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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Chapter 1 Review pg. 52 #1-15 Answers The relationship between the biosphere, a biome, and an ecosystem is that ecosystems make up biomes and biomes make up the biosphere. (a) Three factors that influence the characteristics of biomes are temperature, precipitation, and elevation. Students may also list latitude, ocean currents, and soil. (b) Warmer temperatures and more rainfall exist closer to the equator. Temperature drops with increasing elevation. There is more precipitation on the windward side of mountains. Accept all reasonable answers. The two factors that are the most important for determining a region’s climate are temperature and precipitation. A climatograph is a graph of climate data for a specific region based on data for many years and includes precipitation and temperature data. Adaptations are characteristics that enable organisms to better survive and reproduce. The difference between a structural adaptation and a behavioural adaptation is that a structural adaptation is a physical feature of the organism that contributes to the survival of the organism. For example, the Arctic fox has thick fur. A behavioural adaptation is what the organism does to survive unique conditions. For example, bears hibernate in winter to withstand the cold. Temperate rainforest biomes are usually found along the coasts of continents because mountain ranges are often found near coastlines and the ocean winds drop moisture on the windward sides of mountains. There are few trees in the grassland biome because fire and grazing kill seedlings and rainfall is limited. Temperature decreases with elevation, and precipitation is higher on the windward side of the mountain. The leeward side receives much less precipitation. At the top of a mountain, you may find a polar ice, tundra, or boreal forest biome depending on the elevation. Three abiotic components of an ecosystem are light availability, water availability, and nutrient availability. Light and water are required for photosynthesis. Water is required for chemical reactions to occur in plants and animals and to transport nutrients. Nutrients are required for plant growth. Ecological hierarchy is the order of biotic interactions from organism to population to community to ecosystem. In mutualism, both organisms benefit from the interaction. In commensalism, one organism benefits while the other organism does not benefit nor is it harmed. In parasitism, one species benefits and the other is harmed but usually not killed. In predation, one organism benefits and the other organism is often killed as the predator eats all or part of the organism. Prey animals have adaptations such as spines, hard shells, and camouflage or look like other 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Chapter 1 Review pg. 52 #1-15 Answers The relationship between the biosphere, a biome, and an ecosystem is that ecosystems make up biomes and biomes make up the biosphere. (a) Three factors that influence the characteristics of biomes are temperature, precipitation, and elevation. Students may also list latitude, ocean currents, and soil. (b) Warmer temperatures and more rainfall exist closer to the equator. Temperature drops with increasing elevation. There is more precipitation on the windward side of mountains. Accept all reasonable answers. The two factors that are the most important for determining a region’s climate are temperature and precipitation. A climatograph is a graph of climate data for a specific region based on data for many years and includes precipitation and temperature data. Adaptations are characteristics that enable organisms to better survive and reproduce. The difference between a structural adaptation and a behavioural adaptation is that a structural adaptation is a physical feature of the organism that contributes to the survival of the organism. For example, the Arctic fox has thick fur. A behavioural adaptation is what the organism does to survive unique conditions. For example, bears hibernate in winter to withstand the cold. Temperate rainforest biomes are usually found along the coasts of continents because mountain ranges are often found near coastlines and the ocean winds drop moisture on the windward sides of mountains. There are few trees in the grassland biome because fire and grazing kill seedlings and rainfall is limited. Temperature decreases with elevation, and precipitation is higher on the windward side of the mountain. The leeward side receives much less precipitation. At the top of a mountain, you may find a polar ice, tundra, or boreal forest biome depending on the elevation. Three abiotic components of an ecosystem are light availability, water availability, and nutrient availability. Light and water are required for photosynthesis. Water is required for chemical reactions to occur in plants and animals and to transport nutrients. Nutrients are required for plant growth. Ecological hierarchy is the order of biotic interactions from organism to population to community to ecosystem. In mutualism, both organisms benefit from the interaction. In commensalism, one organism benefits while the other organism does not benefit nor is it harmed. In parasitism, one species benefits and the other is harmed but usually not killed. In predation, one organism benefits and the other organism is often killed as the predator eats all or part of the organism. Prey animals have adaptations such as spines, hard shells, and camouflage or look like other ` Pg. 51 #1-9 Answers Checking Concepts 1. The terms from smallest to largest are single species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, and biosphere. 2. A habitat is where the organism lives and a niche is what role the organism plays in the environment. 3. A – biome; B – ecosystem; C – habitat 4. Ecosystems provide water, light, nutrients, oxygen, and soil. 5. Soil is important for terrestrial ecosystems because it provides nutrients, supports many species of small organisms, and anchors plants. 6. Some organisms in an ecosystem are in competition for food or habitat when they occupy the same area at the same time. 7. (a) Sample answers: An example of plant adaptation for mutualism is the snapdragon colours to attract bees. An example of an animal adaptation for mutualism is that bees transport pollen on their hairs when obtaining nectar. (b) Sample answers: An example of a plant adaptation in predation is spines on a cactus. An example of an animal adaptation in predation is highly developed senses, such as good eyesight and an acute sense of smell. 8. (a) Mutualism (b) Commensalism (c) Parasitism (d) Competition (e) Mutualism 9. Sample answer: Ecosystems are important to the survival of humans because they provide food, water, nutrients, timber, and medicine; purify water; and prevent flooding.