10. What flower parts are located in the stamen? The stamen produce pollen and are the male parts of a flower. What other purposes do petals serve? Petals protect the stamen and pistil and help collect pollen from the air. They are usually brightly colored to attract insects and promote pollination. Why are petals brightly colored? The petals are located just inside the sepals. Petals are in an inner ring known as a corolla. Where are the petals located? 8. 7. 6. They cover the bud before it opens and typically have a green color. They offer protection to the developing bud. 21. Name an example of a monoecious plant and a dioecious plant. Monoecious: corn Dioecious: cottonwood tree. Plant species with the make flowers and female flowers on separate plants are known as dioecious plants. 20. What are dioecious plants? Plant species that have both male and female flowers on the same plant are known as monoecious plants. 19. What are monoecious plants? A flower that has a postil but no stamens is a female flower. A flower that has stamens and not a pistil is often referred to as a make flower. 18. Describe the difference between male and female flowers. An imperfect flower lacks either stamens or pistils. 17. What is an imperfect flower? A perfect flower has the stamen and pistil in the same flower. 16. What is a perfect flower? An incomplete flower does not have all four principal parts. 15. What is an incomplete flower? A complete flower has four principal parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistil. 14. What is a complete flower? A pome is a fleshy fruit with several seeds such as an apple or a pear. 30. What is a pome? A berry is a kind of fleshy fruit that is typically small, with strawberries and tomatoes being examples. 29. What is a berry? Fleshy fruit is large fibrous structures that surround seed. 28. What is a fleshy fruit? Good fruit formation is essential in many crops because it is the fruit that is often the most valuable product of a plant. 27. What is the most valuable product of a plant? Fruit is the fertilized ovary of a plant that grows to produce and protect seed. 26. What is fruit? Pollen is released by the anther which is a part of the stamen. 25. Where dose pollen come from? Pollen is the male sex cell in plants. 24. What is pollen? It is an important process with crop growers to assure fruit and seed production. 23. Why is pollination important? 22. What is pollination? Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower of the same species. Dicots and Monocots 39. What are the two different types of seeds? Internal parts include an embryo and needed food supply. 38. What are the internal parts of a seed designed to do? External parts ate designed to nourish and protect the internal parts of the seed. 37. What are the external parts of a seed designed to do? A seed is a container of new plant life. Seeds are formed in the ovaries of flowers. 36. What are seeds and how are they formed? Hull fruit do not have definite lines or seams in the shell of the fruit, such as pecans and corn. Pod fruit has a definite line or seam in the fruit, such as beans, peas, peanuts, and cotton. 35. What is the difference between pod fruit and hull fruit? Samara are kinds of dry fruits with wings attached to aid dispersion, with elm, ask, and maple being examples. 34. What are samara? Caryopsis are kinds of dry fruits with then walls such as wheat and barley. 33. What are caryopsis? Dry fruit is formed as a pod or in a hull. 32. How is dry fruit formed? A drupe is a single-seeded fleshy fruit such as plum or cherry. 31. What is a drupe? embryo form injury and hold the seed together. Seed coat- the seed coat is the outer covering of the seed that protects the 43. embryo. Cotyledons—The cotyledons are fleshy-like structures that contain food for the Draw a monocot (corn) seed. Be sure to label all parts. 5) Plumule—The plumule forms the above ground part of the plant. 4) Epicotyl - The epicotyl forms the stem of the plant. 3) Hypocotyl—The hypocotyl connects the cotyledons and radicle. plant. 2) Radicle—The radicle is the part of the seed that forms the root system of the 1) 42. Name all of the internal pats of a dicot seed. pollen entered the ovule to form the seed. 3) Micropyle- the micropyle is the tiny opening near the hilum through which the known as the seed scar.) 2) Hilum- the hilum is the point at which the seed was attached in the fruit. (Also 1) 41. Name all of the external parts of a dicot seed. 40. Draw a dicot (bean) seed. Be sure to label all parts. Seed coat—The seed coat protects and shapes the seed. Endosperm - the endosperm is the stored food in a monocot seed. 6) Plumule - the plumule develops into the leaves and stems of the plant. moves it to the embryo. 5) Cotyledon - the cotyledon in a Monocot absorbs food from the endosperm and dicots. 4) Epicotyl -the epicotyl forms the stems of monocots in a manner similar to source. 3) Hypocotyl - as with dicots, the hypocotyl connects the radicle with the food 2) Radicle - the radicle, as with dicots, forms the root system. 1) 45. Name all of the internal parts of a monocot seed. where the silk was attached to the ovule. 3) Silk scar—The silk scar is at the end opposite the seed scar and is the place corn kernel to the corn cob. 2) Seed scar—The seed scar is the place where the seed was attached, such as a 1) 44. Name all of the external parts of a monocot seed. Label the parts of a bean and corn seed and give a brief definition of the parts. Name: __________________________ KEY Label the parts of the flower. Name: __________________________